Aicp Exam

Front 1

Who is the Ethics Officer?

Back 1

The Executive Director of APA/AICP

Front 2

Section A contains...

Back 2

Statement of Aspirational Principles

Front 3

Failing to achieve aspirational principles (Section A) cannot be the subject of a misconduct charge or be a cause for disciplinary action.

Back 3

True

Front 4

Section B contains....

Back 4

Rules of conduct to which we are held accountable

Front 5

If we violate this section, we can be the object of a charge of misconduct and shall have the responsibility of responding to and cooperating with the investigation and enforcement procedures.

Back 5

Section B

Front 6

If we violate this section, we can be the object of a charge of misconduct and shall have the responsibility of responding to a cooperating with the investigation and enforcement procedures.

Back 6

Section B

Front 7

If we are found blameworthy of a violation of Section___, by the AICP Ethics Committee, we shall be subject to the imposition of sanctions.

Back 7

Section B

Front 8

Section C contains....

Back 8

The procedural provisions of the Code. It describes (1) the way that one may obtain either a formal or informal advisory ruling, and (2) details how a charge of misconduct can be filed and how charges are investigated, prosecuted, and adjudicated.

Front 9

Section C contains....

Back 9

The procedural provisions of the Code. It describes (1) the way that one may obtain either a formal or informal advisory ruling, and (2) details how a charge of misconduct can be filed and how charges are investigated, prosecuted, and adjudicated.

Front 10

Section D contains....

Back 10

Procedural provisions that govern situations in which a planner is convicted of a Serious crime.

Front 11

Section A is divided into____sections

Back 11

1. Our Overall Responsibility to the Public
2. Our Responsibility to our Clients and Employers
3. Our Responsibility to Our Profession and Colleagues

Front 12

Section C: Our Code Procedures
1. Informal Advice

Back 12

-comes from the Ethics Officer
-not given in writing
-not binding on AICP but the AICP Ethics Committee will take it into consideration if a charge of misconduct is later filed
-within 21 days

Front 13

Town Planning in Practice (an introduction to the Art of Designing Cities and Suburbs) by Sir Richard Unwin, 1909

Back 13

A masterful exposition on the fine points of site planning-such as the arrangement of buildings and streets, squares, and other public places. Demonstrates how to plan cities at the human scale.

Front 14

An Introduction to City Planning (Democracy's Challenge to the American City) by Benjamin Marsh, 1909

Back 14

Marsh was one of the first and most vociferous leaders of the movement to use coordinated governmental action to address public health crises. "A city without a Plan is like a ship without a rudder".
Marsh was a major early advocate for zoning and planning in NY.

Front 15

The Principles of Scientific Management by Frederick Winslow Taylor, 1911

Back 15

Taylor's highly influential argument was that both business and government should "functionality work". It gave support to the idea of separating politics from the administration of work, giving credence to rise of a professional class of city planners, engineers, finance officers, etc.

Front 16

Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago by Walter D. Moody, 1912

Back 16

The first publication geared to elementary school children on he subject of planning. Taught children about Daniel Burnham's The Plan of Chicago of 1909.

Front 17

Carrying Out the City Plan by Flavel Schurtleff, Frederick L. Olmsted, 1914

Back 17

Instigated by Olmsted, this was the first study of state planning law. Undertaken by landscape architect Flavel Shurtleff, the work became an indispensable tool for planners as they developed the legal foundations and the practice of planning.

Front 18

Cities in Evolution (An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics) by Patrick Geddes, 1915

Back 18

Linking social reform and the urban environment, Geddes looked at cities comprehensively. All planning should preserve the unique historic character of the city and involve citizens in the planning of its development, he reasoned, sounding two themes that would reemerge in he 1950s and 1960s.

Front 19

The Planning of the Modern City (A Review of the Principles Governing City Planning) by Nelson P. Lewis, 1916

Back 19

Focused on the physical city, Lewis viewed the problems of city planning as engineering problems. From transportation systems to parks and recreation, this book took a systems approach and inspired engineers to consider planning their concern and planners to consider physical problems.

Front 20

City Planning (With Special Reference to the Planning of Streets and Lots) by Charles Mulford Robinson, 1916

Back 20

Charles Mulford Robinson was among first writers to meld knowledge of 18th and 19th century design with the growing effects of motorized travel and "modern" American living. This book springs from a period of great creative ferment and experimentation on city planning, particularly in the areas of street design and playing. Many of his observations remain relevant today.

Front 21

The City by Robert E. Park, Ernest W. Burgess, Roderick D. McKenzie, Louis Wirth, 1925

Back 21

Burgess introduced the concept of human ecology by investigating the spatial patterns of urban development. His concentric zone theory connected the distance one commutes from the central business district to a socioeconomic zone of he city; hence residents are sorted by economic and social class into zones.

Front 22

The Suburban Trend by Harlan Paul Douglass, 1925

Back 22

Douglass' survey of suburban communities was written just as suburbs were first developing in large numbers and at a time when many believed that the suburbs would somehow fuse the best of the city and the countryside in harmony. His work exemplifies the ongoing tug between urban and suburban in planning.

Front 23

The Suburban Trend by Harlan Paul Douglass, 1925

Back 23

Douglass' survey of suburban communities was written just as suburbs were first developing in large numbers and at a time when many believed that the suburbs would somehow fuse the best of the city and the countryside in harmony. His work exemplifies the ongoing tug between urban and suburban in planning.

Front 24

New Towns for Old (Achievements in Civic Improvement in Some American Small Towns and Neighborhoods) by John Nolen, 1927

Back 24

A pioneer in the profession of city and regional planning, Nolen was a landscape architect responsible for the design of many innovative town plans, such as Venice, California. His book comprehensively examined the economic, social, and physical aspects of planning and argues for the place of natural beauty in urban design. Like his contemporaries, he was a city reformer. The book highlights several of his planned communities, including Mariemont, Ohio.

Front 25

Major Economic Factors in Metropolitan Growth and Arrangement (A Study of Trends and Tendencies in the Economic Activities within the Region of New Tork and its Environs) by Robert Murray Haig, Roseell C. McCrea, 1927

Back 25

An economic view of cities, Haig's book introduced the concept of economic base analysis. He viewed land use as a function of accessibility and wrote extensively on the taxation and the urban economics.

Front 26

Toward a New Architecture by Le Corbusier, 1923 in French and 1927 in English

Back 26

LeCorbusier's books offered a vision of a rational, man-made city in which large housing blocks of high rise dwellings faces or were set in parks. Residential areas were separated from other activities and organized in rigorous grids of new development. His work and belief in the functional city is often invoked as the source idea for multi-story housing blocks in America.

Front 27

The New Exploration (A Philosophy of Regional Planning) by Benton MacKaye, 1928

Back 27

Co-founder of The Wilderness Society, Benton MacKaye advocated in this work for land preservation for recreation and conservation. MacKaye linked planning to conservation.

Front 28

The New Exploration (A Philosophy of Regional Planning) by Benton MacKaye, 1928

Back 28

Co-founder of The Wilderness Society, Benton MacKaye advocated in this work for land preservation for recreation and conservation. MacKaye linked planning to conservation.

Front 29

Middletown (A Study in Contemporary American Culture) by Robert Staughton Lynd, Helen Merrell Lynd, 1929

Back 29

A monumental and very popular anthropological study of Muncie, Indiana, the book helped define the character of the American community. The authors examined work, class divisions, nuclear family, and play among other key organizing principles of American life.

Front 30

Neighborhood Unit (A Scheme of Arrangement for the Family-Life Community) by Clarence Perry, 1929

Back 30

Perry developed the concept of the neighborhood unit and believed cities should be aggregates of smaller units that serve as a focus of community. He promoted public neighborhood space and pedestrian scale.

Front 31

The Disappearing City by Frank Lloyd Wright, 1932

Back 31

Wright introduced Broadacre City, HUA visionary community form divorced from the city and suburban in concept. His was one of many conceptual new towns that were primarily architectural in character.

Front 32

CIAM Manifestso by Congres International d'Architecture Moderne, 1933

Back 32

Members of the congress presented their analysis of comparative town planning at the famous 1933 congress. They were committed to a belief in collective action to create a thoroughly new and modern city that would replace the old and outdated.

Front 33

Final Report (Status of City and Regional Planning in the Unites States by National Planning Board, 1934

Back 33

The National Planning Board was a short-lived attempt at a national planning program with a focus on buttressing infrastructure, the economy, and creating jobs. This report was based on a study "to determine what the role of the urban community is in national life."

Front 34

Modern Housing by Catherine Bauer, 1932

Back 34

Both an assessment and a political demand for a housing movement to support low rent housing, this book helped rally interest and concern in housing needs in America. It advocated for the role of government in assuring housing for all.

Front 35

Regional Factors in National Planning and Development by National Resources Committee, 1935

Back 35

A major study of regions in America, this work detailed how federal, state, and local government could undertake coordinated planning. The report addresses political frameworks, interstate cooperation, economic issues, regulations, water rights, and examined the Tennessee Valley Authority as a model for regional planning.

Front 36

Outline of Town and City Planning by Thomas D. Adams, 1935

Back 36

Did the profession of planning arise in response to traffic congestion? Certainly, the automobile put tremendous pressure on the existing form of cities. This core idea and many more were consolidated into this book which served as one of the first textbooks on planning in America. The book was based on 11 years of lectures Adams gave at MIT.

Front 37

Our Cities (Their Role in the National Economy) by National Resources Committee, Urbanism Committee, 1937

Back 37

This was in the words of the committee the "first major national study of cities in the U.S....where a large portion of the Nation's wealth...and problems are concentrated." The work links urban planning to the economy.

Front 38

The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities by Homer Hoyt, US Federal Housing Administration, 1939

Back 38

From his experience in real estate, Hoyt examined how the structure of residential neighborhoods developed. He also explored how the real estate market worked to shape neighborhoods. He is known for the sector theory in urban development and local Planning

Front 39

Local Planning Administration by Ladislas Segoe, Walter H. Blucher, Institute for Training in Municipal Administration, 1941

Back 39

Planning pioneer Ladislas Segoe advocated for planning's integration into government in order to gain respect in administrative and legislative circles. This was a manual for administrative practice and came out within months of Waljer's book.

Front 40

The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities by Homer Hoyt, US Federal Housing Administration, 1939

Back 40

From his experience in real estate, Hour examined how the structure of residential neighborhoods developed. He also explored how the real estate market worked to shape neighborhoods. He is known for the sector theory in urban development.

Front 41

Local Planning Administration by Ladislas Segoe, Walter H. Blucher, Institute for Training in Municipal Administration, 1941

Back 41

Planning pioneer Ladislas Segoe advocated for planning's integration into government in order to gain respect in administrative and legislative circles. This was a manual for administrative practice and came out within months of Waljer's book.

Front 42

The Planning Function in Urban Government by Robert Walker, 1941

Back 42

A controversial but influential book which argues that planning needed to move away from association with independent commissions and gain a place closer to the local legislative body, the chief executive, and administrative agencies. In short, Walker argued for fully integrated planning agencies within local government.

Front 43

American Housing (Problems and Prospects: The Factual Findings) by Mikes Colean, Twentieth Century Fund, Housing Committee, 1944

Back 43

Colean had worked for the Federal Housing Authority and advocates for housing finance reform and public housing. His analysis of American housing concluded that there were not enough innovative housing products on the market to address need. He also advocated for strong coordination between war production and housing--an opportunity missed during World War I.

Front 44

The Road to Serfdom by Frederick A. von Hayek, 1944

Back 44

Nobel Prize winner Hayek argued that central economic planning led to serfdom. His influential theories reinforced libertarian views that hands-off approaches by government were needed to avoid tyranny. His work re-emerged as an influence on governmental policy makers in the 1989s.

Front 45

Communitas (Means of Livelihood and Ways of Life) by Paul Goodman, Percival Goodman, 1947

Back 45

This book jump started the post-war rebellion that reached its pinnacle in the 1960s. The Goodmans posed three models of community based on consumption, art, or liberty. They spoke out against religious and government coercion. Paul Goodman's later works encourages a radical rethinking of major social institutions and their roles in individual lives.

Front 46

A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There by Aldo Leopold, 1949

Back 46

Aldo Leopold was a co-founder of The Wilderness Society and the originator of the concept of wildlife management. In this popular book he put forward the ethical premise that views land not as a commodity to be possessed but an obligation to be preserved. He helped develop the scientific concept of ecology.

Front 47

Toward New Towns for America by Clarence S. Stein, 1951

Back 47

Stein was a co-founder of the Regional Planning Association of America, a co-designer of the iconic planned town of Radburn, and an advocate for the federal new town planning program. His book highlights his pedestrian friendly, green belt-influenced designs for neighborhoods and towns.

Front 48

Urban Traffic (A Function of Land Use) by Robert B. Mitchell, Chester Rapkin, 1954

Back 48

This book pioneered the concept that urban traffic patterns resulted from land uses and their resulting activities. Although the link had been made between traffic and planning quite early, Mitchell and Rapkin showed how it could be measured and studied. Their concept became accepted thinking throughout the profession.

Front 49

Politics, Planning, and the Public Interest (The Case of Public Housing in Chicago) by Martin Meyerson, Edward C. Banfield, 1955

Back 49

Meyerson and Banfield saw planning as firmly enmeshed within politics and urban management. Gary Hack explains that Meyerson believed "making the plan has to be inherently a process that organizes public and political support."

Front 50

Urban Traffic (A Function of Land Use) by Robert B. Mitchell, Chester Rapkin, 1954

Back 50

This book pioneered the concept that urban traffic patterns resulted from land uses and their resulting activities. Although the link had been made between traffic and planning quite early, Mitchell and Rapkin showed how it could be measured and studied. Their concept became accepted thinking throughout the profession.

Front 51

Politics, Planning, and the Public Interest (The Case of Public Housing in Chicago) by Martin Meyerson, Edward C. Banfield, 1955

Back 51

Meyerson and Banfield saw planning as firmly enmeshed within politics and urban management. Gary Hack explains that Meyerson believed "making the plan has to be inherently a process that organizes public and political support."

Front 52

The Heart of Our Cities (The Urban Crisis, Diagnosis and Cure) by Victor Gruen, 1955

Back 52

The father of the mid-20th century shopping mall, architect and planner Gruen wrote his treatise on how to approach the redevelopment of cities. He viewed malls as the center pieces of new urban towns.

Front 53

The Organization Man by William H. Whyte, 1956

Back 53

"Recognized as a benchmark, Whyte's book reveals the dilemmas at the heart of the group ethos that emerged in the corporate and social works of the postwar era." This is Nathan Glazer's assessment. The book examines the impact of large scale organization on society, including planned suburban communities and the belief in the endless perfection of life and society. Whyte revealed the cost to the individual terms of initiative and creativity.

Front 54

Education for Planning (City, State, and Regional) by Harvey S. Perloff, 1957

Back 54

This book became the foundation for planning education as Perloff gave intellectual coherence to the field. He outlined what he called "the integrated set of learning experiences which would permit the student to rediscover principles and learn to apply them in a problem solving setting.

Front 55

Standard Industrial Classification by Bureau of the Budget, 1957

Back 55

The standard classification project began in 1937 and in the 1950s a broader project was undertaken to classify both manufacturing and non manufacturing in the United States. This massive effort integrated diverse statistical data that allowed planners, researchers, and communities to access wide ranging data in standardized classifications such as types of employment.

Front 56

Urban Land Use Planning by F. Stuart Chapin, 1957

Back 56

Accepted as on of the standard texts on planning practice, the book describes planning as a "big stakes game in a multi-party competition." Therefore, the book continues the tradition of looking at planning within a political and local governmental context, but also as a competition among interests.

Front 57

The Image of the City by Kevin Lynch, 1960

Back 57

A book that appears on almost every planner's list of essential books, this work is still in use almost 50 years later. Lynch argued that people create mental maps of their surroundings with five key features: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. He also introduced the terms way finding and imageability into the discourse, influencing the way people think and talk about urban space.

Front 58

The Citizen's Guide to Planning by Herbert H. Smith, 1961

Back 58

One of the first books addressed to planning commissioners and their role. Smith helped both citizens and appointed officials understand the basics of planning. He untangled the different roles of planning commissioners and professionals and examined topics such as the master plan, capital improvements programs, zoning, and the regulation of land subdivision. In this classic, he offers a high personal insider's account of the real world of the planning process.

Front 59

The City in History (Its Origins, its Transformations, and its Prospects) by Lewis Mumford, 1961

Back 59

Winner of the 1961 National Book Award, Mumford's book traces the development of cities from Ancient Greece and Rome to the modern forms of suburbs and megalopolis. Mumford describes the genesis of cities and analyzes their purpose in a sweeping narrative that proposes a more "organic" and human relationship between people and their environment. Mumford helped popularize planning for the general public through his Skyline feature in The New Yorker.

Front 60

The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs, 1961

Back 60

A writer with no formal training in architecture or planning, Jacobs dared to write what she called "an attack on current city planning and rebuilding" that set out new, more human, principles for city planning. The result has become one of the must-read books of the planning profession. Empirical and highly readable, this book is based on Jacob's observations about city life. She observed what made streets safe or unsafe, what constituted a neighborhood, and what function a neighborhood serves within the larger organism off a city. She analyzed why some neighborhoods remained impoverished while other's regenerated.

Front 61

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, 1962

Back 61

Carson brought environmental concerns into the mainstream with this book on the harmful effects of pesticides on Mosquitos and birds. Widely credited for spurring the environmental movement, Carson's work inspired planners to consider the importance of environmental protection in their daily lives and in urban development projects.

Front 62

The Urban Villagers (Group and Class in the Life of Italian-Americans) by Herbert Gans, 1962

Back 62

Gans, a sociologist and city planner, told the story of Boston's West End working-class Italian-American community. He illustrated the importance of family and neighborhood, taking a captivating anthropological view of a distinctly urban environment. The sociology of how people live in cities and interact with their environment was an influential thread in planning literature.

Front 63

The Federal Bulldozer (A Critical Analysis of Urban Renewal, 1949-1962) by Martin Anderson, 1964

Back 63

This book signaled a turn away from the idealistic "tear down and build new and better" approach to city planning. Anderson's early history of urban renewal detailed the mechanisms and legislation used to push the program forward, showing how its idealistic goals quickly gave way to destruction for its own sake. Anderson became a domestic policy advisor to Presidents Nixon and Reagan.

Front 64

The Urban General Plan by T.J. Kent, Jr., 1964

Back 64

In a contemporary review of the book, Kenneth L. Kraemer noted that the philosophy of planning had evolved. Planning was now more comprehensive and seen as "multi-layered matrixes." The goal of planning was not longer an ideal state, but "an activity stream relating to problems and goal definition, program design and evaluation." Kent exemplified the change and provided a history of the use, characteristics, and purpose of the urban comprehensive plan, and how it was currently being applied.

Front 65

The Making of Urban America (A History of Planning in the United States by John Reps, 1965

Back 65

Over the years, Reps's expansive studies have looked at the original plans of all types of communities in the United States. In addition, he examined how key cities and towns developed in their first decades and followed up with more intensive regional studies. This comprehensive history of early American town and city development is filled with detailed drawings and maps outlining how America urbanized.

Front 66

The Zoning Game: Municipal Practices and Policies by Richard Babcock, 1966

Back 66

"The Zoning Game caught the crest of the emergence of local land-use controls from a marginal subject of interest to a major national issue in the 1970s." It was twice cited by the U.S. Supreme Court. The book proposes sensible reforms to one of the earliest tools of planning and also provides a critique, asking whether zoning as it is practiced really promotes its stated goals. Babcock believed that zoning, when done correctly, was a critical means of implementing land use decisions that benefitted the community as a whole.

Front 67

Design of Cities by Edmund Bacon, 1967

Back 67

Bacon's powerful urban design concepts shaped Philadelphia. A planner, architect, architectural historian, and theorist, Bacon relates the international work of great city designers through the ages to the contemporary city, with illustrative examples.

Front 68

Design with Nature by Ian McHarg, 1969

Back 68

Notable for its use of map overlays to identify land development constraints. An influential landscape architect who spoke to planners, McHarg showed how to achieve the ideal fit between built environments and natural surroundings.

Front 69

American City Planning Since 1890 (A History Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the American Institute of Planners) by Mel Scott, 1969

Back 69

The standard text on American city planning history up to 1969. Scott helped illuminate the intellectual as well as the practical developments in the field drawing clear paths from the Progressive and sanitary movements to the planning in the postwar eras.

Front 70

The Uses of Disorder (Personal Identity and City Life) by Richard Sennett, 1970

Back 70

Influential urban sociologist Sennett examines how excessive order produced dull urban life, but was socially destructive and led to the cultivation of violent, narrow, repressed societies. His appreciation of the complexity and essential unregulated nature of good urban life challenged planners to do more than impose solutions.

Front 71

Learning from Las Vegas by Robert Venturi, Denise Scott-Brown, Steven Izenour, 1971

Back 71

A landmark work filled with wit and insight into how people actually use and enjoy landscapes of pleasure. The book challenged architects and planners to consider the overlooked vernacular and understand how it created an order and form of its own, and responded creatively to the people who inhabited commercial landscape. It was the first book to examine the phenomenon of the strip in the American city.

Front 72

Site Planning by Kevin Lynch, Gary Hack, 1971

Back 72

This thorough work on all technical aspects of site planning is infused with a deep understanding on how humans inhabit their environment, the need to avoid ugliness, and the importance of understanding the consequences of design. The book remains a standard in the field of planning.

Front 73

A Reader in Planning Theory by Andreas Faludi, 1973

Back 73

These essays covered the full complement of the 20th century planning theory, including rational planning, advocacy planning, and incrementalism. Each one challenged the utility and methods of planning in determining the public interests and the role of the planner. Of particular note are Paul Davidoff's "Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning" and Martin Meyerson's "Building the Middle-Range Bridge for Comprehensive Planning."

Front 74

Urban Design as Public Policy (Practical Methods for Improving Cities) by Jonathan Barnett, 1973

Back 74

Barnett discussed how to bridge the gap between the design and planning professions,. An architect, planner, and teacher, Barnett focused on how to actually bring about the qualities of urban life that Jane Jacobs and others espoused.

Front 75

Close Up (How to Read the American City) by Grady Clay, 1973

Back 75

Clay is one of the great proponents of close observation of landscapes and built environments, and in his first book he introduced a new taxonomy and vocabulary for describing where we live, what we see, and how we feel about places. Importantly for planners, he stressed the subjective and perceptual nature of places rather than grand, abstract plans for them.

Front 76

Small is Beautiful (Economics as if People Mattered) by E.F. Schumacher, 1973

Back 76

Schumacher was an early proponent for the concept of sustainability. He examined how it applied to economics and planning for human organizations and communities. His essays on "Buddhist Economics", the limits of natural resources, and scale are essential to modern planning thought. The book had a large popular audience.

Front 77

The Power Broker (Robert Moses and the Fall of New York) by Robert Caro, 1974

Back 77

Journalist Caro grapples with the motivation, methods, and impacts of Moses, a builder of New York public works who abjured planning as a discipline but understood how to "get things done." This book was especially influential in how it crystallized the change in values that had taken place over the 20th century, with large-scale patriarchal Modernist planning falling out of favor.

Front 78

Urban Planning Analysis (Methods and Models) by Donald A. Krukeberg, Arthur A. Silvers, 1974

Back 78

This clearly written introduction to basic quantitative techniques of urban planning and policy analysis includes solid chapters on survey research and analysis, population forecasting, transportation modeling, and program analysis and management, including time-sequence scheduling.

Front 79

A Pattern Language (Towns, Buildings, Constructions) by Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein, 1977

Back 79

This timeless and detailed accounting of the patterns of urban architecture illuminates the populist turn in urban design in the wake of Jane Jacobs's work. These patterns are the composition of a distinct language invented and used by everyday people. Planners can learn about place and its people by interpreting the details of its form.

Front 80

The Fiscal Impact Handbook by Robert Burchell, David Listokin, et al., 1978

Back 80

A planning classic on the important topic of assessing development impact on the fiscal condition of the local government. This is a comprehensive treatment of cost-revenue analysis and the limitations of different approaches.

Front 81

Making City Planning Work by Allan Jacobs, 1978

Back 81

As San Francisco's planning director, Allan Jacobs faced a memorable fight with developers and commissioners who proposed to build three high rise towers on the waterfront Embarcadero Center property. One of the first planning books of its kind, Jacobs's memoir is both practical and political; he offers case studies illustrative of typical planning issues and intersperses these with more personal "behind the scenes" stories of what city planning was really like in San Francisco.

Front 82

The Practice of Local Government Planning by Frank So, et al., 1979

Back 82

The "green book or Bible" has served as core text of planning since its inception. Produced in partnership with ICMA the book comprehensively covers American city planning history, planning functions, and, most important, the public administrative aspects of planning, including agency management and budgeting. The book has been updated in several new editions and is still in use.

Front 83

The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces by William H. Whyte, 1980

Back 83

Whyte's careful examination of small spaces and how people behave in them revealed the moral dimension of planning -- the responsibility to create health public spaces. Whyte's observations were fascinating enough to draw a public readership for his studies.

Front 84

A Theory of Good City Form by Kevin Lynch, 1981

Back 84

A philosophical classic, the book calls attention to all that we take for granted as normative urban life. In this third of Lynch's influential books, he relates humanist priorities to the actual form of cities, while trying to illuminate what our best and worst physical environments say about us as well as what we can learn from them.

Front 85

Liveable Streets by Donald Appleyard, 1981

Back 85

Appleyard was a precise observer of street conditions and traffic qualities. His analysis of streets and their traffic patterns demonstrated the link between urban design and social relationships. The book provided quantitative data to support traffic calming policies and established taxonomies of street use, now employed in traffic calming programs.

Front 86

The Granite Garden (Urban Nature and Human Design) by Anne Whiston Spirn, 1984

Back 86

Spirn applied design with nature techniques to an urban setting. Her analysis touched off ecological urbanism movement. Scientific research and urban case studies reveal how familiar natural processes (such as water cycles and photosynthesis) occur in cities and how this should inform planning.

Front 87

Land, Growth, & Politics by Jon M. DeGrove, 1984

Back 87

As states began to assert their right to control and direct growth, John DeGrove played an active role in creating the Florida grown management act as well as assessing the ongoing evolution of growth management throughout the country. This early analysis set the stage for ongoing efforts and appraisals of this important movement.

Front 88

Discovering the Vernacular Landscape by John Brinckerhoff Jackson, 1984

Back 88

Jackson, a geographer, focused on the everyday experience of places and how people became invested in them. Like Learning from Las Vegas, the book regards everyday life ahead of theory or utopian ideals. His style was proactive and engaging for all audiences.

Front 89

Redesigning the American Dream (The Future of Housing, Work, and Family Life) by Dolores Hayden, 1984

Back 89

The development of the American urban landscape seen through a domestic lens. Examining the "architecture of gender", Hayden provided insight into the relationships between household life, social policies, and the development of cities. Her analysis of the gender implications of different housing and land use strategies led to a greater awareness of the connections between physical environments and constructed social roles.

Front 90

Crabgrass Frontier (The Suburbanization of the United States) by Kenneth T. Jackson, 1985

Back 90

Perhaps the definitive history of 20th century suburbanization, Jackson's work drew together the many forces- economic, governmental, and social - that went into the creation of suburbia. It is among the earliest histories of the American suburbs.

Front 91

Comprehensive City Planning (Introduction and Explanation) by Melville C. Branch, 1985

Back 91

Branch focused on the development of cities and their planning and management. The tie between land use and municipal administration is explored throughout. The book was written to appeal to both a professional and general interest reader.

Front 92

Home (A Short History of an Idea) by Witold Rybcznski, 1986

Back 92

Rybcznski's widely read book traces the evolution of domestic living. His focus on influences and ideas that shape the concept of comfort and home set this work apart from more technical discussions of architectural history and won a broad popular audience.

Front 93

Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning by Carl Patton, David S. Sawacki, 1986

Back 93

Often required reading, the book lays out the paradigm for policy analysis and integrates policy analysis and planning. The authors explored the complex challenges in urban life and the decisions about how to address them. They examine what sorts of information get used, and by whom, in what contexts.

Front 94

Life Between Buildings (Using Public Space) by Jan Gehl, 1987

Back 94

An important influence on urban designers, Gehl created a comprehensive discussion of how to design good places and spaces, at all scales. Profusely illustrated, the photos and captions carry much of the thesis. Like William Whyte, Gehl focused on the social lives that unfold in public spaces and their importance for planners.

Front 95

Cities of Tomorrow (An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century) by Peter Geoffrey Hall, 1988

Back 95

Hall provided a comprehensive examination of all the major European and American planning movements starting from the late 1800s towards the end of the 20th century. He illuminates the philosophic underpinnings of each movement, and also the key actors, background, and the results. A focused discussion looked at the tension between the ideals of "anarchists", such as Howard, Geddes, and Wright, and those of strict order, represented by LeCorbusier.

Front 96

Mastering Change (Winning Strategies for Effective City Planning) by Bruce McClendon, Ray Quay, 1988

Back 96

One of the few books devoted to planning management and strategy, this practical guide provides a wide array of tactics for understanding how the public reacts to change and what planners should do to increase their effectiveness.

Front 97

Small Town Planning Handbook by Tom Daniels, John W. Keller, Mark B. Lapping, 1988

Back 97

Small town planning has received less attention than city planning. This book succinctly organizes helpful strategies for the small town planner with limited in staff and budget. The authors provided guidance on the nuts-and-bolts work of small town planners. The book has continued in new editions.

Front 98

Land Use and the Constitution (Principles for Planning Practice) by Brian Blaesser, Alan Weinstein, 1989

Back 98

The legal challenges to planning and the regulatory tools of planning have shaped the field profoundly. This practical guide explains eight constitutional principles and applies them to real-world planning situations. The authors provided detailed summaries of more than 50 U.S. Supreme Court cases.

Front 99

Making Equity Planning Work (Leadership in the Public Sector) by Norman Krumholz, John Forester, 1990

Back 99

The book provides one of the first detailed personal accounts of a sustained and effective equity-planning practice that influenced urban policy. Recounting their real-life experiences in equity planning in Cleveland, the authors give a clear illustration through case studies.

Front 100

Edge City (Life on the New Frontier) by Joel Garreau, 1991

Back 100

Garreau examines America's "edge cities" or suburban cities, chronicling their rise across the country over the past 100 years. His work changed the perception of suburbia and its role relative to central cities. As people moved to suburbs, so did employment. The size and number of these cities influences how planning now approaches edge cities and their social implications.

Front 101

Great Streets by Allan Jacobs, 1993

Back 101

Jacobs demonstrates the importance of streets as placemaking elements through beautifully drafted plans and illustrations of worthy prototypes. He explores how design shapes a street and the importance of streets in creating community.

Front 102

The New Urbanism (Toward and Architecture of Community) by Peter Katz et. al., 1994

Back 102

A seminal work, the book that introduced new urbanism to a wide popular audience and enthusiastic professionals, Katz and colleagues offered case studies and handsome illustrations to make their points. The book captured the movement to reestablish a sense of neighborhood and community in face of sprawl.

Front 103

Visions for a New American Dream (Process, Principles, and an Ordinance to Plan and Design Small Communities) by Anton Nelessen, 1994

Back 103

The growing sophistication and emphasis on tools for helping communities visualize growth and change was encapsulated in Nelessen's book. His Visual Preference Survey was on e of the first visioning tools. In addition, his ability to illustrate neo-traditional design helped awaken an interest in historic character and quality of design that emerged in force as a planning concern in the 1990s.

Front 104

Rural By Design (Maintaining Small Town Character) by Randall Arendt, 1994

Back 104

Growing out of his work in New England and an appreciation for the design of small communities, Arendt revealed how towns could grow and maintain their character through density, good site planning, and compatible design. His work reinforced efforts to achieve growth management, address sprawl, and the conservation of natural and cultural landscapes. Arendt offered, with grace and humor, practical solutions to guiding growth and conserving land.

Front 105

Ethical Land Use (Principles of Policy and Planning) by Timothy Beatley, 1994

Back 105

Planning as a professional with an adopted code of ethics expanded its view of ethical professional practice in this work. Beatley maintained that planning policy decisions invariably involve ethical choices and used actual case studies and hypothetical scenarios to guide planners to ethical choices in their everyday work.

Front 106

The Geography of Nowhere (The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape) by James Howard Kunstler, 1994

Back 106

Tracing America's evolution from tight-knit and coherent communities to a landscape of sprawl and anonymity, Kunstler discussed the stark economic, social, and spiritual costs paid for this lifestyle. Kunstler's impact was to call attention to the loss of community identity. He called upon readers to reinvent the places of life and work for a revived civic art and life.

Front 107

Best Development Practices (Doing the Right Thing and Making Money at the Same Time) by Reid Ewing, 1996

Back 107

Ewing draws upon case examples of some of today's most acclaimed developments and recommends best practice guidelines to help developers create vibrant, livable communities - and still make money. One of the rare studies of how places are developed using sound planning principles (at least in part) and measures the result. The books practical advice proved to be a great draw.

Front 108

Natural Hazard Mitigation (Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning) by David R. Godschalk, Timothy Beatley, Phillip Berke, David J. Bower, Edward J. Kaiser, Charles C. Bohl, R. Matthew Goebel, 1999

Back 108

The role of planning in hazard mitigation and recovery appeared on the agenda in the 1990s as the issues of climate change and sustainability became more pressing. This book, one of the first thorough discussions of the issue, provided insight into how hazard mitigation both worked and needed to be reformed.

Front 109

Transportation for Livable Cities by Vukan R. Vuchic

Back 109

Vuchic placed transportation at the hear of good planning. He explores its role in smart growth and sustainable urban living, covering everything from roads and transit to traffic calming.

Front 110

Bowling Alone (The Collapse and Revival of American Community) by Robert Putnam, 2000

Back 110

The book described a major shift in American life and politics that had largely gone unnoticed. Putnam examined the past 40 years and observed that social participation had changed. Because of the modern demands on time, established volunteer associations important to the community fabric had lost significant membership. The book provoked debate and awakened insight into how people live their lives, expect services, and contribute to the community, and what they expect of government and politics.

Front 111

The Regional City (Planning for the End of Sprawl) by Peter Calthorpe, William Fulton, 2000

Back 111

Regionalism as a focus of planning reemerged in this work that demonstrated how regional planning and design can integrate, revitalize, and provide a coherent vision for growth. Many of the concepts of new urbanism were extended to the regional scale and include a special emphasis on transit and design.

Front 112

Planning Theory for Practitioners by Michael P. Brooks, 2002

Back 112

Brooks brought planning theory to an understandable, usable level for practitioners. His discussion of values and ethics were especially informative.

Front 113

The Rise of the Creative Class (And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life) by Richard Florida, 2002

Back 113

While others came before Florida and developed the evaluation methods and tools in the book, the author was the first to put the information together in a compelling and understandable format. The book revolutionized today's urban planning and economic development field. It reawakened decision makers in America to the value and power of strong central cities.

Front 114

The Birth of City Planning in the United States, 1840-1917, by John A. Peterson, 2003

Back 114

Peterson provides the best and most detailed overview of the early years of the planning movement, which saw Progressive activists, public-health advocates, and business interests unite in the cause of more livable cities.

Front 115

The Devil in the White City (Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair that Changed America) by Erik Larson, 2004

Back 115

The book brings alive the history of early planners, including Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmstead, for a general audience. He draws attention to work many still know nothing about. In vivid -- and sometimes graphic detail -- Larson paints a poignant and convincing story of the obstacles planners and architects face when approaching mammoth projects - not least of which, a world's fair.

Front 116

The High Cost of Free Parking by Donald C. Shoup, 2005

Back 116

Donald Shoup set the world of traffic management on its ear with his impassioned and through demolition of decades of conventional wisdom. By demonstrating the direct, indirect, social, and intangible costs of easily available parking, Shoup set the state for municipalities to change their codes and mind-sets to create parking management systems that put cars second and instead support the creation of complete streets, safe streetscapes, and healthier downtowns.

Front 117

Urban Transit (Operations, Planning, and Economics) by Vukan R. Vuchic, 2005

Back 117

This comprehensive work covers the full range of issues involved in the operation, planning, and financing of transit systems. Vuchic presents both theoretical concepts and practical, real world methodologies for managing and improving transit planning.

Front 118

Planning and Urban Design Standards by William R. Klein, Executive Ed., 2006

Back 118

The most comprehensive reference book on urban planning, design, and development available today. The book comprises contributions from more than 200 renowned professionals and provides in-depth information on the tools and techniques used to achieve planning and design outcomes, including economic analysis, mapping, visualization, legal foundations, and real estate developments.

Front 119

Ordinance of 1785

Back 119

Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The rectangular survey has been called "the largest single act of national planning in our history and...the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic".

Front 120

Alexander Hamilton

Back 120

In 1791, Alexander Hamilton argues for protective tariffs for manufacturing industry as a means of promoting industrial development in the young republic. Economic Development Landmark Publication.

Front 121

Henry Clay

Back 121

In 1818, in a speech before Congress, Henry Clay proposed a plan called the American System to allocate federal funds to promote the development of the national economy by combining tariffs with internal improvements, such as roads, canals and other waterways. Economic Development.

Front 122

Erie Canal

Back 122

Completed in 1825, this artificial waterway connected the northeastern states with the newly settled areas of what was then the West, facilitating the economic development of both regions.

Front 123

The National Road

Back 123

Terminates in 1839 in Vadalia, Illinois. Begun in 1811 in Cumberland, Maryland, it helps open the Ohio Valley to settlers.

Front 124

The First "model tenement"

Back 124

Built in Manhattan in 1855.

Front 125

Homestead Act of 1862

Back 125

Opened the lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and five years residence.

Front 126

Morill Act, 1862

Back 126

Congress authorizes land grants from the Public Domain to the states. Proceeds from the sale were to be used to found colleges offering instruction in agriculture, engineering, and other practical arts.

Front 127

New York Council of Hygiene of the Citizens Association, 1864

Back 127

Mounts a campaign to raise housing and sanitary standards.

Front 128

Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux, 1868

Back 128

Began the planning of Riverside, Illinois, a planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenitites.

Front 129

Promontory Point, Utah, 1869

Back 129

Where the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads met on May 10 to complete the first transcontinental railroad.

Front 130

John Wesley Powell, 1878

Back 130

His Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States is published. Includes a proposed regional plan that would both foster settlement of the arid west and conserve scarce water resources.

Front 131

Henry George, 1879

Back 131

Published Progress and Poverty. This book presents an argument for diminishing extremes of national wealth and poverty by means of a single tax on land that would capture the "unearned increment" of national development for public uses.

Front 132

Dumbbell Tenement, 1879

Back 132

Debut of the Dumbbell Tenement, so called because of its shape. A form of multifamily housing widely built in New York until the end of the century and notorious for the poor living conditions it imposed on its denizens (lack of light, air, space).

Front 133

U.S. Geological Survey, 1879

Back 133

Classification of all Public Domain lands.

Front 134

George Pullman, 1880

Back 134

Building of Pullman, Illinois, model industrial town.

Front 135

Jacob Riis, 1890

Back 135

Published How the Other Half Lives, a powerful stimulus to housing and neighborhood reform.

Front 136

General Land Law Revision Act, 1891

Back 136

Gave the President power to create forest preserves by proclamation.

Front 137

Sierra Club, 1892

Back 137

Founded to promote the protection and preservation of the natural environment. John Muir, Scottish-American naturalist, and a major figure in the history of American environmentalism, was the leading founder.

Front 138

World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893

Back 138

Commemorated the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World. A source of the City Beautiful Movement and of the urban planning profession.

Front 139

U.S. v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co., 1896

Back 139

The first significant legal case concerning historic preservation. The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose.

Front 140

Forest Management Act, 1897

Back 140

Authorized some control by the Secretary of the Interior over the use and occupancy of the forest preserves.

Front 141

Ebenezer Howard, 1898

Back 141

Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, by Ebenezer Howard, a source of the Garden City Movement. Reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of Tomorrow.

Front 142

Gifford Pinchot, 1898

Back 142

Becomes Chief Forester of the United States in the Department of Agriculture. From this position he publicizes the cause of forest conservation.

Front 143

New York State Tenement House Law, 1901

Back 143

The legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell Tenement". Lawrence Veiller was the leading reformer.

Front 144

Letchworth, 1903

Back 144

Constructed as the First English Garden City and a stimulus to New Town movement in America (Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc.)

Front 145

Public Lands Commission, 1903

Back 145

Appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt, to propose rules for orderly land development and management.

Front 146

Antiquities Act of 1906

Back 146

First law to institute federal protection for preserving archaeological sites. Provided for designation as National Monuments areas already in the public domain that contained "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest."

Front 147

New York Committee on the Congestion of Population, 1907

Back 147

Founded in 1907 to foster movement, led by its secretary, Benjamin Marsh, to decentralize New York's densie population.

Front 148

Inland Waterway Commission, 1907

Back 148

President Roosevelt established to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development; navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, water supply.

Front 149

White House Conservation Conference, 1908

Back 149

State governors, federal officials, and leading scientists assemble to deliberate about the conservation of natural resources.

Front 150

First National Conference on City Planning

Back 150

1909 in Washington, D.C.

Front 151

Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago

Back 151

Published in 1909 as the first metropolitan plan in the United States. (Key figures: Frederick A. Delano, Charles Wacker, Charles Dyer Norton)

Front 152

Harvard College, 1909

Back 152

Possibly the first course in city planning in this country is taught by James Sturgis Pray at the Harvard College Landscape Architecture Department.

Front 153

Frederick Winslow Taylor, 1911

Back 153

Published The Principles of Scientific Management, fountainhead of the efficiency movements in this country, including efficiency in city government.

Front 154

Walter D. Moody, 1912

Back 154

Moody's "Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago" is adopted as an eight-grade textbook on city planning by the Chicago Board of Education. Possibly the first formal instruction in city planning below the college level.

Front 155

University of Illinois, 1913

Back 155

A chair in Civic Design, first of its kind in the U.S. is created in the University of Illinois's Department of Horticulture for Charles Mulford Robinson, one of the principal promoters of the World's Columbian Exposition.

Front 156

First major textbook on city planning.

Back 156

Flavel Shurtleff, Carrying Out the City Plan, 1914.

Front 157

Panama Canal

Back 157

Completed in 1914 and opened to world commerce.

Front 158

Harland Bartholomew, 1914

Back 158

Eventually the country's best known planning consultant, becomes the first full-time employee in Newark, New Jersey, of a city planning commission.

Front 159

Cities in Evolution, 1915

Back 159

Published by Patrick Geddes, "father of regional planning" and mentor of Lewis Mumford.

Front 160

Nelson P. Lewis, 1916

Back 160

Published Planning of the Modern City

Front 161

Nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution

Back 161

Adopted in 1916 by New York City Board of Estimates under the leadership of George McAneny and Edward Bassess, known as the "father of zoning".

Front 162

National Park Service, 1916

Back 162

Established with the sole responsibility for conserving and preserving resources of special value.

Front 163

American City Planning Institute, 1917

Back 163

Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. becomes first president of the newly founded American City Planning Institute, forerunner of American Institute of Planners and American Institute of Certified Planners.

Front 164

U.S. Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corporation established.

Back 164

1918. Influenced later endeavors in public housing. Operated at major shipping centers to provide housing for World War I workers.

Front 165

Boston Metropolitan District Commission, 1919

Back 165

Formed through a combination of three early unifunctional regional authorities - the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, the Metropolitan Water Board and the Metropolitan Park Commission.

Front 166

the Vieux Carre Commission, 1921

Back 166

Established in New Orleans as the first historic preservation commission in the U.S.

Front 167

Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission, 1919

Back 167

First of its kind in the U.S. Hugh Pomeroy, head of staff.

Front 168

Regional Plan of New York, 1922

Back 168

Inauguration under Thomas Adams.

Front 169

Mariemont, Ohio, 1923

Back 169

Ground broken for construction in suburban Cincinnati. Mary Emery was its founder and benefactor; John Nolen, the planner. Some of its features (short blocks, mixture of rental and owner-occupied housing) foreshadow the contemporary New Urbanism movement.

Front 170

Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon (1922)

Back 170

The first decision to hold that a land use restriction constituted a taking. The U.S. Supreme Court (Justice Brandeis dissenting) noted "property may be regulated to a certain extent, but if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking," thus acknowledging the principle of a "regulatory taking".

Front 171

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, 1924

Back 171

Issued by U.S. Department of Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover.

Front 172

Sunnyside Gardens (1924-1928)

Back 172

A planned neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, is built by City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York.

Front 173

"Regional Plan" issue of Survey Graphic, 1925

Back 173

Publication of influential essays on regional planning by Lewis Mumford and other members of the Regional Planning Association of America (e.g. Catherine Bauer).

Front 174

First major American city to endorse a comprehensive plan.

Back 174

Cincinnati, Ohio (Alfred Bettman, Ladislas Segoe), 1925

Front 175

Ernest Burgess, 1925

Back 175

Published the "Concentric Zone" model of urban structure and land use.

Front 176

Ancestor of present-day Journal of the American Planning Association

Back 176

April 1926, the American City Planning Institute and The National Conference on City Planning publish Vol. 1, No. 1 of City Planning.

Front 177

Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty (1926)

Back 177

Constitutionality of zoning upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court. Case argued by Alfred Bettmand.

Front 178

Standard City Planning Enabling Act, 1928

Back 178

Issued by the U.S. Dept. of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover.

Front 179

Robert Murray Haig, 1928

Back 179

Monograph "Major Economic Factors in Metropolitan Growth and Arrangement" is published in Volume I of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs. Viewed land use as a function of accessibility.

Front 180

Radburn, New Jersey, 1928

Back 180

Construction began. Planned community inspired by Howard's Garden City Concept and designed by Stein and Wright. A forerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns.

Front 181

Clarence Perry, 1929

Back 181

Monograph on the Neighborhood Unit is published in Volume VII of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs.

Front 182

First instance of rural zoning

Back 182

Wisconsin law authorizing county boards to regulate, restrict and determine the areas within which agriculture, forestry and recreation may be conducted. 1929.

Front 183

Stock Market Crash, October 1929

Back 183

Ushers in Great Depression and fosters ideas of public planning on a national scale.

Front 184

National Land Utilization Conference, Chicago 1931

Back 184

Three hundred agricultural experts deliberate on rural recovery programs and natural resource conservation.

Front 185

Federal Home Loan Bank System established, 1932

Back 185

Established to shore up shaky home financing institutions.

Front 186

Reconstruction Finance Corporation established, 1932

Back 186

Established at the outset of the Great Depression to revive economic activity by extending financial aid to failing financial, industrial, and agricultural institutions.

Front 187

FDR inaugurated, 1933

Back 187

New deal begins with a spate of counter-depression measures.

Front 188

Home Owners Loan Corporation established, 1933

Back 188

Established to save homeowners facing loss through foreclosure.

Front 189

The National Planning Board established, 1933

Back 189

Established in the Interior Department to assist in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for public works under the direction of Frederick Delano, Charles Merriam, Wesley Mitchell, Its last successor agency, the National Resources Planning Board, was abolished in 1943.

Front 190

Civilian Conservation Corps established, 1933

Back 190

Established to provide work for unemployed youth and to conserve nation's natural resources.

Front 191

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Back 191

Set up in 1933 under Harry Hopkins to organize relief work in urban and rural areas.

Front 192

Tennessee Valley Authority created, 1933

Back 192

Created to provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley, America's most famous experiment in river-basin planning. Senator George Norris of Nebraska fathered idea and David Lillienthal was its most effective implementer.

Front 193

The Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933

Back 193

Passed to regulate agricultural trade practices, production, prices, supply areas (and therefore land use) as a recover measure.

Front 194

American Society of Planning Officials founded, 1934

Back 194

An organization for planners, planning commissioners and planning-related public officials.

Front 195

National Housing Act of 1934

Back 195

Established FSLIC for insuring savings deposits and the FHA for insuring individual home mortgages.

Front 196

Taylor Grazing Act, 1934

Back 196

Purpose to regulate the use of the range in the West for conservation purposes.

Front 197

National Planning Board, 1934

Back 197

Published "Final Report" on its first year of existence. Includes a section entitled "A Plan for Planning" and an account of the "Historical Development of Planning in the United States." The latter views American planning history in the context of U.S. political and economic history.

Front 198

Resettlement Administration, 1935

Back 198

Established under Rexford Tugwell, Roosevelt "braintruster", to carry out experiments in land reform and population resettlement. This agency built the three Greenbelt towns (Greenbelt, Maryland; Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio) forefunners of present day New Towns: Columbia, Maryland; Reston Virginia; etc.)

Front 199

Regional Factors in National Planning, 1935

Back 199

Publication date by the National Resources Committee, a landmark in regional planning literature.

Front 200

Soil Conservation Act, 1935

Back 200

Congress moves to make prevention of soil erosion a national responsibility.

Front 201

The Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act, 1935

Back 201

A predecessor of the National Historic Preservation Act, passed. Requires the Secretary of the Interior to identify, acquire, and restore qualifying historic sites and properties and calls upon federal agencies to consider preservation needs in their programs and plans.

Front 202

Social Security Act, 1935

Back 202

Passed to create a safety net for elderly. Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member, was a principal promoter.

Front 203

Grand Coulee Dam

Back 203

In 1935, Congress authorized construction of the dam in Central Washington state. Finished in 1941, it is the largest concrete structure in the U.S. and the heart of the Columbia Basin Project, a regional plan comparable in its scope to TVA. The project's purposes are irrigation, electric power generation and flood control in the Pacific Northwest.

Front 204

Hoover Dam

Back 204

Completed in 1936 on the Colorado River. Creates and sustains population growth and industrial development in Nevada, California, and Arizona.

Front 205

Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy, 1937

Back 205

A landmark report by the Urbanism Committee of the National Resources Committee. Ladislas Segoe headed research staff.

Front 206

U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall) of 1937

Back 206

Set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing.

Front 207

Farm Security Administration established, 1937

Back 207

Successor to the Resettlement Administration and administrator of many programs to aid the rural poor.

Front 208

American Institute of Planners, 1938

Back 208

The planning field's professional organization, states as its purpose "the planning of the unified development of urban communities and their environs, and of states, regions and the nation, as expressed through determination of the comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land occupancy and the regulation thereof".

Front 209

Homer Hoyt, 1939

Back 209

Hoyt's influential "Sector Theory" of urban growth appears in his monograph, The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities.

Front 210

Green Book, 1941

Back 210

Local Planning Administration, by Ladislas Segoe, first of "Green Book" series, appears.

Front 211

Robert Walker, 1941

Back 211

Walker's Planning Function in Urban Government published.

Front 212

Bretton Woods (New Hampshire) Agreement, 1944

Back 212

The U.S. and allies meet to establish the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank).

Front 213

Serviceman's Readjustment Act ("G.I. Bill"), 1944

Back 213

Guaranteed loans for homes to veterans under favorable terms, thereby accelerating the growth of suburbs.

Front 214

Housing and Home Financing Agency created, 1947

Back 214

Predecessor of HUD created to coordinate federal government's various housing programs.

Front 215

Park Forest, Illinois and Levittown, New York, 1947

Back 215

Construction began.

Front 216

Marshall Plan, 1947

Back 216

Secretary George C. Marshall uses his Harvard College commencement address to propose the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of postwar Europe.

Front 217

Housing Act of 1949 (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill)

Back 217

First U.S. comprehensive housing legislation. Aimed to construct about 800,000 units. Inaugurated urban redevelopment programs.

Front 218

The National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1949

Back 218

Created and chartered by Congress.

Front 219

Berman v. Parker (1954)

Back 219

U.S. Supreme Court upholds right of Washington, D.C. Redevelopment Land Agency to condemn propertied that are unsightly, though non-deteriorated, if required to achieve objectives of duly established area redevelopment plan.

Front 220

Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka Kansas) (1954)

Back 220

Supreme Court upholds school integration.

Front 221

Housing Act of 1954

Back 221

Stressed slum prevention and urban renewal rather than slum clearance and urban redevelopment as in the 1949 act. Also stimulated general planning for cities under 25,000 population by providing funds under Section 701 of the act. "701 funding" later extended by legislative amendments to foster statewide, interstate, and substate regional planning.

Front 222

The Council of Government movement

Back 222

Begins in 1954 in the Detroit area with the formation of a Supervisors' Inter-County Committee composed of the representatives of each county in southeastern Michigan for the purpose of confronting areawide problems. It soon spreads nationwide.

Front 223

Federal Aid Highway Act, 1956

Back 223

Created interstate highway system linking all state capitals and most cities of 50,000 population or more.

Front 224

F. Stuart Chapin, 1957

Back 224

Published Urban Land Use Planning.

Front 225

Education for Planning, 1957

Back 225

A seminal, book-length inquiry by Harvey S. Perloff into the "appropriate intellectual, practical and philosophical basis for the education of city and regional planners"

Front 226

A "Multiple Land Use Classification System (A. Guttenberg), 1959

Back 226

Published in Journal of American Institute of Planners. The first approach to the definition of land-use classifications in multidimensional terms.

Front 227

Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR), 1959

Back 227

Established by Congress with members from various branches of government. Serves primarily as a research agency and think tank in area of intergovernmental relations.

Front 228

The American Collegiate Schools of Planning (ASCP)

Back 228

Established in 1959 when a few department heads of planning schools get together at the annual ASIP conference to confer on common problems and interests regarding the education of planners.

Front 229

St. Lawrence Seaway

Back 229

Completed in 1959. This joint U.S.-Canada project created, in effect, a fourth North American seacoast, opening the American heartland to sea-going vessels.

Front 230

Image of the City by Kevin Lynch, 1960

Back 230

Defines basic elements of city's "imageability" (paths, edges, nodes, etc.)

Front 231

The Death and Life of Great American Cities, by Jane Jacobs, 1961

Back 231

Includes a critique of planning and planners.

Front 232

And on the Eighth Day, by Richard Hedman and Fred Bair, 1961

Back 232

A hilarious book of cartoons poking fun at the planning profession by two of our own.

Front 233

Hawaii, 1961

Back 233

Becomes the first state to institute statewide zoning.

Front 234

Delaware River Basin Commission, 1961

Back 234

representing the states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania is created to foster joint management of the river's water resources.

Front 235

Urban Growth Simulation Model, 1962

Back 235

Emerges in the Penn-Jersey Transportation Study.

Front 236

Article "A Choice Theory of Planning", 1962

Back 236

Article in AIP Journal by Paul Davidoff and Thomas Reiner, lays basis for advocacy planning concept.

Front 237

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, 1962

Back 237

Wakes the nation to the deleterious effects of pesticides on animal, plant and human life.

Front 238

Virginia's first residential planned community zone, 1962

Back 238

Established by the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, clearing the way for the creation of Reston, a full-scale, self-contained New Town 18 miles from Washington, D.C.

Front 239

Columbia, Maryland, 1963

Back 239

A New Town situated about halfway between Washington and Baltimore, featuring some class integration and the neighborhood principle.

Front 240

T.J. Kent, 1964

Back 240

Publishes The Urban General Plan.

Front 241

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Back 241

Outlaws discrimination based on race, creed, and national origin in places of public accommodation.

Front 242

The Federal Bulldozer by Martin Anderson, 1964

Back 242

Indicts then-current urban renewal program as counterproductive to its professed aims of increased low - and middle- income housing supply. With Herbert Gans's The Urban Villagers (1962), a study of the consequences for community life in a Boston West End Italian-American community, contributes to a change in urban policy.

Front 243

Lyndon Johnson, War on Poverty, 1964

Back 243

In a commencement speech at the University of Michigan, President Lyndon Johnson declares war on poverty and urges congressional authorization of many remedial programs, plus the establishment of a cabinet-level Department of Housing and Community Development.

Front 244

Super-Regional Mall

Back 244

Similar in concept to regional malls, but offering more variety and assortment.

3+ Anchors

Avg. Size: 1.3 million Sq. Ft.; 60-120 acres

Type of Anchors: Full-time or junior department store, mass merchant, discount store and/or fashion apparel store.

Trade Area Size: 5-25 miles

Front 245

Regional Mall

Back 245

General merchandise or fashion-oriented offerings. Typically, enclosed with inward-facing stores connected by a common walkway. Parking surrounds the outside perimeter.

40-80 stores with 2+ anchors

Avg. Size: 590,000 sq,.ft.; 40-100 acres

Type of Anchors: Full-line or junior department store, mass merchant, discount department store and/or fashion apparel store.

Trade area: 5-15 miles

Front 246

Community Center ("Large Neighborhood Center")

Back 246

General merchandise or convenience oriented offerings. Wider range of apparel and other soft goods offerings than neighborhood centers. The center is usually configured in a straight line as a strip, or may be laid out in an L or U shape, depending on the site and design.

15-40 stores with 2+ anchors; 10-40 acres

Avg. Size: 200,000 sq. ft.

Trade area size: 3-6 miles

Typical Anchors: Discount store, supermarket, drug, large-specialty discount (toys, books, electronics, home improvement/furnishings pr sporting goods, etc.)

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Neighborhood Center

Back 247

Convenience oriented.

Avg. Size: 72,000 Sq. Ft.; 3-5 acres

5-20 stores with 1+ anchors

Typical anchor: Supermarket

Trade area: 3 miles

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Strip/Convenience

Back 248

Attached row of stores or service outlets managed as a coherent retail entity, with on-site parking usually located in front of the stores. Open canopies may connect the store fronts, but a strip center does not have enclosed walkways linking the stores. A strip center may be configured in a straight line, or have an "L" or "U" shape. A convenience center is among the smallest of the centers, whose tenants provide a narrow mix of goods and personal services to a very limited trade area.

Avg. sq. ft.: 13,000 sq. ft.; less than 3 acres

Anchorless or a small convenience store anchor.

Typical Anchor type: Convenience store, such as a mini-mart.

Trade area: less than 1 mile

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Power Center

Back 249

Category-dominant anchors, including discount department stores, off-price stores, wholesale clubs, with only a few small tenants.

Avg. Size: 409,000sq. ft.; 25-80 acres

3+ anchors

Typical Anchors: "Category killers", such as home improvement, discount department, warehouse club and off-price stores.

Trade Area: 5-10 miles

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Lifestyle Center

Back 250

Upscale national-chain specialty stores with dining and entertainment in an outdoor setting.

Avg. Size: 320,000 sq. ft.; 10-40 acres

0-2 anchors

Typical Anchors: Large format upscale specialty

Trade area: 8-12 miles

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Factory Outlet

Back 251

Manufacturers' and retailers' outlet stores selling brand-name goods at a discount.

Avg. Size: 225,000 sq. ft.; 10-50 acres

Typical Anchors: Manufacturers' and retailers' outlets

Trade area: 25-75 miles

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Theme/Festival centers

Back 252

Leisure, tourist, retail and service-oriented offerings with entertainment as a unifying theme. Often located in urban areas, they may be adapted from older, sometimes historic-buildings and can be part of a mixed-use project.

Avg. Size: 147,000 sq. ft.; 5-20 acres

Typical Anchors: Restaurants, entertainment

Trade area: 25-75 miles

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Office space/building classifications

Back 253

Office space is grouped into three classes in accordance with one of two alternative bases: metropolitan and international. These classes represent at subjective quality rating of buildings which indicates the competitive ability of each building to attract similar types of tenants.

A combination of factors including rent, building finishes, system standards and efficiency, building amenities, location/accessibility and market perception are used as relative measures.

The metropolitan base is for use within an office space market and the international base is for use primarily by investors among many metropolitan markets.

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Metropolitan Base Definitions of Office Space

Back 254

Class A

Most prestigious buildings competing for premier office users with rents above average for the area. Buildings have high quality standard finishes, state of art systems, exceptional accessibility and a definite market presence.

Class B

Buildings competing for a wide range of users with tenants in the average range for the area. Building finishes are fair to good for the area. Building finishes are fair to good for the area and systems are adequate, but the building does not compete with Class A at the same price.

Class C

Buildings competing for tenants requiring functional space at rents below the average for the area.

Front 255

Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance (APFO)

Back 255

Allows local governments to deny or delay new developments if the existing government services (water, sewer, roads, schools, fire and police) cannot support it. The APFO ensures that new development does not negatively impact a community's quality of life by overburdening public services. Instead, the APFO places this burden on developers to ensure that there will be adequate services for the proposed developments.

Front 256

Big Box retail

Back 256

Generally has 50,000 or more square feet in a large box.

Front 257

Brownfield

Back 257

An environmentally contaminated site. Often called superfund sites.

Front 258

Superfund

Back 258

The common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). There are more than 1,200 superfund sites across the U.S.

A tax on the petroleum and chemical industries provide funding to help pay for the cleanup of superfund sites.

Front 259

Concentrated animal feeding operations

Back 259

Includes the practice of raising farm animals indoors and in high volumes.

Local governments may be limited in their ability to regulate concentrated animal feeding operations because of the Right-to-Farm Acts, which limit the ability of local governments to regulate commercial farms and limits lawsuits by private and public organizations.

Front 260

Context-Sensitive Design (CSD)

Back 260

Refers to roadway standards and development practices that are flexible and sensitive to community values. The CSD allows design decisions to better balance economic, social and environmental objectives within the community.

It promotes several key principles:

1. Balance safety, community, and environmental goals in all projects;

2. Involve the public and affected agencies early and continuously;

3. Use an interdisciplinary team tailored to project needs;

4. Apply flexibility inherent in design standards;

5. Incorporate aesthetics as an integral part of good design.

Front 261

Daylighting

Back 261

The practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that natural light provides effective internal illumination during the day. Daylighting is also used to describe the conversion of an enclosed drainage system to a more open and natural system.

Front 262

Edge City

Back 262

Describes a relatively new concentration of business, shopping and entertainment outside a traditional urban area in what had recently been a suburb or rural community.

The term was popularized in a 1991 book by Joel Garreau. Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing the current urban form.

Garreau's 5 rules for a place to be considered an "edge city":

1. It must have more than five million square feet of office space to accommodate between 20,000 to 50,000 office workers (as many as some traditional downtowns);

2. It must have more than 600,000 square feet of retail space, the size of a medium shopping mall. This ensures that the edge city is a center of recreation and commerce as well as office work;

3. It must be characterized by more jobs than bedrooms;

4. It must be perceived by the population as one place;

5. It must have been nothing like a city 30 years earlier.

Front 263

E-Governance

Back 263

The use of information communication technology (ICT) to exchange information and services with citizens, businesses, and other government agencies. Examples of these technologies include on-line GIS systems, discussion forums, and e-commerce.

Front 264

Form-based Code

Back 264

A means of regulating development to achieve a specific urban form. Form-based codes create a predictable public realm by controlling physical form primarily through local government zoning regulations with a lesser focus on land use.

Form-based codes address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, the form and mass of buildings in relationship to one another, and the scale and types of streets and blocks.

The regulations and standards in form-based codes, presented in both diagrams and words, are keyed to a regulating plan that designates the appropriate form and scale (and therefore, character) of development rather than only distinctions in land-use types. This is in contrast to conventional zoning's focus on land use. In simple terms, the conventional zoning code focuses on use over form whereas form-based codes focus on form over use.

Front 265

Green infrastructure

Back 265

A concept originating in the U.S. in the mid-1900s that highlights the importance of the natural environment in decisions about land use planning. Green infrastructure emphasizes the importance of the natural environment in providing clean water, shade, etc. Through careful planning, mechanisms are put in place to safeguard critical green infrastructure.

Front 266

Growing Smart

Back 266

A legislative guidebook that focuses on updating state legislation to encourage better planning and zoning laws.

Front 267

Jobs-housing balance

Back 267

A concept that communities should have an appropriate balance of housing and jobs. To support the jobs in the community, there should be a mix of housing types and there should be jobs for the community's residents. This moves away from the bedroom communities in the suburbs and replaces them with complete communities.

Front 268

Maximum parking standards

Back 268

An alternative to the conventional minimum parking standards that most communities have. Maximum parking standards cap the amount of parking that nay user can provide. This addresses the problem of overparking sites and providing excessive impervious cover.

Front 269

McMansion

Back 269

A term that describes large houses that are mass produced and have perceived negative impacts on the community. McMansion subdivsions have been developed by major home builders. McMansions can also be found as part of the infill development where the house is much larger than the surrounding homes and takes up most of the lot.

Another term, Parachute Home, describes the scenario where a home is dropped (almost randomly) into an area where it clearly does not fit with the neighborhood's character.

Front 270

New Urbanism

Back 270

Promotes compact, walkable neighborhoods. Its principles are defined in the Charter of the New Urbanism, which was adopted by the Congress for New Urbanism. These principles apply at regional, local, and neighborhood levels.

At the neighborhood level, New Urbanism promotes mixed income, walkable neighborhoods with a variety of architectural styles. The neighborhood should be well-defined with an edge and a center. It should include public green spaces. People should be able to access shopping, work, and school within a five-minute walk, or at least be able to access transit within a five-minute walk.

The Congress for New Urbanism

Front 271

Smart Growth

Back 271

A term that is used to describe planning for greater sustainability. The Smart Growth Network has established 10 principles for Smart Growth:

1. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices;

2. Create walkable neighborhoods;

3. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration;

4. Foster distinctive, attractive places with a strong sense of place;

5. Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost effective;

6. Mix land uses;

7. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas;

8. Provide a variety of transportation choices;

9. Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities;

10. Take advantage of compact building design.

Front 272

Sustainable development

Back 272

Defined as balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment so that the present and future population's needs can be met. Sustainability includes environmental, social, and economic components.

Front 273

Teardown

Back 273

A term that refers to the demolition of a home for the purposes of building a larger home on the same lot. This type of development frequently occurs in large cities and in neighborhoods convenient to employment centers.

Front 274

Traffic calming

Back 274

A set of strategies used by planners to slow down or reduce traffic, resulting in increased safety for bicyclists and pedestrians.

Front 275

Transect

Back 275

A term that refers to development on a rural to urban continuum. This concept is used in New Urbanist planning practices.

Front 276

Transit-oriented development (TOD)

Back 276

A mixed-use development designed to maximize access to public transportation. This type of development typically has a light rail, bus, or other types of transit station located at the center.

Front 277

Workforce housing

Back 277

A term that refers to affordable housing. It ensures that teachers, nurses, police officers, and others can afford housing in the community. The term has much less social stigma than affordable housing.

Front 278

William Penn, 1682

Back 278

Laid out the City of Philadelphia in a grid pattern with five public squares to serve the populace in his "holy experiment".

Front 279

White House Conference on Natural Beauty, 1965

Back 279

Convened, owing much to the interest and advocacy of the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson.

Front 280

Robert Weaver, 1965

Back 280

Housing and urban policy achieve cabinet status when the Housing and Home Finance Agency is succeeded by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Robert Weaver becomes HUD's first Secretary and nation's first African-American cabinet member.

Front 281

Water Resources Management Act, 1965

Back 281

Passed by Congress authorizing Federal-Multistate river basin commissions.

Front 282

Public Work and Economic Development Act, 1965

Back 282

This act establishes the Economic Development Administration to extend coordinated, multifaceted aid to lagging regions and foster their redevelopment.

Front 283

The Appalachian Regional Planning Act, 1965

Back 283

Established a region comprising all of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states, plus a planning commission with the power to frame plans and allocate resources.

Front 284

"The Making of Urban America" by John Reps, 1965

Back 284

The first comprehensive history of American urban planning beginning with colonial times.

Front 285

The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act, 1966

Back 285

Launched the "model cities" program, an interdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty. A centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" program.

Front 286

"With Heritage So Rich", 1966

Back 286

A seminal historic preservation book.

Front 287

National Historic Preservation Act, 1966

Back 287

Established the National Register of Historic Places and provides, through its Section 106, for the protection of preservation-worthy sites and properties threatened by federal activities. This act also creates the national Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and directs that each state appoint a State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO).

Front 288

Section 4(f) of the Dept. of Transportation Act, 1966

Back 288

Provides protection to parkland, wildlife refuges, and other preservation-worthy resources in building national roads. Unlike parkland and wildlife refuges, however, privately owned historic sites as well as those in public ownership are protected by Section 4(f).

Front 289

50th Anniversary of Planning Profession, 1967

Back 289

The planning profession reaches its 50th anniversary with a celebratory conference in Washington, D.C. Many of the earliest practitioners and founders of the profession attend together with eminent leaders of other professions.

Front 290

The (Louis B.) Wetmore Amendment

Back 290

Drops the final phrase in the 1938 AIP declaration of purpose which tied it to the comprehensive arrangement and regulation of land use. The effect is to broaden the scope and membership of the profession by including "social planners" as well as "physical planners".

Front 291

Circular A-95, 1968

Back 291

To implement Intergovernmental Relations Act of 1968 the Office of Management and Budget issued Circular A-95 requiring state and substate regional clearinghouses to review and comment on federally assisted projects to facilitate coordination among the three levels of government.

Front 292

Design with Nature, by Ian McHarg, 1969

Back 292

Ties planning to the natural environment.

Front 293

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 1969

Back 293

Requires an "environmental impact statement" for every federal or federally aided state or local major action that might significantly harm the environment.

Front 294

"American City Planning Since 1890" by Mel Scott, 1969

Back 294

Reissued in 1995 by the American Planning Association.

Front 295

January 1, 1970

Back 295

First "Earth Day"

Front 296

EPA, 1970

Back 296

The federal Environment Protection Agency (EPA) established to administer main provisions of the Clean Air Act (1970).

Front 297

Miami Valley (Ohio) Regional Planning Commission Housing Plan, 1970

Back 297

Adopted as the first such plan in the nation to allocate low- and moderate-income housing on a "fair share" basis.

Front 298

Telecommuting

Back 298

Allows people to work from their homes and use their electronic devices to complete their work.

Front 299

Code of Ethics, 1971

Back 299

AIP adopts a Code of Ethics for professional planners.

Front 300

Coastal Zone Management Act, 1972

Back 300

Adopted.

Front 301

U.S. State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act, 1972

Back 301

General revenue sharing inaugurated.

Front 302

Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo (1972)

Back 302

New York high court allows the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth.

Front 303

St. Louis, 1972

Back 303

Demolition of St. Louis's notorious Pruitt-Igoe Project symbolizes a nationwide move away from massive, isolating, high-rise structures to a more humane form of public housing architecture: low-rise, less isolated, dispersed.

Front 304

Endangered Species Act, 1973

Back 304

Authorized Federal assistance o state and local jurisdictions to establish conservation programs for endangered plant and animal species.

Front 305

The Housing and Community Development Act, 1974

Back 305

Replaces the categorical grant with the block grant as the principal form of federal aid for local community development.

Front 306

Cleveland Policy Plan Report, 1975

Back 306

Shifts emphasis from traditional land-use planning to advocacy planning.

Front 307

Historic Preservation Fund, 1976

Back 307

Established

Front 308

AIP Exam, 1977

Back 308

First exam for AIP membership conducted.

Front 309

Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, (1978)

Back 309

U.S. Supreme Court upholds New York City's Landmark Preservation Law as applied to Grand Central Terminal. In this landmark decision, the Court found that barring some development of air rights was not a taking when the interior of the property could be put to lucrative use.

Front 310

American Planning Association, 1978

Back 310

American Institute of Planners (AIP) and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) merge to become American Planning Association (APA)

Front 311

"Reagan Revolution", 1980

Back 311

Begins. Planning profession challenged to adapt to a new (counter-New Deal) policy environment: reduced federal domestic spending, privatization, deregulation, etc. Phase-out of some earlier aids to planning (e.g. sewer grants) and planning programs (e.g. "Title V Regions").

Front 312

Superfund Bill, 1980

Back 312

Passed by Congress. The Comprehensive Response, Compensation and Liability Act. Creates liability for persons discharging hazardous waste into the environment. Taxes polluting industries to establish a trust fund for the cleanup of polluted sites in cases where individual responsibility is not ascertainable.

Front 313

The Associated Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP), 1980

Back 313

Established to represent the academic branch of the planning profession.

Front 314

ACSP first publication, 1981

Back 314

ACSP issues Volume 1, Number 1 of The Journal of Education and Planning Research.

Front 315

Mt. Laurel, 1983

Back 315

In a case focusing on Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, the New Jersey Supreme Court rules that all 567 municipalities in the state must build their "fair share" of affordable housing. A precedent-setting blow against racial segregation.

Front 316

Seaside, Florida, 1984

Back 316

Construction begins. One of the earliest examples of the New Urbanism. Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zybeerk. Unlike most earlier planned communities, the New Urbanism emphasizes urban features --compactness, walkability, mixed-use--and promotes a nostalgic architectural style reminiscent of the traditional urban neighborhood. The movement has links to the anti-sprawl, smart growth movement.

Front 317

The First National Conference on American Planning History, 1986

Back 317

Convened in Columbus, Ohio and leads to the founding of the Society of American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) the following year.

Front 318

First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles, (1987)

Back 318

U.S. Supreme Court finds that even a temporary taking requires compensation. In Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, it finds that land-use restrictions, to be valid, must be tied directly to a specific public purpose.

Front 319

The Planning Accreditation Board (PAB), 1989

Back 319

The PAB is recognized by the Washington-based Council on Post Secondary Education to be the sole accrediting agency in the field of professional planning education.

Front 320

ISTEA, 1991

Back 320

Passage of Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) includes provisions for a National Scenic Byways Program and for transportation enhancements, each of which includes a historic preservation component.

Front 321

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, (1992)

Back 321

The U.S. Supreme Court limits local and state governments' ability to restrict private property without compensation.

Front 322

Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Community (EZ/EC), 1993

Back 322

Signed into law. Aims tax incentives, wage tax credits, special deductions, and low-interest financing to a limited number of impoverished urban and rural communities to jumpstart their economic and social recovery.

Front 323

Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)

Back 323

The U.S. Supreme Court rules that a jurisdiction must show that there is a "rough proportionality" between the adverse impacts of a proposed development and the exactions it wishes to impose on the developer.

Front 324

NAFTA, 1994

Back 324

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) among U.S., Canada and Mexico begins on January 1, its purpose to foster trade and investment among the three nations by removing or lowering non-tariff as well as tariff barriers.

Front 325

FAICP, 1999

Back 325

American Institute of Certified Planners inaugurates a College of Fellows to recognize distinguished individual contributions by longer term AICP members.

Front 326

National Monuments, 2000

Back 326

President Clinton creates 8 new national monuments in 5 western states: Canyons of the Ancients (Colorado); Cascade-Siskiyou (Oregon); Hanford Reach (Washington); Ironwood Forest, Grand Canyon-Parashant, Agua Fria (Arizona); Grand Sequoia, California Coastal (California). He also expanded one existing national monument in California (Pinnacles).

Front 327

9/11/2001

Back 327

The New York World Trade Center and the Pentagon are attacked by terrorists, causing many to rethink security measures, including design changes to protect the public from the future attacks. Ornamental bollards, large planters, and retractable barricades are installed around many public buildings nationwide.

Front 328

Sierra v. Tahoe (2002)

Back 328

The U.S. Supreme Court rules that a temporary building moratorium for the purpose of conducting planning studies to protect the public health, safety, welfare, and morals is a legitimate use of police power and does not constitute a taking of any kind.

Front 329

Hurricanes, 2004-2005

Back 329

Seven major hurricanes impact the southeastern U.S. during the busiest hurricane seasons on record to date, leaving billions of dollars of damage and hundreds of lost lives in their wake. This prompts a comprehensive review of emergency preparedness, floodplain and coastal development, and security issues.

Front 330

Kelo v. City of New Haven (2005)

Back 330

The U.S. Supreme Court upholds the decades-old practice of utilizing urban redevelopment and eminent domain for economic development purposes when such actions are backed by a redevelopment plan that underwent a full plan development process.

Front 331

U.S. Supreme Court Decisions, 2005

Back 331

In other decisions, the US Supreme Court held that a taking dispute that is resolved at the state level cannot be relitigated at the federal level (San Remo Hotel v. San Francisco), and overturned the "substantial advancement" test established in Agins.

Front 332

Petroleum, 2006

Back 332

The fluctuation in petroleum prices caused by the War on Terror, the hurricanes of 2005, and other factors start a debate on the sustainability of a petroleum-based society/lifestyle, and serious discussions on renewable resources.

Front 333

Ordinance of 1785

Back 333

Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The rectangular survey has been called the largest single act of national planning in our history and the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic.

Front 334

Homestead Act, 1862

Morrill Act, 1862

Back 334

Homestead Act: opened the lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and five years residence.

Morrill Act: Congress authorizes land grants from the Public Domain to the states. Proceeds from the sale were to be used to found colleges offering instruction in agriculture, engineering, and other practical arts.

Front 335

Mugler v. Kansas (1887)

Back 335

Facts of the Case

A Kansas law prohibited the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquor. Mugler was arrested for making and selling beer. This case was decided together with Kansas v. Ziebold.

Question

Does the Kansas law violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Conclusion

According to Harlan, the Kansas prohibition does not infringe on Fourteenth Amendment rights. Though Mugler has an abstract right to make liquor for his own use, such a right could be conditioned on its effect on others. Here the state legislature may exercise its police powers.

The US Supreme Court ruled that the courts have the duty to strike down local laws that do not have a real or substantial relation to the police power: to protect the health, safety, welfare, and morals of he community.

Front 336

General Land Law Revision Act, 1891

Back 336

Gave President power to create forest preserves by proclamation.

Front 337

United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway (1896)

Back 337

The first significant legal case concerning historic preservation. The US Supreme Court rules that the acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose.

Front 338

Forest Management Act, 1897

Back 338

Authorized some control by the Secretary of the Interior over the use and occupancy of the forest preserves.

Front 339

New York State Tenement House Law, 1901

Back 339

The legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell Tenement". Lawrence Veiller was the leading reformer.

Front 340

U.S. Reclamation Act, 1902

Back 340

Created fund from sale of public land in the arid states to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irrigation works.

Front 341

Public Lands Commission, 1903

Back 341

Appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt to propose rules for orderly land development and management.

Front 342

Antiquities Act of 1906

Back 342

First law to institute federal protection for preserving archaeological sites. Provided for designation as National Monuments areas already in the public domain that contained "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest."

Front 343

Inland Waterway Commission, 1907

Back 343

President Roosevelt establishes the Inland Waterway Commission to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development: navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, water supply.

Front 344

Welch v. Swasey (1909)

Back 344

The US Supreme Court upholds municipal regulation of building heights. This validated the use of construction standards to uphold public safety.

Front 345

Hadachek v. Sebastian (1915)

Back 345

The US Supreme Court upheld a municipal regulation that governed the placement of land uses.

Front 346

Nation's First Comprehensive Zoning Resolution, 1916

Back 346

Adopted by New York City Board of Estimates under the leadership of George McAneny and Edward Bassett, known as the "Father of Zoning".

Front 347

National Park Service, 1916

Back 347

Established with sole responsibility for conserving and preserving resources of special value.

Front 348

U.S. Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corporation Established, 1918

Back 348

Influenced later endeavors in public housing. Operated at major shipping centers to provide housing for WWI workers.

Front 349

Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon (1922)

Back 349

Facts of the Case

Pennsylvania Coal Co. entered an agreement with H.J. Mahon in 1878 to gain full rights to mine the coal located beneath his surface-level property. However in 1921 the state of Pennsylvania passed the Kohler Act, which prohibited miners from extracting below-surface coal that supported surface- level buildings. When Pennsylvania Coal notified Mahon that it would mine coal beneath his property, Mahon filed suit in the Court of Common Pleas to prohibit mining in accordance with the Kohler Act. The court denied his suit but the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania reversed and allowed the ban on mining. Pennsylvania Coal contended that the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment protected its contractual rights to the coal.

Question

Did the Kohler Act restrict coal mining to an extent that violated the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment by depriving mine owners of coal without compensation?

Conclusion

Yes. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes delivered the opinion for an 8-1 court. The Court ruled that the Kohler Act violated the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment. The state exceeded its police powers by significantly diminishing the value of the land estates without having a strong public interest reason to do so. The Court reasoned that " property may be regulated to a certain extent but if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking."

-------ESTABLISHED THE PRINCIPLE OF A "REGULATORY TAKING"

Front 350

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, 1924

Back 350

Issued by the US Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover.

Front 351

Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty (1926)

Back 351

Facts of the Case

The Ambler Realty Company owned 68 acres of land in the village of Euclid, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland. On November 13, 1922, the village council passed a zoning ordinance dividing the village into several districts. The ordinance defined the use and size of buildings permissible in each district. Ambler Realty's land spanned multiple districts, and the company was therefore significantly restricted in the types of buildings it could construct on the land. Ambler Realty filed suit against the village, claiming the ordinance violated the Fourteenth Amendment's protections of liberty and property described in the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses. A federal district court agreed and issued an injunction against enforcement of the ordinance.

Question

Did the village of Euclid's zoning ordinance violate Ambler Realty's rights to liberty and property under the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Conclusion

No. In a 6-3 opinion authored by Justice George Sutherland, the US Supreme Court concluded that the speculative damages claimed by Ambler Realty were insufficient to invalidate an otherwise valid exercise of the village's police power.

Sutherland's opinion, after noting that several lower courts had upheld zoning laws, and that numerous investigations and studies had found the laws beneficial, stated that such facts "are sufficiently cogent to preclude us from saying…that such provisions are clearly arbitrary and unreasonable, having no substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, or general welfare." Given the law's valid basis, the Court found that, although its enforcement may ultimately cause some degree of hardship to the company, it could not overturn the ordinance based solely on "the broad ground that the mere existence and threatened enforcement of the ordinance, by materially and adversely affecting values and curtailing the opportunities of the market, constitute a present and irreparable injury."

-----CONSTITUTIONALITY OF ZONING UPHELD BY US SUPREME COURT

Front 352

Standard City Planning Enabling Act, 1928

Back 352

Issued by the US Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover.

Front 353

Nectow v. City of Cambridge

Back 353

The US Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutional a local zoning ordinance that was not reasonably tied to a valid public purpose under the police power.

Front 354

First Instance of Rural Zoning, 1929

Back 354

Wisconsin law, first instance of rural zoning, authorized county boards to regulate, restrict and determine the areas within which agriculture, forestry and recreation may be conducted.

Front 355

Bove v. Donner-Hanna Coke Corp. (1932)

Back 355

The court ruled that an owner cannot make use of his property if it creates a material annoyance to his neighbor or if his neighbor's property or life is materially lessened by the use.

Front 356

Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1933

Tennessee Valley Authority

Back 356

Federal Emergency Relief Administration set up under Harry Hopkins to organize relief work in urban and rural areas.

Tennessee Valley Authority created to provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley, America's most famous experiment in river-basin planning. Senator George Norris of Nebraska fathered idea, and David Lilienthal was its most effective implementer.

Front 357

National Housing Act, 1934

Taylor Grazing Act, 1934

Back 357

National Housing Act established FSLIC for insuring savings deposits and the FHA for insuring individual home mortgages.

Taylor Grazing Act passed, its purpose to regulate the use of the range in the West for conservation purposes.

Front 358

Berman v. Parker (1954)

Back 358

Facts of the Case

In 1945, Congress passed the District of Columbia Redevelopment Act, creating the District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency, whose purpose would be to identify and redevelop blighted areas of Washington, D.C. Congress gave the new agency the power of eminent domain – the ability to seize private property with just compensation. Berman and the other appellants owned a department store in one blighted area targeted by the commission and objected to the seizing of their property solely for beautification of the area. The landowners brought a civil suit in federal district court challenging the constitutionality of the Act. Their case was dismissed. They then appealed directly to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Question

Did the seizing of Berman and the other appellants' property for the purpose of beautification and redevelopment of the community violate the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment?

Conclusion

Decision: 8 votes for Parker, 0 vote(s) against
Legal provision: Takings Clause

No. In a unanimous opinion authored by Justice William O. Douglas, the Court found that the Fifth Amendment does not limit Congress' power to seize private property with just compensation to any specific purpose. The Court concluded that the power to determine what values to consider in seizing property for public welfare is Congress' alone. "If those who govern the District of Columbia decide that the Nation's Capital should be beautiful as well as sanitary, there is nothing in the Fifth Amendment that stands in the way."

--UPHOLDS RIGHT OF WASHINGTON DC REDEVELOPMENT LAND AGENCY TO CONDEMN PROPERTIES THAT ARE UNSIGHTLY, THOUGH NON-DETERIORATED, IF REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVES OF DULY ESTABLISHED AREA REDEVELOPMENT PLAN.

Front 359

Jones v. Mayer (1968)

Back 359

The 8th Circuit rules that racial barriers cannot affect the acquisition of property.

Front 360

James v. Valtierra (1971)

Back 360

The US Supreme Court upheld an amendment to the California Constitution mandating a referendum on all housing projects because an intent to racially discriminate could not be found.

Front 361

Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee v. US Atomic Energy Commission (1971)

Back 361

The US Supreme Court found that an approval for a nuclear power plant was not properly granted because the requirements of the National Environmental Protection Act were not followed.

This decision solidified the place of NEPA in the development arena.

Front 362

Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo (1972)

Back 362

New York high court allows the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth.

Front 363

Fasano v. Board of County Commissioners of Washington County (1973)

Back 363

The Oregon Supreme Court rules that all zoning and rezoning must be consistent with applicable comprehensive plans.

Front 364

Village of Belle Terre v. Borras (1974)

Back 364

Due Process and Equal Protection

The US Supreme Court rules that limiting residents of housing units to no more than two unrelated individuals was a legitimate use of the police power, eliminating many fundamental civil rights challenges to local regulations and thus not unconstitutional.

Front 365

Sonoma v. Petaluma (1975)

Back 365

The US 4th Circuit finds that quotas on the annual number of building permits issued was a constitutional use of the police power.

Front 366

Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mt. Laurel (1975) aka "Mt. Laurel I"

Back 366

The New Jersey Supreme Court rules that the local zoning ordinance was unconstitutional where it conflicted with state defined fair housing practices.

Question of Equal Protection

New Jersey Constitution violated if "developing" community fails to accommodate a "fair share" of prospective regional housing needs of low- and moderate-income persons.

Front 367

City of Eastlake v. Forest City Enterprises (1976)

Back 367

The US Supreme Court rules that a mandate that all rezonings be subject to referendum is constitutional because no intent to discriminate could be found.

Front 368

Young v. American Mini Theaters, Inc. (1976)

Back 368

Facts of the Case

American Mini Theaters opened two theaters that showed adult movies in the city of Detroit. Two city ordinances enacted in 1972 prohibited the opening of adult theaters within 1,000 feet of other buildings with "regulated uses" or within 500 feet of any residential district. American Mini sued city officials challenging the ordinances on two grounds: that the ordinances imposed an undue burden on First Amendment rights and that ordinances violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. A federal district court ruled in favor of the city, a decision that was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The appeals court concluded that the ordinances posed a prior restraint based on content and that the ordinances ran afoul of the Equal Protection Clause.

Question

(1): Did Detroit's 1972 ordinances violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?

(2): Did the ordinances qualify as a restriction on free speech in violation of the First Amendment?

No and no. In a 5-4 opinion, the court reversed the Sixth Circuit and held that Detroit's ordinances were reasonable, and although erotic material could not be completely suppressed, Detroit had adequate reasons to restrict the distribution of such material.

The Court upheld a zoning provision mandating the decentralization of sexually oriented businesses based on studies showing a detriment to society as a result of clustering.

Front 369

Associated Home Builders of Greater East Bay v. City of Livermore (1976)

Back 369

The California Supreme Court found that temporary moratoria on building permit issuance was constitutional.

Front 370

Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. (1976)

Back 370

Facts of the Case

The Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. (MHDC) contracted with the Village of Arlington Heights ("Arlington") to build racially integrated low- and moderate-income housing. When MHDC applied for the necessary zoning permits, authorizing a switch from a single- to a multiple-family classification, Arlington's planning commission denied the request. Acting on behalf of itself and several minority members, MHDC challenged Arlington's denial as racially discriminatory. On appeal from an adverse district court decision, the Court of Appeals reversed and the Supreme Court granted Arlington certiorari.

Question

Was Arlington Height's denial of a zoning request, necessary for the creation of low- and moderate-income housing, racially discriminatory in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause?

Perhaps. After finding that MHDC had proper federal standing, since it acted on behalf of black plaintiffs who stood to suffer direct and measurable injuries from Arlington's denial, the Court held that it failed to establish Arlington's racially discriminatory intent or purpose. While indicating that Arlington's zoning denial may result in a racially disproportionate impact, the evidence did not show that this was Arlington's deliberate intention. Accordingly, the Court reversed and remanded for further consideration.

Front 371

Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York (1978)

Back 371

Facts of the Case

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Law of 1965 empowered the city to designate certain structures and neighborhoods as "landmarks" or "landmark sites." Penn Central, which owned the Grand Central Terminal (opened in 1913), was not allowed to construct a multistory office building above it.

Question

Did the restriction against Penn Central constitute a "taking" in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

Legal provision: Takings Clause (Regulatory Takings)

No.

Held: The application of the Landmarks Law to the Terminal property does not constitute a "taking" of appellants' property within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment as made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment. Pp. 123-138.

(a) In a wide variety of contexts, the government may execute laws or programs that adversely affect recognized economic values without its action constituting a "taking," and, in instances such as zoning laws where a state tribunal has reasonably concluded that "the health, safety, morals, or general welfare" would be promoted by prohibiting particular contemplated uses of land, this Court has upheld land use regulations that destroyed or adversely affected real property interests. In many instances use restrictions that served a substantial public purpose have been upheld against "taking" challenges, e.g., Goldblatt v. Hempstead, 369 U.S. 590; Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U.S. 394, though a state statute that substantially furthers important public policies may so frustrate distinct investment-backed expectations as to constitute a "taking," e.g., Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, and government acquisitions of resources to permit uniquely public functions constitute "takings," e.g., United States v. Causby, 328 U.S. 256. Pp. 123-128.

(b) In deciding whether particular governmental action has effected a "taking," the character of the action and nature and extent of the interference with property rights (here the city tax block designated as the "landmark site") are focused upon, rather than discrete segments thereof. Consequently, appellants cannot establish a "taking" simply by showing that they have been denied the ability to exploit the superjacent airspace, irrespective of the remainder of appellants' parcel. Pp. 130-131.

(c) Though diminution in property value alone, as may result from a zoning law, cannot establish a "taking," as appellants concede, they urge that the regulation of individual landmarks is different, because it applies only to selected properties. But it does not follow that landmark laws, which embody a comprehensive plan to preserve structures of historic or aesthetic interest, are discriminatory, like "reverse spot" zoning. Nor can it be successfully contended that designation of a landmark involves only a matter of taste, and therefore will inevitably [p106] lead to arbitrary results, for judicial review is available, and there is no reason to believe it will be less effective than would be so in the case of zoning or any other context. Pp. 131-133.

(d) That the Landmarks Law affects some landowners more severely than others does not, itself, result in "taking," for that is often the case with general welfare and zoning legislation. Nor, contrary to appellants' contention, are they solely burdened and unbenefited by the Landmarks Law, which has been extensively applied and was enacted on the basis of the legislative judgment that the preservation of landmarks benefits the citizenry both economically and by improving the overall quality of city life. Pp. 133-135.

(e) The Landmarks Law no more effects an appropriation of the airspace above the Terminal for governmental uses than would a zoning law appropriate property; it simply prohibits appellants or others from occupying certain features of that space while allowing appellants gainfully to use the remainder of the parcel. United States v. Causby, supra, distinguished. P. 135.

(f) The Landmarks Law, which does not interfere with the Terminal's present uses or prevent Penn Central from realizing a "reasonable return" on its investment, does not impose the drastic limitation on appellants' ability to use the air rights above the Terminal that appellants claim, for, on this record, there is no showing that a smaller, harmonizing structure would not be authorized. Moreover, the preexisting air rights are made transferable to other parcels in the vicinity of the Terminal, thus mitigating whatever financial burdens appellants have incurred. Pp. 135-137.

Front 372

Hudson v. Public Service Commission, (1980)

Back 372

Facts of the Case

The Public Service Commission of New York (PSC), in the interest of conserving energy, enacted a regulation that prohibited electric utilities from promoting electricity use. The PSC's regulation distinguished promotional advertising from informational advertising, which was permitted. Central Hudson Gas and Electric challenged the regulation in a New York State Supreme Court, which upheld the regulation. The Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court affirmed the decision, as did the New York Court of Appeals.

Question

Did the PSC's ban on advertising violate the freedom of speech protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments?

Legal provision: Amendment 1: Speech, Press, and Assembly

Yes. In an 8-1 opinion, the Court overruled the Court of Appeals of New York and held that the New York's ban violated the right to commercial speech. Writing for the majority, Justice Lewis F. Powell cited the protections for "commercial speech from unwarranted governmental regulation" set forth in Virginia Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council. The Court recognized New York's interest in promoting energy conservation and accepted that the PSC's regulation would directly further that interest. However, since the regulation restricted all promotional advertising regardless of its effect on electricity use, it violated the First and Fourteenth Amendment under First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti.

For a regulation to survive, it must 1) advance a compelling state interest, 2) allow a reasonable alternative means of communication, 3) is as narrowly defined as possible, and 4) is a reasonable time, place, and manner restriction.

Front 373

Agins v. City of Tiburon (1980)

Back 373

Facts of the Case

California state law required the city to prepare a general plan governing both land use and the development of open space land.

After Agins acquired 5 acres (20,000 m2) of unimproved property zoned one house per acre, the city announced that it intended to acquire it, and issued bonds to finance the taking. It filed an eminent domain action, but on the eve of trial abandoned it. Instead, it amended the zoning ordinance placing the subject land in a zone that permitted construction of one to five homes, the exact number being discretionary with the city. The owners contended that the construction of one home was economically infeasible and that the city intended to convert their land into open space by preventing its development. They sued seeking just compensation for a regulatory taking.

The owners alleged that their land had greater value than other land in California because of its spectacular views of San Francisco Bay, and the rezoning prevented economically feasible development, thereby completely destroying its value, and thus effecting a taking without just compensation in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.

The complaint framed the question as whether a state court's decision to deny compensation for regulatory takings was constitutional, and whether a zoning ordinance that de facto forbade all development of their land effected a taking under the 5th and 14th Amendments. However, as noted, because the owners had not yet submitted a plan for development the court found that the issue of whether an as-applied taking occurred, was not yet ripe for decision. Therefore, the court was left only to answer the question of whether or not this zoning ordinance constituted a taking on its face.

Held

The Court held that zoning laws are constitutional when they bear a substantial relationship to the public welfare, and their enactment inflicts no extensive economic harm upon the landowner, the court upheld the Tiburon ordinance. The court made clear that a regulation that is not reasonably related to the police power and causes a property to lose all economic value constitutes a taking.

Front 374

Metromedia v. City of San Diego (1981)

Back 374

Facts of the Case

The city of San Diego banned most outdoor advertising display signs in order to improve the city's appearance and prevent dangerous distractions to motorists. Only "onsite" billboards with a message relating to the property they stood on would be permitted. Upon petition by a coalition of businesses owning advertising signs, a trial court ruled that the ban was an unconstitutional exercise of the city's police powers and hindered First Amendment rights of the businesses. The California Court of Appeals affirmed that the city had exceeded its police powers, but the California Supreme Court reversed this judgment.

Question

Does a city ban on "offsite" outdoor advertising signs violate First and Fourteenth Amendment provisions for free speech?

Yes. Justice Byron White wrote the opinion for a 6-3 court. The ban's exception allowing "onsite" advertising discriminated against noncommercial speech. It allowed businesses in commercial properties to interrupt city motorists so long as it was with their own messages yet barred noncommercial advertisers from causing the same level of interruption. The Court held that affording "a greater degree of protection to commercial than to noncommercial speech" reversed the long-standing Court precedent to show greater deference to noncommercial speech. Neither commercial nor non-commercial speech can be favored over the other.

The ordinance was overturned because it effectively banned non-commercial signs.

Front 375

Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp. (1982)

Back 375

Facts of the Case

A New York statute provides that a landlord must permit a cable television (CATV) company to install its CATV facilities upon his property and may not demand payment from the company in excess of the amount determined by a State Commission to be reasonable. Pursuant to the statute, the Commission ruled that a one-time $1 payment was a reasonable fee. After purchasing a five-story apartment building in New York City, appellant landlord discovered that appellee CATV companies had installed cables on the building, both "crossovers" for serving other buildings and "noncrossovers" for serving appellant's tenants. Appellant then brought a class action for damages and injunctive relief in a New York state court, alleging, inter alia, that installation of the cables insofar as appellee companies relied on the New York statute constituted a taking without just compensation.

Held: YES, the New York statute was a taking of a portion of appellant's property for which she is entitled to just compensation under the Fifth Amendment, as made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment.

A physical invasion of a property is a taking.

To the extent that the government permanently occupies physical property, it effectively destroys the owner's rights to possess, use, and dispose of the property. Moreover, the owner suffers a special kind of injury when a stranger invades and occupies the owner's property. Such an invasion is qualitatively more severe than a regulation of the use of property, since the owner may have no control over the timing, extent, or nature of the invasion. And constitutional protection for the rights of private property cannot be made to depend on the size of the area permanently occupied.

Front 376

Mt. Laurel, II (1983)

Back 376

The New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that all 567 municipalities in the state must build their "fair share" of affordable housing.

A precedent-setting blow against racial segregation.

Front 377

Members of City Council v. Taxpayers for Vincent (1984)

Back 377

The US Supreme Court upheld a regulation that prohibited the attaching of signs to utility poles. The Court found that the regulation met all the tests mentioned under Central Hudson (1980).

Front 378

City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985)

Back 378

The US Supreme Court ruled that an ordinance that does treat different groups unequally, but does not involve a fundamental right or group that gained protection under Village of Arlington Heights (1977) merely needs to pass a rational basis test.

In this case, the ordinance failed the rational basis test.

Front 379

City of Renton v. Playtime Theaters, Inc.

Back 379

Facts of the Case

The city of Renton, Washington, enacted a zoning ordinance that prohibited adult motion picture theaters from locating within 1,000 feet of "any residential zone, single- or multiple-family dwelling, church, park, or school." Playtime Theatres, Inc., challenged the ordinance and sought a permanent injunction against its enforcement.

Question

Did the Renton ordinance violate either the First or Fourteenth Amendment?

Legal provision: Amendment 1: Speech, Press, and Assembly

In a 7-to-2 decision, the Court held that the zoning ordinance did not violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments.

The Court held that the ordinance was a form of time, place, and manner regulation, not a ban on adult theaters altogether. The Court reasoned that the law was not aimed at the content of the films shown at adult motion picture theaters, "but rather the secondary effects of such theaters on the surrounding community." The Court found that the ordinance was designed to serve a substantial governmental interest in preserving the quality of life and allowed for "reasonable alternative avenues of communication."

Front 380

First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles (1987)

Back 380

Facts of the Case

In 1979, the County of Los Angeles passed an ordinance which prohibited construction or reconstruction on land which had been devastated by a flood one year earlier. The First English Evangelical Lutheran Church owned a campground which was affected by this ordinance and it was not allowed to reconstruct buildings on this land which the flood had destroyed.

Question

Did the ordinance violate the Fifth Amendment (as applied to the states through the Fourteenth) which prevents government from taking private property for public use without providing just compensation to the owner of the property?

The Court held that the ordinance violated the Constitution. Noting that the fate of the Church's property had been in limbo for over six years (the suit which it had filed in 1979 had been denied a hearing as late as October of 1985), Chief Justice Rehnquist argued that, because the church was unable to use its property during this time, a "taking" of the property had occurred. Thus, the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment required the government to exercise one of a number of "options" such as amending the regulation or fair payment for the use of the property in order to protect the Church's constitutional rights.

------EVEN A TEMPORARY TAKING REQUIRES COMPENSATION.

Front 381

Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987)

Takings Case: 5th Amendment

Land use restrictions, to be valid, must be tied directly to a specific public purpose

Back 381

Facts of the Case

The California Coastal Commission required owners of beachfront property wishing to obtain a building permit to maintain a pathway on their property open to the public.

Question

Did the requirement constitute a property taking in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

Yes. The Court agreed that a legitimate (specific public) interest may be served by maintaining a "continuous strip of publicly accessible beach along the coast." However, reasoned Justice Scalia, if California wished to use its power of eminent domain to do so, it must provide just compensation to the Nollans and other beachfront property owners for the public use of their land.

Front 382

Cohen v. Des Planes (1990)

Oregon v. Smith (1990)

Back 382

US Supreme Court considered the relationship of regulation and religion in two cases.

In Cohen, the Court ruled that zoning cannot be used to grant religious institutions advantages over other commercial ventures. In this case, the Court overturned a zoning provision that allowed a church to run a day care in a residential zone where no one else could do so.

In Smith, the Court ruled that zoning that is neutral on its face was permissible so long as it doesn't hinder the religion itself. This particular case upheld a ban on the use of peyote in Native American religious services.

Front 383

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992)

Takings Case: 5th Amendment

Just Compensation

Back 383

Facts of the Case

In 1986, Lucas bought two residential lots on the Isle of Palms, a South Carolina barrier island. He intended to build single-family homes as on the adjacent lots. In 1988, the state legislature enacted a law which barred Lucas from erecting permanent habitable structures on his land. The law aimed to protect erosion and destruction of barrier islands. Lucas sued and won a large monetary judgment. The state appealed.

Question

Does the construction ban depriving Lucas of all economically viable use of his property amount to a "taking" calling for "just compensation" under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

Legal provision: Takings Clause

Yes. In a 6-to-2 decision, the Court relied on the trial court's finding that Lucas's lots had been rendered valueless by the state law. "[W]hen the owner of real property has been called upon to sacrifice all economically beneficial uses in the name of the common good...he has suffered a taking."

Regulations that deny the property owner all "economically viable use of his land" constitute one of the discrete categories of regulatory deprivations that require compensation

Front 384

Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)

Exactions; 5th Amendment Takings

"Rough Proportionality" test

Back 384

Facts of the Case

Florence Dolan wanted a permit from the City of Tigard to expand her store and pave her parking lot. The city agreed to grant her permit on the condition that she dedicate part of her land for (1) a public greenway along a nearby creek to help alleviate runoff from the pavement, and (2) a pedestrian/bicycle path to relieve traffic congestion from the city's growing business district.

Question

Did the city's conditions for the permit violate the 5th Amendment's "takings" clause as absorbed by the 14th Amendment's due process clause?

Legal provision: Takings Clause

Yes. The Court ruled that the city did not present conclusive evidence that the walkway/bicycle path would reduce traffic congestion, and so could not require Dolan to give up her property as a condition of the permit. In addition, the city did not explain why a public greenway was necessary, as opposed to a private one.

The Court wanted to answer the question it left open in Nollan as to what is the required degree of connection between the exactions imposed by the city and the projected impacts of the proposed development?

The Court held that one purpose of the takings clause is to bar the government from forcing some people to bear public burdens, which should be borne by the public as a whole. Had the city simply required Petitioner to dedicate a strip of land along the creek for public use, rather than conditioning the grant of her permit to redevelop her property on such a dedication, a taking would have occurred. Such public access would deprive Petitioner the right to exclude others.

However, a land use regulation does not constitute a taking if it substantially advances legitimate state interests and does not economically viable use of his land.
A determination must be made as to whether the essential nexus exists between the legitimate state interest and the permit condition exacted by the city. If the nexus exists, then a determination must be made as to the required degree of connection between the exactions and the projected impact of the proposed development. There must be a "rough proportionality" between the demands of the city and the impact of the proposed development.
Here, the prevention of flooding and reduction of traffic are legitimate public purposes, and a nexus exists between preventing flooding and limiting development.

But as for the rough proportionality test, the city must make some sort of individualized determination that the required dedication is related both in nature and extent to the impact of the proposed development. Here, the city has never explained why a public greenway, as opposed to a private one, was required in the interest of flood control. Petitioner has lost her ability to exclude others, which is one of the most essential sticks in the bundle of property rights. It is difficult to see why recreational visitors walking on the land is sufficiently related o the city’s legitimate interest in reducing flooding problems along the creek, and the city has not attempted to make any individualized determination to support this request.

Front 385

Borgmann v. Board of Supervisors (1998)

Back 385

The Iowa Supreme Court struck down "right to farm" legislation ruling it was 1) an unequal application of law and 2) an indirect de facto taking of abutting non-farm properties.

Front 386

Sierra v. Tahoe (2002)

Back 386

Facts of the Case

The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) imposed two moratoria from August 24, 1981, until August 26, 1983 and from August 27, 1983, until April 25, 1984, totaling 32 months, on development in the Lake Tahoe Basin while formulating a comprehensive land-use plan for the area. Real estate owners affected by the moratoria and an association representing such owners, including the Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc., filed suits, claiming that TRPA's actions constituted a taking of their property without just compensation. The District Court found that TRPA had not effected a partial taking; however, it concluded that the moratoria did constitute a categorical taking because TRPA temporarily deprived real estate owners of all economically viable use of their land. In reversing, the Court of Appeals held that because the regulations had only a temporary impact, no categorical taking had occurred.

Question

Does a moratorium on development imposed during the process of devising a comprehensive land-use plan constitutes a per se taking of property requiring compensation under the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause?

Legal provision: Takings Clause

No. In a 6-3 opinion delivered by Justice John Paul Stevens, the Court held that that the mere enactment of the regulations implementing the moratoria did not constitute a per se taking of the landowners' property. The Court reasoned that whether a taking occurred depended upon the considerations of landowners' expectations, actual impact, public interest, and reasons for the moratoria. Moreover, the Court concluded that the adoption of a categorical rule that any deprivation of all economic use, no matter how brief, constituted a compensable taking would impose unreasonable financial obligations upon governments for the normal delays involved in processing land use applications.

---a temporary building moratorium for the purpose of conducting planning studies to protect the public health, safety, welfare, and morals is a legitimate use of police power and does not constitute a taking of any kind.

Front 387

Kelo v. City of New London (2005)

Back 387

Facts of the Case

New London, a city in Connecticut, used its eminent domain authority to seize private property to sell to private developers. The city said developing the land would create jobs and increase tax revenues. Kelo Susette and others whose property was seized sued New London in state court. The property owners argued the city violated the Fifth Amendment's takings clause, which guaranteed the government will not take private property for public use without just compensation. Specifically the property owners argued taking private property to sell to private developers was not public use. The Connecticut Supreme Court ruled for New London.

Question

Does a city violate the Fifth Amendment's takings clause if the city takes private property and sells it for private development, with the hopes the development will help the city's bad economy?

Legal provision: Takings Clause

No. In a 5-4 opinion delivered by Justice John Paul Stevens, the majority held that the city's taking of private property to sell for private development qualified as a "public use" within the meaning of the takings clause. The city was not taking the land simply to benefit a certain group of private individuals, but was following an economic development plan. Such justifications for land takings, the majority argued, should be given deference. The takings here qualified as "public use" despite the fact that the land was not going to be used by the public. The Fifth Amendment did not require "literal" public use, the majority said, but the "broader and more natural interpretation of public use as 'public purpose.'"

---UPHOLDS the decades-old practice of utilizing eminent domain for economic development purposes when such actions are backed by a redevelopment plan that underwent a full plan development process.

Front 388

A Planner's primary obligation is to?

Back 388

The public interest

Front 389

The "public interest"

Back 389

is formulated through continuous and open debate.

Front 390

Section A: Principles to Which We Aspire

1. Our Overall Responsibility to the Public

Back 390

Our Primary obligation is to serve the public interest and we, therefore owe our allegiance to a conscientiously attained concept of the public interest that is formulated through continuous and open debate. We shall achieve high standards of professional integrity, proficiency, and knowledge. To comply with our obligation to the public, we aspire to the following principles:

a) We shall always be conscious of the rights of others.

b) We shall have special concern for the long-range consequences of present actions.

c) We shall pay special attention to the interrelatedness of decisions.

d) We shall provide timely, adequate, clear, and accurate information on planning issues to all affected persons and to governmental decision makers.

e) We shall give people the opportunity to have a meaningful impact on the development of plans and programs that may affect them. Participation should be broad enough to include those who lack formal organization or influence.

f) We shall seek social justice by working to expand choice and opportunity for all persons recognizing a special responsibility to plan for the needs of the disadvantaged and to promote racial and economic integration. We shall urge the alteration of policies, institutions, and decisions that oppose such needs.

g) We shall promote excellence of design and endeavor to conserve and preserve the integrity and heritage of the natural and built environment.

h) We shall deal fairly with all participants in the planning process. Those of us who are public officials or employees shall also deal evenhandedly with all planning process participants.

Front 391

Section A: Principles to Which We Aspire

2. Our responsibility to Our Clients and Employers

Back 391

We owe diligent, creative, and competent performance of the work we do in pursuit of our client or employer's interest. Such performance, however, shall always be consistent with our faithful service to the public interest.

a) We shall exercise independent professional judgment on behalf of our clients and employers.

b) We shall accept the decisions of our client or employer concerning the objectives and nature of the professional services we perform unless the course of action is illegal or plainly inconsistent with our primary obligation to the public interest.

c) We shall avoid conflict of interest or even the appearance of a conflict of interest in accepting assignments from clients or employers.

Front 392

Section A: Principles to Which We Aspire

3. Our Responsibility to Our Profession and Colleagues

Back 392

We shall contribute to the development of, and respect for, our profession by improving knowledge and techniques, making work relevant to solutions of community problems, and increasing public understanding of planning activities.

a) We shall protect and enhance the integrity of our profession.

b) We shall educate the public about planning issues and their relevance to our everyday lives.

c) We shall describe and comment on the work and views of other professionals in a fair and professional manner.

d) We shall share the results of experience and research that contribute to the body of planning knowledge.

e) We shall examine the applicability of planning theories, methods, research and practice and standards to the facts and analysis of each particular situation and shall not accept the applicability of a customary solution without first establishing its appropriateness to the situation.

f) We shall contribute time and resources to the professional development of students, interns, beginning professionals, and other colleagues.

g) We shall increase the opportunities for members of underrepresented groups to become professional planners and help them advance in the profession.

h) We shall continue to enhance our professional education and training.

I) We shall systematically and critically analyze ethical issues in the practice of planning.

j) We shall contribute time and effort to groups lacking in adequate planning resources and to voluntary professional activities.

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2. Informal Advice

Informal Advice Response Time

Back 393

21 days

Front 394

2. Informal Advice

Informal Advice Response Time

Back 394

21 days

Front 395

3. Formal Ethics Advice

Back 395

Only given by the Ethics Officer on a planner's proposed conduct.

Front 396

3. Formal Advice

Back 396

--Is binding on AICP;
---Anyone who follows it can use reliance on it as a defense to any charge of misconduct.
---issued in writing and signed by the Ethics Officer.
---Response time is within 21 days of receipt
---logged in a document distributed on a quarterly basis to the Chair of the AICP Ethics Committee.

Front 397

3. Formal Advice

Back 397

--Is binding on AICP;
---Anyone who follows it can use reliance on it as a defense to any charge of misconduct.
---issued in writing and signed by the Ethics Officer.
---Response time is within 21 days of receipt
---logged in a document distributed on a quarterly basis to the Chair of the AICP Ethics Committee.

Front 398

3. Formal Advice

If you fail to receive a timely response from the Ethics Officer...

Back 398

Notify the Chair of the Ethics Committee that you are awaiting a response.

Front 399

3. Formal Advice

The Ethics Officer will not issue formal advice...

Back 399

If they determine that the request deals with past conduct that should be a charge of misconduct.

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5. Filing a Charge of Misconduct

Back 400

--Any person may file a charge of misconduct against a Certified Planner.

--Charge of misconduct must be made in a letter sent to the Ethics Officer. The letter may be signed or anonymous.

---The person filing the charge should not send a copy of the letter to the Certified Planner against whom the charge is being made or to any other person.

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6. Receipt of Charge by Ethics Officer

Back 401

---Within 2 weeks of receipt of charge, the Ethics Officer must send a cover letter and transmit the charge to the Certified Planner charged.

--The charged planner is now known as "The Respondent".

Front 402

6. Receipt of Charge by Ethics Officer

The Ethics Officer's Cover Letter

Back 402

Shall indicate whether the Respondent should provide a preliminary response to the charge or whether the Ethics Officer dismisses the charge.

If dismissed, a copy of the cover letter will be mailed by Certified mail to the identifiable Charging Party. The Chargibg Party has the right to appeal.

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6. Receipt of Charge by Ethics Officer

The Charging Party may only withdraw a charge received by the Ethics Officer...

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Only with the permission of the Ethics Officer.

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4. Published Formal Advisory Rulings

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The Ethics Officer provides a copy of all formal advice to the AICP Ethics Committee. The Committee will determine if the formal advice provides guidance to the interpretation of the Code and should be published as a formal advisory ruling.

Also, the Ethics Committee has the authority to draft and publish formal advisory rulings when it determines that interpretation of the Code is needed or desirable.

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6. Receipt of Charge by Ethics Officer

If an identified Charging Party has not received a status report from the Ethics Officer for 60 calendar days...

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The Charging Party should notify the Chair of the AICP Ethics Committee.

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7. Right of Counsel

Does a planner who receives a charge of misconduct have the right to legal counsel?

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Yes. A planner who receives a charge of misconduct under a cover letter requesting a preliminary response is advised to obtain legal representation at the earliest point in the procedure. However, a planner who elects to proceed first without legal representation may engage representation at any later point in the procedure.

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8. Preliminary Responses to a Charge of Misconduct

How long does a Respondent have to respond to a request for a preliminary response?

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30 calendar days from the receipt of the Ethics Officer's letter requesting a response.

The Ethics Officer may grant an extension of time, not to exceed 15 calendar days, if the request for extension is made within the 30 calendar day period.

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8.Preliminary Responses to a Charge of Misconduct

A Preliminary Response should include...

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documentation, the names, addresses and telephone numbers of witnesses, and all of the facts and arguments that counter the charge. The Respondent should not discuss the motivation of the Charging Party, which is irrelevant.

The Ethics Officer will send a copy of the preliminary response to the identifiable Charging Party, allowing them to have 15 calendar days from the date of receipt to respond.

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9. Conducting an Investigation

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After reviewing the Respondent's Preliminary Response, or if no timely preliminary response is received, the Ethics Officer will decide whether and investigation is appropriate.

If it is decided that an investigation is appropriate, the Ethics Officer may designate a member of the AICP staff or AICP counsel to conduct the investigation.

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10. Dismissal of Charge or Issuance of Complaint

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If a charge appears to be without merit, the Ethics Officer will dismiss it in a letter sent to the Respondent and the Charging Party by receipted Certified Mail.

If the Ethics Officer's investigation indicates that a Complaint is warranted, they will draft a Complaint sent to the Respondent by Certified Mail.

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10. Dismissal of Charge or Issuance of Complaint

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A Complaint consists of numbered paragraphs of alleged violations and cite provisions of the Rules of Conduct that the Ethics Officer believes are in violation. The allegations are based on the Ethics Officer's investigation of the charge and may be more or less substantial than those of the Charging Party.

All dismissals are maintained in a log and transmitted to the Chair of the Ethics Committee on a quarterly basis.

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11. Appeal of Dismissal of Charge

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Charging Parties have 30 calendar days from the date of the receipt of their dismissal letters to file and appeal with the Ethics Committee. The appeal should be sent to the Ethics Officer who will log it and transmit it to the Ethics Committee within 21 calendar days.

The Ethics Committee will either affirm or reverse the dismissal.

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11. Appeal of Dismissal of Charge

What happens when a Dismissal is reversed?

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The Ethics Committee will either direct the Ethics Officer to conduct a further investigation and review the charge again, or issue a Complaint based on the materials before the Committee.

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12. Answering a Complaint

Back 414

The Respondent has 30 calendar days from receipt of a Complaint to file an answer.

The Answer must specifically admit or deny each of the fact allegations in the Complaint.

The failure of a Respondent to make a timely denial of any fact alleged in the Complaint shall be deemed an admission of such fact.

The Ethics Officer may amend a Complaint.

the Ethics Officer will send the Complaint or Amended Complaint and the Respondent's Answer to the Ethics Committee with a copy to the Charging Party.

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13. Conducting a Hearing

Back 415

b

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The Ethics Officer will have the burden of proving.....

Back 416

By a preponderance of the evidence that misconduct occurred.

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The Ethics Officer and the Respondent will exchange lists of proposed witnesses who will testify and copies of all exhibits that will be introduced at the hearing...

Back 417

At least 30 calendar days before the hearing.

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A hearing is conducted when...

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The Ethics Officer notifies the Ethics Committee that material facts are in dispute or if the Ethics Committee, on its own, finds that to be the case.

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If the Ethics Committee finds that material facts are in dispute, the Chair of the Committee will....

Back 419

Designate a "Hearing Official" from among the membership of the Committee.
At this point, the Ethics Officer, either personally or through a designated AICP staff member or AICP counsel, shall continue to serve as both Investigator-Prosecutor AND as the Clerk serving the Ethics Committee, the Hearing Official and the Respondent.

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13. Conducting a Hearing
Following the closing of the hearing, the Hearing Official shall...

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Make findings only as to the disputed material facts and transmit the findings to the full Ethics Committee, the Ethics Officer, and the Respondent.

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14. Deciding the Case
How are ethics matters resolved?

Back 421

The Ethics Committee (including the Hearing Official member of the Committee) shall resolve the ethics matter by reviewing the documentation that sets out the facts that were not in dispute, any fact findings that were required to be made by a Hearing Official, and any arguments submitted to it by the Respondent and the Ethics Officer.

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14. Deciding the Case
The Ethics Officer shall give 45 calendar days notice to the Respondent....

Back 422

Of the date of the Ethics Committee meeting during which the matter will be resolved.

The Ethics Officer and the Respondent shall have 21 calendar days to submit memoranda stating their positions.

The Ethics Officer shall transmit the memoranda to the Ethics Committee no later than 15 calendar days prior to the scheduled meeting.

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14. Deciding the Case
If the Ethics Committee decides that the Rules of Conduct have not been violated...

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It shall dismiss the Complaint and direct the Ethics Officer to notify the Respondent and an identified Charging Party.

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14. Deciding the Case
If the Ethics Committee determines that the Ethics Officer has demonstrated that the Rules of Conduct have been violated...

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It shall also determine the appropriate sanction, which shall either be a reprimand, suspension, or expulsion.

The Committee shall direct the Ethics Officer to notify the Respondent and identified Charging Party of its action and to draft a formal explanation of its decision and chosen sanction. Upon approval of the Ethics Committee, the explanation and discipline chosen shall be published and titled "Opinion of the AICP Ethics Committee."

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14. Deciding the Case
The determination of the AICP Ethics Committee shall be...

Back 425

Final

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15. Settlement of Charges True or False? Prior to issuance of a complaint, the Ethics Officer may negotiate a settlement between the Respondent and an identified Charging Party?

Back 426

True. But Only if the Ethics Officer determines that the Charging Party has been personally aggrieved by the alleged misconduct of the Respondent and a private resolution between the two would not be viewed as compromising the Code principles. If this is the case, the Charging Party will be allowed to withdraw the charge of misconduct.

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15. Settlement of Charges
Can the Ethics Officer enter into a settlement agreement without the participation of an identified Charging Party?

Back 427

Yes, prior to the issuance of a complaint. However, the proposed settlement agreement shall be contingent upon the approval of the Ethics Committee. An identified Charging Party will be given notice and an opportunity to be heard by the Ethics Committee before it votes to approve or disapprove the proposed pre-Complaint settlement.

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15. Settlement of Charges
After issuance of a Complaint by the Ethics Officer, a settlement can be negotiated...

Back 428

Solely between the Ethics Officer and the Respondent, subject to the approval of the Ethics Committee without input from an identified Charging Party.

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16. Resignations and Lapses of Membership
If an AICP member who is subject of a Charge of Misconduct resigns or allows membership to lapse prior to final determination of the Charge, the ethics matter...

Back 429

Will be held in abeyance subject to being revived if the member applies for reinstatement of membership within 2 years.

If the member fails to apply for reinstatement within 2 years, the member shall not be permitted to reapply for certification for a period of 10 years from the date of resignation or lapse of membership.

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17. Annual Report of Ethics Officer

Back 430

Prior to January 31 of each calendar year the Ethics Officer shall publish an Annual Report of all ethics activity during the preceding calendar year to the AICP Ethics Committee and the AICP Commission. The AICP Commission shall make the Annual Report available to the membership.

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D: Planners Convicted of Serious Crimes-
Automatic Suspension of Certification
1. Automatic Suspension Upon Conviction for "Serious Crime"

Back 431

If a certified planner is convicted of a serious crime, certification and membership shall be automatically suspended indefinitely.

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D: Planners Convicted of Serious Crimes-
Automatic Suspension of Certification
1. Automatic Suspension Upon Conviction for "Serious Crime"

Back 432

If a certified planner is convicted of a serious crime, certification and membership shall be automatically suspended indefinitely.

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1. Automatic Suspension Upon Conviction for "Serious Crime"

A "Serious Crime" shall include...

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Any crime a necessary element of which, as determined by the statutory or common law definition of such crime in the jurisdiction where the judgment was entered, involves false swearing, misrepresentation, fraud, willful failure to file income tax returns or to pay the tax, deceit, bribery, extortion, misappropriation, theft, conflict of interest, or an attempt to or a conspiracy or solicitation of another to commit a "serious crime".

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D: Convicted of a Serious Crime
2. Duty to Notify Ethics Officer when convicted of "serious crime"

Back 434

As required by Rule of Conduct 26 in Section B of the Code, you must notify the Ethics Officer both by receipts Certifies and Regular First Class Mail if you are convicted of a "serious crime".
Failure to do so will result in a delay in the commencement of the 1 year waiting period for filing reinstatement petitions.

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Petition for Reinstatement

Back 435

An individual has 1 year from the date of the Notice of Suspension of AICP Membership and Certification before they can petition the AICP Ethics Committee for reinstatement.

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Who makes the decision on requests for reinstatement?

Back 436

The Ethics Committee, as well as what conditions will be applied to the reinstatement.

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If the Ethics Committee denies a petition for reinstatement...

Back 437

The Ethics Officer will send the denial to the petitioner along with a notice that they may have the opportunity to file another petition after 12 months from the date of the Ethics Committee's determination.

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Things you can ethically do with with full written disclosure to current client or employer

Back 438

1. Accept an assignment from a client or employer to publicly advocate a position on a planning issue that is indistinguishably adverse to a position you publicly advocated for a previous client or employer within the past 3 years
--must also consult with other qualified professionals.

2. Moonlight (unless the employer has a written policy expressly prohibiting)

3. Perform work on a project for a client or employer where there is possibility for direct personal or financial gain to us or our family members.

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G

Back 439

G

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What is the AICP Commission?

Back 440

It's the American Institute of Certified Planners' eight-member governing body. Members include a President, a President-Elect or an Immediate Past President, and six Commissioners. They serve four-year terms. Terms are staggered, so three commissioners are elected biennially. Day-to-day operations are managed by APA staff. The APA Executive Director and CEO also serves as AICPExecutive Director.

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What are the responsibilities of the AICP Commission?

Back 441

AICP is established in Article Four of APA's Articles of Incorporation. The Institute is responsible for qualifications for certification and membership in AICP, rules regarding professional standards, the ethical code for professional planners, and establishing the dues and fees for the Institute.

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How does the AICP Commission conduct its work?

Back 442

The Commission acts in face-to-face meetings twice a year — at the National Planning Conference in the spring, and at the Fall Leadership Meetings, held in conjunction with APA's Federal Policy & Program Briefing in Washington. It also meets occasionally by conference call.

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What committees or task forces does the AICP Commission have?

Back 443

There are six standing committees: Executive, Nominating, Ethics, National Membership Standards, College of Fellows, and Exam. The President of AICP also can appoint short-term task forces to accomplish specific goals, such as the AICP Student Projects Awards Jury and the Community Assistance Team Task Force.

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What issues does the AICP Commission work on?

Back 444

In recent years the Commission has worked to establish the Certification Maintenance program and expand professional development opportunities through Planners Training Service and the AICP audio/web conference series. Other projects include revising the AICP Examination and the AICP Code of Ethics and offering pro bono opportunities through the Community Assistance Program.

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Office Space Definitions

Back 445

Class A: most prestigious buildings competing for premier office users with rents above average for the area. Buildings have high quality standard finishes, state of the art systems, exceptional accessibility and a definite market presence.

Class B: Buildings competing for a wide range of users with rents in the average range for the area. Building finishes are fair to good for the area and systems are adequate, but the building does not compete with Class A at the same price.

Class C: Buildings competing for tenants requiring functional space at rents below the average for the area.

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The Location Quotient

Back 446

The Location Quotient = local employment/national employment

If the ratio is greater than 1, then it is an Export sector

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Average Building Sizes

Back 447

Major grocery store = 75,000 to 100,000 sq. ft.

Drug store = 8 to 15,000 sq. Ft.

Department Store = 100,000 - 150,000 sq. ft.