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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the serum, plasma ,cellular elemts |
Blood plasma= firbfogen / other clotting factors , antibodies , ions/plasma proteins (blood electrolytes = osmotic balance ,pH buffering , membrane permeability regulation), water (solvent for carrying molecules) hormones, O2, waste products , nutrients Serum =Blood plasma - fibrogen and other clotting factors Cellular elements - platelets- blood.clotting -leukocytes(white blood cells)- defense and immunity -erythrocytes (RBC)-o2,co2 transport |
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Diferent tests to determine what the dieasese is chase by: serology |
Detecting antibody or antigen- by ELISA test - different types (direct, indirect ,sandwich,competitive ) indirect MOST COMMON - antigen well coated - specific antibody added - enzyme antibody added to that - substrate (sampled to be tested) added -converted by enzyme into coloured prduct- the rate of colour formation is proportional to amount of antibody |
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Agglutination test |
Viruses (influenza, parainfluenza, parvovirus,rota virus) and antibodies have the ability to agglutinate xertian cell types - bind sialic acid on RBC More abtibody- more agglutination Less- less Add antigen- prevents agglutination Measure level of agglutination with - -heamoaglutination assay plate-high titre-more virus -lateral flow assay- says if virus present or not |
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Pcr and gel electrophoresis- what is its full name , the gel used for electrophoresis, the process |
Polymerase chain reaction Agarose gel DNA to be replicated (DNA primer nucleotides) - denatured (strands split 94-96') - annealing (primer added 68) -elongation ( 5' to 3' end nucleotides added making the rest of the nucleotide ) Can be visualised in a gell electrophoresis |
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Another name for primer? And info about the two types |
Non structural protien fragemtn - froward and Reverse .forward binds to reverse strand of DNA template Reverse binds to forward strand of DNA template |
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How can you determine how much target DNA there is? |
Log(DNA copy) Vs cycle number - the sample which the curve more to the left had the higher con of target dna- curves the same - amount of pcr constant |
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What is qpcr |
Real time pcr- detects the point at which amplification curve turns into exponential phase- this point correlates with intial DNA template conc |
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Twotypes of qpcr |
sYBR GREEN - Taqman- probe with reporter and quencher end Requires real time PCR machine |
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Reverse transcription PCR |
Used to detect RNA pathogens (viruses) - inclubate -rna with reverse transcriptase and oligo primer - turns mRNA into cDNA - RNA strand hydrolyzed and cDNA can then replicate to make DNA |
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Challenges to diagnostic test in developing countries |
- technical /lab skill required -labs required -cost - electrical ,cold chain -specimen type(might not be easy to get hold of) -as sensitivity increased specificity decreases |
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Examples of a diagnostic techinique that isnot visual or light oreantated |
Nanopore sequences which detect differences in electrical charge across pore as DNA passes through |
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Microscopy - how to increase miner of bacteria and virus, problem with this |
Bacteria- shaking incubator Virus - tissue culture Containment and biological safety |
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Ligh t microscope |
See bacteria Not virus |
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Electromicroscope |
Can see black and white 3d image or virus and bacteria |
