Air Quality And Human Health

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Definition of air pollution

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Built up in the air of anthropogenic emitted gasses In concentration sufficiently high to cause damage to humans plants animals other life forms Eco systems structures or works of art

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Primary sources

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Mobile sources including cars trucks and airplanes. Industrial sources including power plants factories refineries. Area sources including homes small businesses and farming equipment. And biogenics sources

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Mobile sources

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Produce NOx, COC, toxics PM

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Industrial sources

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NOx, VOC, SOx, Toxins, PM

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Area sources

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NOx, PM, VOC, Toxics

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Biogenics sources

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VOC, PM, NOx

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Secondary sources

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Ozone. Particulate matter. Nitrogen dioxide. Acids. Air toxics. Carbon monoxide

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Human perception of air quality

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Natural response to poor air is limited to odorous components and a short lived. People's perception of air quality has little to do with actual air quality related to socio economic status urban and rural meaning that the perception is weak but dangers are real

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How does the body respond to air pollutants

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Not all contaminants breathed in remain, some fraction of gas or particles is exhaled. Respiratory system can clear some particles

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Mucociliary escalator

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Mucus catches particles cilia moves to oropharynx

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Pulmonary macrophages

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And gold particles, his ride or move out Via lung

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Reactive gasses

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10 to interact with mucus membranes of upper respiratory system, unless they are absorbed to very fine particles, which carry them deep into the lung for example SO2

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Free radical formation

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Irritation can result in inflammation, leaky membranes, damage to mucous membrane and underlying structures

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Non reactive gasses

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Are absorbed into the blood stream all along the respiratory tract

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Particulate matter, aerosols

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Small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air

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Coated soot particles

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More gnarly that shape equals more surface area and more space for reaction and combustions

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Deposition of particles

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Penetration of particles matter into lung depends on the size of the particle because alveoli are least able to clear particulate matter due to less silly a mucus

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Respiratory system, functions

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Taken oxygen remove CO to. Warm and moisten air. Remove particles. Metabolize harmful substances. Fight infections

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Respiratory system vulnerabilities

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Large surface area. Very thin respiratory membranes. Ready access to circulatory system. Detoxify and and zines in metabolism can make harmful soluble products. Physical defenses affected by toxics

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Risk

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Equals hazard times Exposure

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Information on exposure comes from 2 places

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One, monitors place on factory smokestacks or at special places in your community or to, from mathematical models that estimate exposure based on amounts of chemicals released

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Morbidity, incidence of disease in a population

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Asthma, respiratory distress, infections, difficulty breathing. Lung growth, diabetes type 2, cognitive issues low birth rate

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Mortality, incidents of death

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Cancer, and fit mortality, pulmonary failure, heart attacks, strokes

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London killer fog, December 1952

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Mortality rates never recovered to levels pre event

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Establishing cause-and-effect relationships

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Toxicological studies are experimental. Epidemiological studies are observational

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Toxicological Studies

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Involve either direct measurements of the effects of pollutants on health outcomes of human or animal subjects

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Toxicological studies advantages

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Controlled, Can investigate physio logical mechanism

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Toxicological Studies drawbacks

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Unrealistic exposure conditions, animals and ethics

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Hybrid studies

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Real exposures that are measured with health effects

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Effect of ozone exposure

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Clean air act 1970s

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Criteria pollutants , PM, ozone, lead, SO2 , CO, NO2

Control of mobile emissions. Control of major smokestack emissions . Excellent progress on major politicians of ozone nitrogen oxide sulfur oxide particulate matter

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Fine particulate matter air pollution and life expectancy in the United States

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Health rest due to particulate matter appear to be a function of

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Particle size. Duration of exposure. Composition a particulate matter. Amount of particulate matter

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Hazardous air pollutants

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Are those put insta are known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects such as reproductive in fact or birth defects or adverse environmental effects.

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EPA is working with the state , local, and tribal governments

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To reduce air emissions of a 187 toxic air pollutants to the environment

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Further complications hazardous air pollution mixtures

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