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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the digestive process?
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ingestion, propulsion (peristalsis), mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and defication
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What happens in mechanical digestion?
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chewing(mouth), churning (stomach) and segmentation (small intestine)
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What happens in propulation?
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swallowing (oropharynx), peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine)
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What is histology, and what are the 4 tissue layers?
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external tube ; mucosa , submucosa, muscularis externa, ans serosa
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What are the organs in the GI tract? (food touches these /external)
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mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and anus
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What are the GI tract's accessory organ?
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teeth, tongue, gallbladder, glands (salivary, liver, pancreas)
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What is the mouth and tongue enclosed by?
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muscle and palate
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What is the main function of the tongue in the digestive system?
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mixing and taste buds
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What is the tongue anchored to?
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Tongue is anchored to floor of mouth by the lingual frenulum
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What is ankyloglossia?
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children born with a short lingual frenulum; corrected with surgery
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What is the main function of salivary glands?
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secrete saliva --> amylase, mucin, IgA, lysozyme
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What is salivary glands controlled by?
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chemoreceptors in mouth, mechanoreceptors (respond to pressure), sight or smell of food, irritation of lower GI tract
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Describe teeth.
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accessory organs involved in mechanical digestion
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What does enamel do?
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covers crown
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What covers roots?
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calcified CT
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What surrounds the pulp cavity?
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dentin under the enamel
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What makes up the pulp cavity?
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nerve, CT, bloodvessels
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Describe the pharnyx and esophagus.
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passageway for food; four tunics begin in pharynx
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What is the hiatus?
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opening in diaphragm
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What organ does the esophagus join and where?
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stomach at cardiac orifice
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What does the cardiac or gastroesophageal sphincter?
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keeps food out or from coming up the esophagus. baby does not develop it to later on in life.
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What is heartburn?
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first symptoms of GERD; overly full stomach or compression of stomach by abdominal contents
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What is the cause of heartburn?
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hiatal herria is a cause and ulcers may occur if untreated.
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What does the mouth do in the digestive system? pharnyx and esophagus?
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ingestion, mechanical digestion, initiates propulsion (swallowing), chemical digestion (salicary amylase); conduits to stomach
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How many muscle groups are involved in swallowing?
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22
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What is the buccal and pharyngeal-esophageal phase?
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voluntary forcing of bolus to oropharynx; involuntary, peristalsis begins
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What does the stomach do?
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storage tank; chemical digestion of protens; mechanical digestion --> chyme
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What re the four regions of the stomach?
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cardiac, fundus, body and pyloric
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How much can a stomach hold/stretch?
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volume 50m to 4 liters.
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What is rugae , and what two organs have it?
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allows for expansion, intestines and stomach
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In the four tunics of the stomach, what is it lines with?what do they produce?
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lining dotted with deep gastric pits; gastric juice, HCl, pepsinogen, hormones
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What are gastric ulcers?
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erosion of stomach lining
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What is the simple columnar epithelium in the stomach composed of? What do they do?
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goblet cells; produce protective coat of alkaline mucus
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What is gastric ulcers characterized by?
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pain one to three hours after eating; pain is relieved by eating
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What are gastric ulcers caused by?
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stress, acidic foods, medications
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What is delivered to the small intestine?
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chyme
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Where do proteins digest first?
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stomach
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What is pepsinogen activated to? and what begins?
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pepsin by acidity and this begins protein digestion
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What do children produce?
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renin --> digest milk
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What is an intrinsic factor essential for life? What also begins to absorb in the stomach?
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B(12)-- absoption of lipid-solube drugs
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What are the three phases of gastric stimulation.
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cephalic (reflex) phase (vagus nerve-- sight, smell, taste or thought or food. gets stomach ready, few minutes, gastric phase(food reaches stomach, 3-4 hours. stretch stimulates gastric juice), intestinal phase (food enters duodenum. stimulates more gastric secretion)
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Describe small intestine.
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phyloric sphincter, duodenum (curves around pancreas, bile and pancreatic duct empty here), jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, completion of chemical digestion and absorbtion
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How does the absorption in the small intestine work?
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circular muscle folds, villi, microvilli (brush border)
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Describe the blood flow of the liver and gallbladder.
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blood enters via hepatic artery and hepatic portal vien -- exits via hepatic vein to vena cava
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What are the functions of the liver and gallblader to filter and process nutrient rich blood?
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remove bacteria and worn out blood cells, produce bile, store fat-solube nutrients, and detoxify substances
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What is hepatitis?
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inflammation of the liver; viral infections can be food, water or bloodborne (non-viral hepatitis) due to drugs or toxins
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What is cirrhosis?
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hepatocytes replaces with scar tissue
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What does the gallbladder do?
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stores and concentrates bile (yellow-green alkaline fluid)
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What does the gallbladder contain?
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bile salts (emulsify fats- chloesterol), bile pigments, fats and electrolytes
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What two glands do the pancreas contain?
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endocrine and exocrine glands
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Describe the endo and exocrine glands.
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insuline and glucagon; digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions
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Describe the digestion in the small intestine
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it is the complettion of chemical digestion, segmentation for mixing; peristalsis for "housekeeping"
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Describe the large intestine.
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absorbs water from undigested material ; elimation of undigested materal; longitudinal muscle arranged in three ribbons - teniae coli; pouches called haustra
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What is appendicitis?
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blockage traps infectious bacteria in lumen of appendix so the appendix can't empty; it swells an cuts off venous drainage and then ischemia, necrosis and possible rupture
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What happens if there is bacteria in the colon?
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ferment undigested carbohydrates; they release irritation acids and gas and synthsize vitamin B and most of required vitamn K
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How long does it meal last in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine?
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4 hours ; 3-6 hours; 12 - 24 hours
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Describe Diverticulosis / Dicerticulitis.
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diet lacks bulk (fiber) ; small volume of residue remains in colon so colon narrow and contrations become more powerful; small herniations of mucosa develop which may become inflamed and rupture; can be life-threatening.
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Describe Diarrhea and Constipation.
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material rushes thru intestine (water is not absorbed); caused by irritation of the intestine ; material in intestine is too long because water is being absorbed too much - due to low fiber diet and lack of exercise.
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Absorption of Vitamins and Electrolytes.
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A, D, E and K (in epithelial cells)
B12 comines with intrinsic factor in stomach; B and K intestinal bacteria; most electrolytes absorbed along entire lenght of small intestine; Ca and Fe limited to duodenum |
