Anaphy 9 Endocrine System

Front 1

classification of hormones

Back 1

amino acid-based

steroids

prostaglandins

Front 2

Hormones included in amino acid based hormones

Back 2

proteins

peptides

amines

Front 3

Hormone from cholesterol

Back 3

steroid

Front 4

hormone from lipids, acts as local hormone

Back 4

prostaglandin

Front 5

2 mechanisms of hormones

Back 5

direct gene activation

second messenger system

Front 6

this mechanism is used by steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

Back 6

direct gene activation

Front 7

this mechanism is used by protein and peptide hormones

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second messenger system

Front 8

1. Steroid hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells 2. Once inside the cell, the hormone enters the nucleus 3. Then, the hormone binds to a specific protein within the nucleus 4. Hormone-receptor complex binds to specific sites on the cell’s DNA 5. Certain genes are activated to transcribe messenger RNA 6. New proteins are synthesized

Back 8

direct gene activation

Front 9

1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to a membrane receptor2. Activated receptor sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme3. Enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a second-messenger molecule (such as cyclic AMP, known as cAMP)4. Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response in the target cell

Back 9

second messenger system

Hint 9

mechanism

Front 10

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained mostly by

Back 10

negative feedback

Front 11

The stimuli that activate endocrine glands fall into three major categories

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1. Hormonal 2. Humoral 3. Neural

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Most common category of stimulus  Endocrine organs are activated by other hormones  Example:  Hormones of the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete its hormones

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hormonal stimuli

Front 13

Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release  Humoral indicates various body fluids, such as blood and bile  Examples:  Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels  Insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels

Back 13

humoral stimuli

Front 14

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release  Most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system  Examples:  Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 14

neural stimuli

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Back 15

pineal gland

Front 16

Back 16

Hypothalamus

Front 17

Back 17

Pituitary gland

Front 18

Back 18

thyroid gland

Front 19

Back 19

Parathyroid gland

Front 20

Back 20

thymus

Front 21

Back 21

adrenal gland

Front 22

Back 22

pancreas

Front 23

Back 23

ovary

Front 24

Back 24

testis

Front 25

Glands with purely endocrine function

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Anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, parathyroids

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Endocrine glands are _____ glands

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ductless

Front 27

mixed glands

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pancreas, gonads

Front 28

2 functional lobes of pituitary gland

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Anterior pituitary—glandular tissue Posterior pituitary—nervous tissue

Front 29

Pea-sized gland that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain; master endocrine gland

Back 29

pituitary gland

Front 30

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Back 30

portal circulation of hormones

Front 31

2 hormones by the hypothalamus

Back 31

oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

Front 32

hormones regulated by the hypothalamic / Pituitary system

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Thyroid hormones T4, T3

Cortisol

Estrogen or testosterone

Insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I)

Front 33

 Two hormones affect nonendocrine targets 1. Growth hormone 2. Prolactin  Four are tropic hormones 1. Follicle-stimulating hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone 3. Thyrotropic hormone 4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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Six anterior pituitary hormones

Front 34

results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood

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Pituitary dwarfism

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results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood

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Gigantism

Front 36

results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

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Acromegaly

Front 37

oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (adh)

Back 37

Posterior Pituitary (Hypothalamus)

Front 38

Hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain  Secretes melatonin  Believed to trigger the body’s sleep/wake cycle  Believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans and to inhibit the reproductive system until maturity occurs

Back 38

Pineal gland

Front 39

Found at the base of the throat, inferior to the Adam’s apple  Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus  Follicles are hollow structures that store colloidal material  Produces two hormones 1. Thyroid hormone 2. Calcitonin

Back 39

Thyroid gland

Front 40

Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid  Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)  Most important regulator of calcium ion (Ca2+) homeostasis of the blood  Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone  Hypercalcemic hormone (increases blood calcium levels)  Stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium

Back 40

parathyroid glands

Front 41

 Located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum  Largest in infants and children  Decreases in size throughout adulthood  Produces a hormone called thymosin  Matures some types of white blood cells  Important in developing the immune system

Back 41

Thymus

Front 42

 Sit on top of the kidneys  Two regions 1. Adrenal cortex—outer glandular region has three layers that produce corticosteroids  Mineralocorticoids are secreted by outermost layer  Glucocorticoids are secreted by middle layer  Sex hormones are secreted by innermost layer 2. Adrenal medulla—inner neural tissue region

Back 42

adrenal glands

Front 43

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Sex hormones

Back 43

hormones of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands

Front 44

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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hormones of adrenal medulla of adrenal glands

Front 45

 Located in the abdomen, close to stomach  Mixed gland, with both endocrine and exocrine functions

Back 45

 Pancreas

Front 46

produce hormones  Insulin—produced by beta cells  Glucagon—produced by alpha cells  These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

Back 46

The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

Front 47

ovaries, testis, Estrogen, progesterone

Back 47

gonads

Front 48

Stomach  Small intestine  Kidneys  Heart

Back 48

other hormone producing tissues