Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the five functions of the Digestive System?
|
Prehension
Mechanical grinding of food Chemical Digestion of Food Absorption of nutrients and water Elimination of waste |
|
|
What is the tube called that connects the oral cavity to the stomach?
|
Esophagus
|
|
|
Because of the esophagus midline angle into the stomach it creates a?
|
Gastroesophageal sphincter that is pinched shut when the stomach is distended preventening gastroesophageaul reflux.
|
|
|
In the small intestine goblet cells produce?
|
Mucus!
|
|
|
In the small intestine has thousands of microvilli and the appearance of bristles which is also termed?
|
Brush Boarder
|
|
|
The large inestine is composed of two parts.
|
Cecum and Colon
|
|
|
What are the four compartments of the ruminant stomach?
|
Reticulum
Rumen Omasum Abomasum |
|
|
Which part of the ruminant stomach is honeycombed in appearance and catches heavy objects?
|
The Reticulum
|
|
|
Which part of the ruminant stomach takes up space in the left abdomen and also assists in the art of regurgitating ingesta?
|
The Rumen
|
|
|
What part of the ruminant stomach is the site of bacterial fermentation as well as protozoal and fungal digestion?
|
The Rumen
From microbial digestion the ruminant gains volatile fatty acids (VFAs) |
|
|
What is the muscular pump between the rumen and abomasum called?
|
The Omasum
|
|
|
This part of the rumen stomach has the same function as the carnivore stomach. It is sometimes called the true stomach.
|
Abomasum
|
|
|
Abomasum can be displaced.
What is an LDA and RDA? |
Left Displaced Abomasum - If the rumen shrinks it can be displaced from movement.
Right Displaced Abomasum - is spontaneous. Both require surgical assistance. |
|
|
What large animal has an expanded cecum and colon for fermentation?
|
Equine - Horses
|
|
|
What are the parts of the equine large intestine? All those flexure turns are places of potential colic!
|
Right Ventral Colon
Sternal Flexure Left Ventral Colon Pelvic Flexure Left Dorsal Colon Diaphragmatic Flexure Right Dorsal Colon Small Colon |
|
|
Which two animals do not have a gallbladder?
|
Horses and Rats
|
|
|
Where does the Gallbladder empty into?
|
A common bile duct into the duodenum.
|
|
|
What are the livers functions?
|
Phagocytic Functions
Production of Albumin Glycogenesis Bile Production Gluconeogenesis |
|
|
In the liver what is the phagocytic functions?
|
The phagocytes deal with blood coming from the GI tract before it reaches systemic circulation.
|
|
|
In the liver what is the production of Albumin?
|
It is responsible for the maintenance of oncotic pressure.
|
|
|
In the liver glycogensis is?
|
Stores glucose in the form of glycogen.
|
|
|
In the liver what is the function of gluconeogenesis?
|
Creates glucose from amino acids!
|
|
|
Bile is created by?
|
Hepatic cells
|
|
|
Bilirubin is contained in?
|
Bile
|
|
|
What is the pancreas's endocrine functions?
|
Secretes insulin and glucagon which regulates glucose levels.
|
|
|
What is the pancreas's exocrine functions?
|
It secretes amylase, lipase and proteases.
|
|
|
What are the four types of glandular cells in the monogastric stomach and true stomach of ruminants?
|
Parietal Cells - Hydrocholoric Acid
Chief Cells - Pepsinogen Mucous Cells (Goblet Cells) - Mucus production G cells - produce gastrin |
|
|
Stomach Digestion has three main parts!
|
1) Gastrin Receptor
2) Acetycholine Receptor 3) Histamine Receptor |
|
|
What does gastrin in the stomach do?
|
Released when!
1) Protein enters stomach 2) Stomach distends 3) Parasympathetic stimulation (Neurotransmitter = acetylcholine) Decreased if gastric pH < 3 Stimulates release of HCI by parietal cells. |
|
|
What does pepsinogen in the stomach do?
|
Reacts with HCI to become pepsin.
Begins breakdown process of proteins. Pespsin works in acidic environment and becomes inactive in alkaline environment. |
|
|
What does mucus in the stomach do?
|
Combines with bicarbonate ion HCO3 to create an alkaline protective layer.
|
|
|
What does Prostaglandins (PGs) do with Stomach Digestion?
|
Most PGs are associated with inflammation. Some reduce gastric HCI production and enhance HCO3 production for the mucous layer as well as gastric blood flow.
NSAIDs are PG inhibitors and have a risk of gastric ulceration because they affect the HCO3 production of the mucous layer! |
|
|
What does the Amylase enzyme do?
|
Amylase digests carbs!
|
|
|
What does the Lactase enzyme do?
|
Lactase catabolizes lactose (Milk)! Most adults lose this ability as it isn't genetically programmed and only humans retain it from active milk product diet!
|
|
|
How does protein digestion work?
|
Begins with pepsin. In duodenum trypsin actived by trypsinogen activates all proteases.
Process ends with amino acids which can be absorbed across intestinal epithelium. |
|
|
Lipid digestion is interesting because Bile acids have a hyrdophilic end and a hydrophobic end and so requires?
|
Lipases produced in pancreas penetrate bile coating and break fats into glycerol and fatty acids / bile acid combinations called micelles.
|
|
|
When is secretin released?
|
When stomach acid is detected in the small intestine.
|
|
|
What does secretin do?
|
1) slows gastric emptying
2) stimulates gallbladder to contract, releasing bile into duodenum. 3) stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluid. |
|
|
What does the small intestine hormone cholecstokinin, a hormone do?
|
Released in rsponse to amino acids or fatty acids.
1) inhibits gastric motility 2) stimulates GB contraction 3) stimulates pancreas |
