Anatomy Lecture Exam 3

Front 1

_______ or ________ is a type of connective tissue. Just like other connective tissues, it is made up of cells and matrix

Back 1

Bone, or Osseous tissue

Front 2

Externally, a bone is covered with a sheath called the

Back 2

periosteum

Front 3

The internal surface of a bone is lined

Back 3

endosteum

Front 4

The four types of cells found in osseous tissue are the

Back 4

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Front 5

Osteogenic cells are the ________ that undergo mitosis and differentiate into osteoblasts

Back 5

stem cells

Front 6

Osteoblasts

Back 6

bone-forming cells

Front 7

Osteocytes

Back 7

are mature osteoblasts that have become stuck in their own matrix

Front 8

Osteoclasts

Back 8

are bone-dissolving cells

Front 9

organic matter

Back 9

is synthesized by the osteoblasts

Front 10

osteoblasts includes

Back 10

collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

Front 11

inorganic matter consists mainly of

Back 11

hydroxyapatite

Front 12

There are two kinds of bone marrow

Back 12

red and yellow

Front 13

Red bone marrow is

Back 13

hemopoietic (blood producing)

Front 14

Yellow marrow consists mainly of

Back 14

adipose tissue and is not hemopoietic (blood producing)

Front 15

The formation of bone is called

Back 15

ossification or osteogenesis

Front 16

Bone develops by two methods,

Back 16

intramembranous and endochondral ossification

Front 17

Intramembranous ossification

Back 17

produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle

Front 18

All of our other bones are formed by

Back 18

endochondral ossification

Front 19

bone develops from a preexisting model composed of

Back 19

hyaline cartilage

Front 20

Resorption

Back 20

is the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream

Front 21

Bone resorption is carried out the

Back 21

osteoclasts

Front 22

__________ is a crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other are ions taken from the blood plasma and deposited into the skeleton

Back 22

Mineralization

Front 23

Mineralization

Back 23

is carried out by the osteoblasts.

Front 24

A calcium deficiency in the blood is called

Back 24

hypocalcemia

Front 25

Hypocalcemia causes

Back 25

excessive excitability of the nervous system (leads to muscle tremors, spasms, or tetany)

Front 26

_______ is the inability of a muscle to relax.

Back 26

Tetany

Front 27

An excess of calcium in the blood is called

Back 27

hypercalcemia

Front 28

Hypercalcemia causes

Back 28

depression of the nervous system (muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, and sometimes cardiac arrest)

Front 29

Calcium homeostasis is regulated by three hormones

Back 29

calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone

Front 30

calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone

Back 30

increase the blood calcium concentration

Front 31

calcitonin

Back 31

lowers the blood calcium concentration

Front 32

These hormones use different methods to raise or lower the blood calcium levels such as increasing or decreasing osteoblast or osteoclast activity, increasing calcium absorption by the small intestine, and promoting the reabsorption of calcium ions by the kidneys so less calcium is lost in the urine

Back 32

calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone

Front 33

if a hormone increases osteoblast activity

Back 33

blood calcium levels will decrease (Because osteoblasts are bone forming cells)

Front 34

if a hormone decreases osteoblast activity

Back 34

cause blood calcium levels to increase (Because less calcium is being taken from the blood and deposited into the skeleton)

Front 35

Increasing calcium absorption by the small intestine

Back 35

causes blood calcium levels to increase

Front 36

Promoting or increasing the reabsorption of calcium ions by the kidneys cause

Back 36

blood calcium levels to increase because less calcium is lost in the urine

Front 37

Abnormal calcification of tissues is called

Back 37

ectopic ossification

Front 38

A calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ is called a

Back 38

calculus

Front 39

literally means “porous bones.”

Back 39

Osteoporosis

Front 40

Postmenopausal white women are at the greatest risk

Back 40

lack of estrogen

Front 41

Any point where two bones meet is called a

Back 41

joint, or articulation.

Front 42

The study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called

Back 42

arthrology

Front 43

There are four kinds of joints;

Back 43

bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Front 44

the adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other

Back 44

fibrous joint

Front 45

bind the bones of the skull together

Back 45

Sutures

Front 46

The attachment of a tooth to its socket is a

Back 46

gomphosis

Front 47

___________ the two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers

Back 47

syndesmosis

Front 48

The most familiar type of joint is the

Back 48

synovial joint

Front 49

In synovial joints, the facing surfaces of the two bones are covered

Back 49

with articular cartilage.

Front 50

These surfaces are separated by a narrow space, the

Back 50

joint cavity

Front 51

Within the joint cavity is a slippery lubricant called

Back 51

synovial fluid

Front 52

A connective tissue ___________ encloses the cavity and retains the fluid

Back 52

joint (articular) capsule

Front 53

It has an outer __________ continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones, and an inner, cellular _________

Back 53

fibrous capsule, synovial membrane

Front 54

The synovial fluid is secreted by fibroblast-like cells of the synovial membrane.

Back 54

Synovial fluid nourishes the articular cartilages, removes waste from the articular cartilages, and lubricates the joint for almost friction-free movement.

Front 55

A ________ is a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin.

Back 55

bursa

Front 56

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the _________ and its cytoplasm is called the _________

Back 56

sarcoplasm, sarcoplasm

Front 57

Within the sarcoplasm are

Back 57

myofibrils, glycogen, and myoglobin.

Front 58

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber is called the

Back 58

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 59

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a

Back 59

reservoir of calcium ions

Front 60

It forms a network around each myofibril and has dilated end-sacs called

Back 60

terminal cisternae

Front 61

The sarcolemma has tubular infoldings called

Back 61

transverse (T) tubules,

Front 62

T tubule and the two terminal cisternae associated with it

Back 62

constitute a triad

Front 63

Each myofibril is a bundle of protein microfilaments called

Back 63

myofilaments

Front 64

There are three kinds of myofilaments

Back 64

thick, thin, and elastic

Front 65

Thick filaments are made of several hundred molecules of a protein called

Back 65

myosin

Front 66

Thin filaments are composed mainly of two intertwined strands of a protein called

Back 66

fibrous (F) actin

Front 67

Each fibrous (F) actin is made up of monomers of

Back 67

globular (G) actin

Front 68

thin filament also has 40 to 60 molecules of another protein called

Back 68

tropomyosin

Front 69

Tropomyosin blocks the active sites of G actin in a relaxed muscle fiber. Each tropomyosin molecule has a small calcium-binding protein called

Back 69

troponin bound to it

Front 70

Elastic filaments are made of a huge springy protein called

Back 70

titin (connectin)

Front 71

Myosin and actin are called

Back 71

contractile proteins

Front 72

Tropomyosin and troponin are called

Back 72

regulatory proteins

Front 73

Each segment of a myofibril from one _______ to the next is called a _______

Back 73

Z disc, sarcomere.

Front 74

One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it are called a

Back 74

motor unit

Front 75

_________ is the neurotransmitter responsible for stimulating the muscle fiber.

Back 75

Acetylcholine

Front 76

Acetylcholine is released from

Back 76

the synaptic knob

Front 77

When Acetylcholine is done stimulating a muscle fiber it is broken down by the enzyme

Back 77

Acetylcholinesterase

Front 78

In an ________ there are more anions on the inside of the plasma membrane than on the outside.

Back 78

unstimulated (resting) cell,

Front 79

Thus the plasma membrane is electrically

Back 79

polarized

Front 80

This is referred to as the

Back 80

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

Front 81

When a muscle fiber is stimulated ion gates in the plasma membrane open and

Back 81

Na+ diffuses down its concentration gradient into the cell

Front 82

This causes the inside of the plasma membrane to briefly become positive. This change is called

Back 82

depolarization of the membrane

Front 83

Na+ gates eventually close and K+ gates open. K+ diffuses

Back 83

out of the cell down its concentration gradient

Front 84

The loss of positive potassium ions from the cell turns the inside of the membrane negative again

Back 84

repolarization

Front 85

The calcium ion gates on the synaptic knob are

Back 85

voltage-regulated. They open and close in response to changes in voltage (action potentials)

Front 86

The acetylcholine receptor ion gates of the sarcolemma are

Back 86

ligand-regulated

Front 87

Muscle contraction or tension without a change in length is called

Back 87

isometric contraction.

Front 88

Muscle contraction with a change in length but no change in tension is called

Back 88

isotonic contraction

Front 89

muscle shortens as it maintains tension

Back 89

isotonic concentric contraction

Front 90

a muscle lengthens as it maintains tension.

Back 90

isotonic eccentric contraction

Front 91

There are two pathways for ATP synthesis

Back 91

aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation

Front 92

produces lactic acid as an end product

Back 92

Anaerobic fermentation

Front 93

In the absence of oxygen a cell must get it’s ATP by this pathway

Back 93

Lactic acid is a major contributor to muscle fatigue

Front 94

In a short, intense exercise such as 6 seconds of sprinting the

Back 94

phosphagen system supplies most of the ATP

Front 95

There are two physiological classes of muscle fibers,

Back 95

slow oxidative and fast glycolytic.

Front 96

Slow oxidative fibers are also called

Back 96

slow-twitch, red, or type I

Front 97

Fast glycolytic fibers are also called

Back 97

fast-twitch, white, or type II fibers

Front 98

_________ depends on a variety of anatomical and physiological factors including

Back 98

Muscular strength, muscle size, fascicle arrangement, and size of active motor units

Front 99

Skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and smooth muscle cells may also be called

Back 99

myocytes

Front 100

Cardiac muscle cells are also called

Back 100

cardiocytes

Front 101

Each cardiocyte is joined to other cardiocytes through linkages called

Back 101

intercalated discs

Front 102

These intercalated discs contain _______ that allow each cardiocyte to directly stimulate its neighbors, and _______ that keep the cardiocytes from pulling apart when the heart contracts.

Back 102

electrical gap junctions, mechanical junctions

Front 103

The intercalated discs histologically appear as thick dark lines in stained tissue sections. Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue because it uses

Back 103

aerobic respiration almost exclusively

Front 104

Muscle contraction in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle is triggered by calcium ions, although in smooth muscle the calcium ions come mainly from the

Back 104

extracellular fluid by way of calcium ion channels in the sarcolemma.

Front 105

There are two functional categories of smooth muscle,

Back 105

multiunit and single-unit.

Front 106

________ smooth muscle is more widespread than multiunit smooth muscle.

Back 106

Single-unit

Front 107

Smooth muscle cells are

Back 107

fusiform

Front 108

Even though smooth muscle cells contain thick and thin myofilaments, they are not aligned with each other and therefore produce

Back 108

no visible striations.

Front 109

Since we do not have conscious control over smooth muscle, it is described as

Back 109

involuntary