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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Jim Crow Laws
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segregates south
separate but equal Woodrow Wilson segregated White House |
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Reversing Jim Crow Laws
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Proved that accomodations were not equal--started in law schools and said can't be equal because social network is smaller for blacks--professional education was first line of integration
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The Depression and Integration
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depression hurt integration--whites didn't want blacks taking jobs and had money things to worry about over integration--blacks suffered more in depression
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WWII and integration
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draft was integrated so when soldiers came back segregation seemed dumb--pushes democrats to support civil rights
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Brown v. Board of education
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fact that girl had to walk further to go to school sends message to black kids that they are inferior--first time in history that court allows psychological testimony--says separate but equal is NOT equal
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Inequality in voting
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White primary
literacy test poll tax grandfather test |
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white primary and inequality
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white primary=unconstitutional--political parties are not governmental organizations, but their purpose is ot organize and control government--court rules that because they pass election laws, they must be integrated otherwise not equal
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literacy test and inequality
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not unconstitutional in itself, but all people must be given same literacy test and they were not
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poll tax and inequality
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not unconstituional in itself, but all must be charged the same and they were not
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grandfather test
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if your grandfather voted, you didn't have to show your previous receipts, otherwise you had to pay poll tax for every year you were eligible to vote, even if you didn't, and had to present the recepits for them--most blacks couldn't pay all the years, and didn't vote in all of them, and they added penalties for each year you didn't pay which meant that most blacks could never pay to vote
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gandafther test and inequality
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most states chose dates for when your grandfather had to vote that were before the passing of the 13th amendment so clearly they couldn't vote which meant that all blacks had to pay poll taxes which excluded them--first thing to go
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1st civil rights act (1957)
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watered down, but encouraged activits--sepcifically college students
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high profile encuragement of activists
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major league baseball--jackie robinson
hollywood--puts out movies about it and with black actors new coverage--nation finally saw adverse effects of segregation, built sympathy for the movement |
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1964 civil rights acts
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being moved through when JFK was shot so Johnson passed it on pathos--prohibits discrimination in education, hiring/firing, public service and transportation, created EEOC to define discrimination--included no gender discrimination clause (rep. thought it would stall bill)--estblished affirmative action--not effective without 1965 voting rights act
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1965 voting rights acts
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gave minorities a voice so state governments could no longer ignore discrimination--allowed gov't to take over voter registration and balloting--made civil rights act effective--gave fed. gov't right to oversee reedistricting and certify elections
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Johnson's affirmative action
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came as executive order to gov't things--recruit and educate minorities and women into professional education--wanted professional population to look like demogaphic population--recruited at all levels of education--since it only applied to gov't things Johnson made tax breaks for companies with the program and said all higher edu. receiving fed. money to have one
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affirmative action in education
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school implementing programs established quotas, then quotas determined to be unconstitutional so courts decided it's better to define applicants THEN look at racial, econ, etc--recently CA passed a referendum saying state schools and businesses can't look at demographic at all
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civil rights movement's effect on other movements
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model for women's rights, etc.
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organization of legislative branch
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2 houses--house and senate
house elected every 2 years, senate elected every 6 congress gets a new number every 2 years--bills usually die becuase not enough time to ratify |
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organization of house
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435 people
unruly committees--subcommittees majority party has most seats in all committees committees headed by committee chair--always of majority party committees used to screen legislation |
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speaker of the house
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assign bills and members to committees
pick committee chairs manage resources of chamber |
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party leaders of the house
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majority and minority leader
elected by party caucus job is to move party agenda through chamber |
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whips of the house
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majority and minority
job is to poll reps to get a headcount of who supports what and make sure people either show up to vote or have better things to do |
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policy committee of house
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helps keep agenda focused on party interests
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president of senate
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VP of country
casts deciding vote in a tie no other formal powers becuase not elected by senate so they don't want him to have power |
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president pro tempore in senate
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traditionally most senior memeber of majority party
no powers, just recognition |
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committee chairs in senate
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fewer committees in Senate than in House
most senior member of majority party serving on the commimmittee is chair--means chair is not controlled by committee can control committee agenda controls committee resources |
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organization of senate
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100 people
wiser only 1/3 of it is up for election at each time--provides continuity in senate rules make everybody more equal |
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committee assignments in senate
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openings go first to sitting members who want to switch and have the right party
seconds go to new members who request them |
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party leaders in senate
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majority/minority
ateempt to persuade committee chair to move their agenda through the chamber--trade votes majority leader=most powerful person in senate--elected by party caucus |
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whips in senate
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count votes
make sure people show up to vote |
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president's options with a bill if senate is NOT in session
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accept: sign bill
reject: ignore bill for 10 days (pocket veto) |
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mark up
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fine tuning language of legislation, amending it, or changing it to get a higher vote
done in committees/subcommittees |
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president's option will a bill if they are given to him right before congres adjourns
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he has 10 days to deal with a bill or it dies
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filibuster
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somebody speaks for a very long time on a bill with the intention of getting it to fail/table or forcing parties to compromise in order to pass it
ex: strom thurmond |
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oversight function
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way for legislative branch to check up on executive branch
ex: annual budget to analyze efficiency ex: required reporting by heads of executive things (fed. reserve, secretary of state, etc) prompts congress to either punish organizations or help them fulfill their duties address problems brought to their attention by public/interest groups susnet legislation sunshine legislation general accounting offic |
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rider
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an amendment attacked to a bill that it really hadn othing in common with in order to pass the amendment or stall/stop the passing of the bill
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sunset legislation
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any piece of legislation passed has an expiration date for when it has to be renewed\
makes sure congress is checking up on the efficiency of bills |
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annual budget for gov't
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we are the only country operating on a 1-year budget rather than 5-year
congress never finishes budget on time so pass a stop-gap measure budget supposed to be decided by october |
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general accounting office
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audits all programs for efficiency, effectiveness, and that the intent of the bill is being fulfilled
checks every 5 years used to determine renewal of bill and appropriations to gov't thing running it made of staff members, not congressmen |
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stop-gap measure
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says we'll use last years' budget until the new one gets passed
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sunshine legislation
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opens government records to public
allows individuals and interest groups to investigate operations on their own helps bring problems to the attention of congress |
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president's options with a bill if senate is in session
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to accept: ignore bill for 10 days or sign bill (sometimes attached with signing statement to show how he interprets bill incase it is 0challenged as unconstitutional
to reject: mark it vetoed and return it to house of origin (usually accompanied by a veto statement if he is willing to sign a changed bill) |
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president's option will a bill if they are given to him right before congres adjourns
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he has 10 days to deal with a bill or it dies
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trustee view
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ex: george washington
individuals use their own judgment of what is in the best interest of their consituents just need to be able to explain themselves see public service as a duty find solutions to problems in congress |
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delegate view
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ex: strom thurmond
act as direct voice of constituents bring viewpoint of constituencts to gov't and act only on what they specifically support see running for office as a tool bring problems to attention of congress |
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politico view
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ex: hillary clinton
people who like to be in power and see politics as a career vote in ways that further their career "power brokers" get legislation through congress |
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how to bring issues to congress
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write/email
interest groups letters to the editor townhall meetings |
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casework
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acting as a liason between community and gov't
HUGE with delegates and politicos help with social security, visas, military schools, etc get people to be on their side ans spread the word that they're really for the people |
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equality
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law applied the same to all people
access to government/services is equal equal voice/opportunity for voice for all |
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equality of condition
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basically we are all biologically equal but that doesn't mean we have to be treated equally
all born and all have mothers we will all die ex: homeless people |
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equality of opportunity
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no legal barriers to prevent someone from pursuing happiness or success in life
ex: drugs tested only on men, not women |
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equality of outcome
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gov't is taking action to make sure that everyone has the resources to succeed
ex: gov't programs such as affirmative action |
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fist voting rights
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white males property owners of a certain age could vote--designed to make the voices that did participate equal
thought races and women were biologically inferior so couldn't vote poor white men could not vote because they would be influenced by employers |
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jacksonian democracy
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jackson was popular with people but not gov't so won popular vote but not elected by electoral college
expanded electorate so he could get voted into presidency now all white men can vote |
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civil war
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fought because of slavery and states rights
abolition was the south's punishment |
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13th amendment
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ends slavery
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14th amendment
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says states cannot deny any citizen due process or equal protection of the law
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15th amendment
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says former slaves are citizens and as citizens can vote
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plessy v. fergusson
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LA passes law that races can't be together in train cars
plessy buys white ticcket but is 1/16th black so arrested for sitting in white car takes it to court against 14th amendment court says equal accomodations means they havce to be the same, but ppl don't have to treat you nicely or be by you |
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4 barriers to voting
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poll tax
grandfather clause literacy test white primary |
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poll tax
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had to pay tax to vote and show reciept to prove you payed your tax every year you were able to vote for
taxes compounded and had penalties added on that most blacks couldn't pay |
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literacy test
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had to prove you could read the ballot
illegal to educate slaves so no former slaves could pass this as blacks become more literate, test gets harder for them |
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white primary
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in order to participate in primary you had to be democrat and white
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19th amendment
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gave women the right to vote
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Equal rights Act (ERA)
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firs tbill to be introduced to try to get women to vote--failed
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Sandra Day o'Connor
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first woman on supreme court
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Geraldine Ferraro
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first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party
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glass ceiling
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barrier that women encounter when firms decide who to appoint to top positions
basically men are picked over them |
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comparable worth
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men and women receive the same pay for jobs that are of equal difficulty and involve a similar level of training
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Family and medical leave act of 1993
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gives up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for women with a new baby or seriously ill family member
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Indian bill of rights
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1968
give Native Americans on reservations constitutional guarantees similar to those given to other Americans |
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Lau v. Nichols
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courts ruled that placing public chool children for whom english is a second language in regular classrooms without special assitance is a violation of equal opportunity
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Romer v. Evans
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courts striuck down a colorado constitutional amendment banning legal protections for homosexuals
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reasonable basis test
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courts requiregov't only to show that a particular law is reasonable and then it can discriminate
does not apply to racial or ethnis classifications |
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strict-scrutiny test
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any law that treats people differently because of race or ethnicity is subject to the test under which wuch a law is presumed unconstitutional in the absence of an overwhelmingly convincing argument that it is necessary
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intermediate scruntiny test
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laws should be scruntinized more closely than some laws, but not as much as others
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de facto discrimination
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discrimination that is a consequence of social, economic, ad cultural biaes and conditions
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de jure discrimination
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discrimination based on law
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equality of result
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aim of policies intended to reduce de fact discriminatory effects
controversial becuase many american believe that government responsibility extrends no further than the removal of legal berries to equality |
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pork-barrel projects
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legislation that funds a special project for a particular loccale
ex: new highway or hospital |
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service strategy
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responding to constituents individual needs
also called casework |
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fundraising
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incumbents have an easier time raising funds
most PACs favor incumbents |
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political action committees
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fund-raising arm of interest groups
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open-seat election
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race without an incumbent
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reapportionment
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when the seats in the house are reallocated according to population
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redistricting
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redrawing election districts, especially when the number of house seats in a state changes--responsibility of state gov't
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gerrymandering
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when new district boundaries are drawn in a way that favor candidates of a certain party
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risks to incumbents
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-having an election during media attention on disruptive issues
-personal misconduct -turnout variation--people who vote for the house in the middle of a presidential term often vote along party lines so incumbents don't get the boost they do from being in the same party as the pres. -strong challengers--particular problem for senate becuase senate seat attract rich people who can spend a lot on campaigning |
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qualifications to be a house member
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25 years old
been a citizen for at least 7 years must be residents of state where they're elected |
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qualifications to be a senator
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30 years old
been a citizen for at least 9 years must be residents of state where they're elected |
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Nancy Pelosi
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speaker of the house
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standing committees
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permanent sommittees in congress with a responsibility for a particular area of public policy--ex: agriculture, transportation
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conference committees
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joint committees formed temporarily to work out differences between the house and senate versions of a particular bill
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select committees
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created to perform specific tasks--ex:senate select committee on intelligence which is designed to oversee the work of intelligence agencies like the CIA or FBI
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joint committees
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composed of members of both houses and perform advisory fundtions--ex: joint committee on the Library oversees the lobrary of congress
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bill
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proposed legislative act
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party discipline
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willingness of a party's House of senate member to act as a unified group
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introduction of revenue bills
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must be in the house
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lawmaking function
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authority to make laws necessary to carry out the powers granted to the nation gov't
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representation function
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should representatives play to interests of constituents or nation?
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logrolling
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trading one's vote with another member's so that both get what they want
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