The Digestive System

Front 1

Alimentary Canal Organs (GI Tract)

Back 1

mouth, pharynx,esophogus,stomach, small intestin, and large intestine

Front 2

What are the accessorary digestive organs?

Back 2

the teeth, tongue, gallbladder, and a number of large digestive glands: the salivery glands, liver, and pancreas

Front 3

Ingestion

Back 3

Taking in food

Front 4

Propulsion

Back 4

moves food through the alimentary canal. Includes swallowing, and persitalis

Front 5

Persitalis

Back 5

the major means of propuldion,involves alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls

Front 6

Mechanical digestion

Back 6

physically prepares food for chemicla digestio by enzyme

Front 7

What does mechanical digestion include?

Back 7

chewing, mixing food,churning food in the stomache,or rhythmic local constrictions of the intestine.

Front 8

Segmentation

Back 8

mixes food with digestive juices and increases the efficacaey of absorption by repeatedly moving different parts of food mass over the intestinal wall

Front 9

Chemical digestion

Back 9

a series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their chemical building blcks by enzymes secreted into lumen of the alimentary canal. Begins in the mouth and is essential complete in the small intestine

Front 10

Absorption

Back 10

passage of digestive end products from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells by active or passive transport into the blood or lymph. Small intestine = major absorption site

Front 11

Defication

Back 11

eliminates indigestable substances from the body via the anus, in the form of feces

Front 12

Digestive activity is provoked by a range of______and _____stimuli

Back 12

mechanical and chemical stimuli

Front 13

Where are the sensors located?

Back 13

in the walls og the GI tract

Front 14

Controls of digestive activity are bolth ____ and _____

Back 14

extrinsic and intrinsic

Front 15

short reflexes are mediated by

Back 15

the local plexus( the so called gut brain) in response to GI tract stimuli

Front 16

Defication

Back 16

eliminates indigestable substances from the body via the anus, in the form of feces

Front 17

Digestive activity is provoked by a range of______and _____stimuli

Back 17

mechanical and chemical stimuli

Front 18

Where are the sensors located?

Back 18

in the walls og the GI tract

Front 19

Controls of digestive activity are bolth ____ and _____

Back 19

extrinsic and intrinsic

Front 20

short reflexes are mediated by

Back 20

the local plexus( the so called gut brain) in response to GI tract stimuli

Front 21

Long Reflexes

Back 21

are initiated by stimuli inside or outside of the GI tract and involve CNS centers and extrinsic autonomic nerves

Front 22

NErve Fibers that excite smooth muscle generally secrete?

Back 22

acetycholine or substance P

Front 23

Nerve fibers that innhibit smooth muscle release

Back 23

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or nitirc oxide

Front 24

The most extenive membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity is?

Back 24

peritoneum

Front 25

The visceral peritoneum covers ___?

Back 25

the external surfaces of modt digestive organs and is continuous with parietal peritoneum that lines the body wall

Front 26

Between the two peritoniums is the?

Back 26

paritoneum cavity , a slitlike potential space containg serous fluid, which lubricates the mobile digestive organs

Front 27

Mesentery

Back 27

a double layer of peritoneum (a sheet of tewo serous membranes fused back to back) that extends to the digestive organs from the bidy wall

Front 28

What do mesentaries do?

Back 28

provide routes for blood vessels and lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera; hold organs in place;and store fat

Front 29

retroperitoneal organs

Back 29

organs that don't have a mesentary

Front 30

Intraperitoneal or peritoneal organs

Back 30

Organs that keep their mesentary

Front 31

splanchnic circulation

Back 31

arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve digestive organs and hepatic portal circulation normally receive one quarter of cardiac output

Front 32

4 Layers of the GI Tract

Back 32

(1)mucosa(2)submucosa(3)muscularis externa (4)serosa

Front 33

mucosa

Back 33

the inner most layer, a moist epithelial membrane that lines the alimentary canal lumen from the mouth to the anus

Front 34

What are the major functions o fthe mucosa?

Back 34

(1) secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones (2)absorption of the end products of digestion into blood(3) protection against infectious disease

Front 35

What are the three sublayers of the submucosa?

Back 35

(1)a lining epethelium(2)a lamina propria(3)a muscularis mucosae; typically the epethelium of the mucosa is a simple columnar

Front 36

the lamina propria

Back 36

underlies the epithelum, is loose areolar connective tissue

Front 37

the submucosa

Back 37

just external to the mucosa, is a moderatley dense connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic follicles and nerve fibers .... also it is what enables the stomache to regain its normal shape after temporarily storing a large meal

Front 38

the muscularis externa

Back 38

just deep to the submucosa, this layer is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis. Has smooth muscle, also has shpicters that act as valves, perventing the backflow of food.

Front 39

The serosa

Back 39

the protective outer most layer of the intraperitoneal organs. It is the VISCERAL PERITONEUM. it is formed of areolar connective tissue, covered with mesothelium

Front 40

Adventia

Back 40

in the esophogus, this is what the serosa is replaced with. It is an ordinary fibrous connective tissue that binds the esophogus to surrounding structures

Front 41

enteric neurons

Back 41

alimentary canal nere supply; constitutes the bulk of the two major intrinsic nerve plexuses; found in the walls of the alimentary canal; the submucosal and myenteric nerve plexuses

Front 42

the submucosal nerve plexus

Back 42

occupies the submucosa, includes sensory as well as motor neurons; cheifly regulates that activity of glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa

Front 43

the myentric nerve plexus

Back 43

lies between the circular and longitudinal muscle alyers of the muscular externa. control GI tract motility

Front 44

What is the only part of the alimentary canal that is NOT involved in ingestion?

Back 44

the mouth

Front 45

the mouth

Back 45

the oral cavity or buccal cavity

Front 46

lips

Back 46

labias

Front 47

what forms the buccinator muscles?

Back 47

the orbicularis oris muscles

Front 48

vestibule

Back 48

the recess bounded externally by the lips and cheeks and internally by the gums and teeth

Front 49

the labial frenulum

Back 49

a median fold that joins theinternal aspect of each lip to the gum

Front 50

the hard palate

Back 50

the tongue forces food agains it during chewing

Front 51

the soft palate

Back 51

mobile fold formed mostly of skelital muscle- it closes off the nasopharynx when we swallow

Front 52

Bolus

Back 52

compacted food mixed with suliva

Front 53

ankyloglossia "tongue-tied"

Back 53

chilldren born with extreamly short lingual frenulum, because of speech distortions.

Front 54

filiform papillae

Back 54

gives the tongue its roughness

Front 55

What is the job of saliva?

Back 55

(1)cleanses the mouth(2)disolves food(3)moistens food and aids in compacting it into a bolus(4)contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of starchy food

Front 56

Most saliva is produced by?

Back 56

the extrinsic salivery glands

Front 57

LOOK @ YOUR SALIVERY GLANDS ESSAY

Back 57

DO IT!

Front 58

Mumps

Back 58

inflamation of the paratoid glands i nadult males 25% the testes will be infected

Front 59

the average output of saliva is

Back 59

1000-1500ml/day

Front 60

what is saliva primarily controlled by?

Back 60

the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Front 61

salivery nuclei

Back 61

located in the pons and medulla

Front 62

What nerves fire increased salivery output?

Back 62

VII & IX

Front 63

What are salivery gland nerves most activated by?

Back 63

acidic substances

Front 64

mastication

Back 64

chewing

Front 65

What age are both sets of teth normally formed by?

Back 65

21

Front 66

deciduous teeth

Back 66

baby teeth age 6 months, fall out between ages 6-12

Front 67

third molars

Back 67

wisdom teeth ages 17-25

Front 68

How many permanent teeth are there?

Back 68

usually 32

Front 69

impacted tooth

Back 69

when a tooth remains embeded in the jaw bone

Front 70

incisors

Back 70

adapted for cutting or nipping off the food

Front 71

canines

Back 71

cuspids or eye teeth,tear and peirce

Front 72

premolars/ molars

Back 72

bicuspids grinding or crushing

Front 73

Dental formula

Back 73

shorthand way of indicating the relative numbers and positions of the different types of teeth: ratio uppers/lowers for one half of the mouth the nmultiply by 2 for the hole mouth

Front 74

dental formual

Back 74

[(2I(incisors),1C(canine),2PM(premolar), 3M(molar)] / " " (bottom))] X 2

Front 75

Gingiva

Back 75

gum

Front 76

the neck

Back 76

what connects the crown and root of the tooth

Front 77

cementum

Back 77

what the outer surface of the root is covered by, it is a calcified connective tissue

Front 78

periodontal ligament

Back 78

anchors the tooth in the bony alveolus of the jaw, forming the fibrous joint called a gomphosis.

Front 79

Dentin

Back 79

a bonelike material, underlies the enamel cap, forms the bulk of the tooth

Front 80

pulp

Back 80

collective blood vessels and connective tissue

Front 81

odontoblast

Back 81

the cell type that secretes and maintains the dentin

Front 82

dental caries

Back 82

rottenness or cavities

Front 83

calcus

Back 83

tarter

Front 84

Froom the mouth the food passes into ___and then into ___

Back 84

laryngopharynx and then into the oropharynx, both common passageways for food and air

Front 85

the esophogus

Back 85

carries food, is collapsed when not involved in food propulsion

Front 86

Heart burn

Back 86

the sign of GERD gastroesophageal reflux diseaase, when gastric juic regurgitates into the esophogus