Ah Final Exam I

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French Royal Academy of Painting & Sculpture

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founded in 1648 under sponsorship of the French king Louis XIV, then substantially re-organized in the 1660s. Originally intended to elevate the status of the arts, it came to be the necessary channel for all artists who wished to obtain royal patronage. Artists who entered the Academy had usually completed a traditional artistic apprenticeship

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Salon

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semi-annual public exhibition to showcase Academy members’ works; instruct public on how to view art; held every two years in the Salon Carré of the Louvre Palace

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Reception Piece

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what one must submit to enter the Academy (showcase talents); pluses included Louis XIV or Charles LeBrun; "Return from Cythera"

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Prix de Rome

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an award given out by the French Royal Academy to the winner of a painting competition held each year. The painter who was judged to have produced the best history painting was given a scholarship to Rome for 3 to 5 years; during that time he was free to study and learn from the great works of classical antiquity and the High Renaissance, although he was also expected to paint a certain number of copies of these works to decorate French royal palaces.

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Hierarchy of Genres

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history > portraiture > genre > landscape & still-life; higher = demanding and difficult, or better able to impart a instructional lesson

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Poussinistes vs. Rubenistes

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A debate that took place in the French Academy in the later 17th century over which modern painter provided the best model for artists to emulate; Poussin: line, intellect, ancient; Ruben: color, senses, modern; Rubenistes won

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rocaille

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Literally, “rockwork”. A type of ornamentation popular in 18th century decorative arts, so named b/c it favored irregular edges, of the sort found on rocks or shells; originally derogatory

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fête galante

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A courtship party. The term was used to describe a category of subject matter in which couples are depicted enjoying themselves in an open-air setting; "Return from Cythera"

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beau desordre

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quality of disarray that was considered pleasing in Rococo art; "Portrait of Mme. de Pompadour"

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Portrait of Charles LeBrun by nicolas largilliere - 1686 - French Baroque - History painting/portrait; depicts models of art used by LeBrun and other French Baroquists; depicts LeBrun the artist

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Return from Cythera by Antoine Watteau - 1717 - Rococo - Reception piece; fête galante

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Signboard of Gersaint by Antoine Watteau - 1720-21 - Rococo - Signifiy end of Louis XIV's rule

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Triumph of Venus by François Boucher - 1740 - Rococo - Sensual pose; compare to “Birth of Venus” by Raphael

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Portrait of Mme. de Pompadour by François Boucher - 1756 - Rococo - Laid back, sensual pose; rococo: roses, irregular edges; beau desordre

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The Enlightenment

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Name given to the 18th century, with reference to the dominant philosophy of the time, which was at its base rationalist ; i.e. perfectibility of mankind through education

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philosophe

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specifically used with reference to those French philosophers and writers who upheld the rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment; Voltaire, Jean Jacque Rousseau, & Denis Diderot

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Encyclopédie

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contained many ideas reflective of Enlightenment and many articles by philosophes such as Voltaire and Rousseau; banned by both the French King (despite the protests of Mme. de Pompadour) and the Roman Catholic Church, in 1752 and again in 1759, for its radical and revolutionary ideas and its impiety; edited by Diderot & Jean d'Alembert

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Allegory of Enlightenment

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The French Revolution

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Revolution undertaken in France between 1789 and 1799 to abolish absolute monarchy

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The Terror

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Name given to the second phase of the French Revolution, beginning in 1792 and ending with the coming to power of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. During the Terror, harsh measures were undertaken (such as the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette) to ensure the success of the newly founded Republic.

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Jacobins

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Name given to the a political club formed during the French Revolution, which met at a house in Paris once occupied by Jacobin monks; constituted a radical wing within the Revolution; among their number was J. P. Marat ("Death of Marat")