Art History Exam 1 Notecards

Front 1

Humanism

Back 1

System of thought based on the interests and ideals of human kind. Exploration of Individual potential and a desire to excel
-commitment to civic responsibility and moral duty
-physique and actions of human forms

Front 2

Virgin Enthroned with Saints

Back 2

Duccio-Tempera and gold leaf on wood
-virgin enthroned as queen of heaven amid choruses of angels and saints
-formality and symmetry from bryantine tradition
-Individualized faces of saints
-Humanism?
-Made the clothing of figures glisten and shimmer as if they were real
-Gold leaf halos
-no gold patterning -more three dimensional

Front 3

Maniera Greca

Back 3

Italo-Byzantine style
-13th century
-Hard lines not blended

Front 4

Saint Francis Altar Piece

Back 4

Bonaventura Berlinghieri
-Center Saint Francis
-stigmata-marks resembeling christs wounds
-gold leaf halo-emphasizes
flatness and spiritual nature
-edges- Miracles of Saint
Francis

Front 5

Fresco

Back 5

A mural-painting technique that involves applying permanent limeproof pigments, diluted in water, on freshly laid lime plaster. the surface of the walls absorbs the pigment as the plaster dries. Gresco is one of the most permanent painting techniques.

Front 6

Lamentation

Back 6

Giotto- Arena Chapel, Padua
Fresco
-Strong diagonal ledge and mourners in the foreground direct attention to dead christ
-figures seen from back puts empasis on jesus in foreground
-used ligh and shade to give a sense of depth and volume
-lighting emphasizes dramatic scene

Front 7

Madonna Enthroned

Back 7

giotto-Tempera and gold leaf on wood
-Ognisanti Church in florence
-Madonna= a weighty queenly mother
-Giotto wanted to make a figure that had substance, dimensionality and bulk
-Chiarascuro in the knee
-end of medieval painting and beggining of naturalistic approach

Front 8

Madonna enthroned with angels and prophets

Back 8

Cimabue-Santa Trinita Church
-One of the first peices of art to try to break away from Italo-Byzantine style
-Throne recedes into space
-Gold embelishments in folds of madonnas throne
-prophets looking out and up reinforce sense of depth

Front 9

Medicant Orders

Back 9

Oders for art put forward by medicants (Friars- dominican and franciscan) Usually for a religious purpose helped ensure religion would stay part of the daily life because the pope was in Avignon

Front 10

Vernacular

Back 10

The everyday speech of a country or place. Not a National Language

Front 11

City State

Back 11

an independant self governed state. Usually a city and surrounding area.

Front 12

Rennaisance

Back 12

Rebirth and revival of ancient greek and roman styles. Cultural rebirth between 14th and 17th centuries.
-revival of learning and culture
-classical culture

Front 13

Altar Piece

Back 13

A panel, painted or sculpted, situated above and behind an altar

Front 14

Chiarascuro

Back 14

In drawing of painting the treatment and use of light and darkm especially the gradiations of light that produce the effects of modeling

Front 15

Betrayal of Jesus

Back 15

Duccio-maesta altarpiece
-betrayal of jesus by judas false kiss
-deciples fleeing in terror
-peter cutting off ear of high priests servant
-bodies are three dimensional
-Conveys Emotion
-anger of peter- cutting ear off
-aprehension and timidity of
fleeing deciples
-step towards humanism

Front 16

Virgin Enthorned With Saints

Back 16

Virgin enthroned as queen of heaven amid choruses of angels and saints.
-Fromality and Symetry from byzantine tradition
-Individualized faces of the four saints in the forground
-Miracle of color composition and texture manipulation
-Glistening and shimmering effects of textiles, adapting motifs and design patterns of exotic materials
-gold haloes of holy figures, tooled decorative design on them
-eliminated almost all of gold

Front 17

Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

Back 17

-Commemorating Something
-Rich Subjects
-Mirror-Images of the passion
-Female could be pregnant-saint margret, patron saint of child birth
-Very Detailed
-Light source coming in through the window

Front 18

Merode Altarpiece

Back 18

-Private commission for household prayer
-Annunciation theme-archangel gabriel approaches mary as she is reading
-book of hours
-Setting in a Flemish Home
-Book, exstiguished candle, copper basin, towels, fire screen, and bench all symbolize virgins purity and divine mission
-closed garden symbolizes virgins purity
-Joseph's mouse trap=christ as bait in trap of world for devil
-ax, saw, rod all mentioned in bible verse
-tools making crosses on table
-Donors in garden witness miracle

Front 19

Ghent Altarpiece(closed)

Back 19

-Husband and Wife kneel with folded hands. Gaze piously at sculptures of John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist
-outside the window flemish town
-top old testament prophets Zachariah and Micah and Sibyls, Greco Roman mytholigical prophet
-Middle=Annunciation scene

Front 20

Ghent Altarpiece (open)

Back 20

-wide variety of color
-humanities redemption through christ
-Quote

Front 21

Deposition

Back 21

-Rogier can der Weyden
-Commisioned for the archers guild of louvain. Crossbows in corners in tracery
-Shallow stage imitating large sculpture shrines
-Maximum action within a limited space
-Displays emotion through facial features
-crisp drawing and precise modeling resembles a stratified relief carving
-all characters have the same emotion of greif and sorrow

Front 22

January

Back 22

Limbourg Brothers-ink on vellum
-party at the dukes house new years reception
-dukes head is circled by a fire screen almost halolike
-on top chariot of the sun making its yearly cycle through 12 months and zodiac signs
-

Front 23

Predella

Back 23

The narrow ledge on which an altarpiece rests on altar. May contain Paintings

Front 24

Book of Hours

Back 24

A christian religious book for private devotion containing prayers to be read at specified times of the day

Front 25

Oil Painting

Back 25

A painting technique useing oilbased pigments taht rose to prominence in northern Europe in the 15th centuryand is now the standard medium for painting on canvas.

Front 26

Glazing

Back 26

In oil painting a thin transparant, or semi transparent layer applied over a color to alter it slightly

Front 27

Donor

Back 27

A person who commisioned a peice of religious art, they will often appear in the painting in someway

Front 28

polyptych

Back 28

An altarpiece composed of more than three sections

Front 29

Eucharist

Back 29

In christianitym the partaking of the bread and wine, which believers hold to be either christ himself or sumbolic of him.

Front 30

Secular

Back 30

of or related to the nonreligious world

Front 31

Baptistry Doors competition
Ghiberti

Back 31

-French Gothic Quatrefoil Frame
-Abraham in gothic pose with outthrust hip
-Isaac Greco Roman staturay, possibly first classical nude since antiquity
-appreciation of nude male form
-interest in muscular system and skeletal structure and how they move in the human body
-Displays humanism
-rocky landscape seems to emerge from the background towards the veiwer

Front 32

Baptistry Doors Competition Brunelleschi

Back 32

-French Gothic Quatrefoil Frame
-sturdy and vigorous interpretation
-Isaac more realistic, not totally ripped
-Action and movement portrayed
-Artist ability to observe carefully and represent faithfully all elements of biblical narrative

Front 33

Feast of Herode

Back 33

Donatello-Bronze Relief
-baptismal font in sienna
-Linear perspective everywhere
-in bricks, lines on floor, arches in distance, people in distance. Mathmatic Perspective
-not organized, alot going on
-shows emotion as groups of people recoil in horror when head is shown
-head of john the baptist

Front 34

Linear Perspective

Back 34

Use of mathmatics and depiction of space mathmatically

Front 35

vanishing point

Back 35

a point on the horizon line where objects disappear

Front 36

horizon line

Back 36

a horizontal line in art that represents the horizon of the peice.

Front 37

Orthogonal

Back 37

an imaginary line that runs from the object in the piece to the vanishing point

Front 38

Expressiveness

Back 38

effectively conveying thought or feeling

Front 39

Isaac and His Sons

Back 39

Lorenzo Ghiberti
-depiction of space through pictorial linear perspective and sculptural means
-single point linear perspective
-forms appear less distinct the deeper they are in space

Front 40

Or San Michele and the Guilds

Back 40

-Guilds were assigned niches to decorate with sculptures of their patron saints.
-14 niches total only 5 were filled to begin
-King Ladislaus of naples put florence under siege and the guilds rallied together to fille the remaining niches
-done to show importance of guilds in florentine society

Front 41

Four Crowned Saints

Back 41

-guild of stone and wood workers
-They chose nanni di banco to sculpt their statue
-attempt to integrate figures and space
-placed in semicircle
-relating them by posture, gesture and arrangement of robes created unified spatial composition
-one is speaking, two listening and one pondering.creates psychological cross-reference

Front 42

Contrapposto

Back 42

the disposition of the human figure in which one part is turned in opposition to another part, usually hips and legs one way and shoulders and chest another, creating an counterpositioning of the body about its central axis. sometimes called weithshift because the wiehgt of the body tends to be thrown to one foot, creating tension on one side and relaxation on the other.

Front 43

Gattamelata

Back 43

Donatello
-First rival to gradeur of the mounted portraits of antiquity(Marcus Aurelius)
-large, majestic horse bears armored general easily because he is not represented as superhuman
-dominates horse by force of character
-his face set in a mask of dauntless resolution and unshakeable will
-together mand an horse convey overwhelming image of irresistible strenge and unlimited power
-left foot of horse on globe, dominance over earth

Front 44

Hercules and Antaeus

Back 44

Antonio del Pollaiuolo
-exhibits stress and strain of human figure in violent action
-embodies the ferocity and vitality of elemental physical conflict
-convey the final excruciating moments of the struggle- straining and cracking of sinews, clenched teeth of hercules, kicking and screaming of antaeus. figures intertwine and interlock as they fight
-both figures look similar
-light on the dark gouged bronze helps to portray agitated motion

Front 45

Tribute Money

Back 45

Masaccio
-tribute money, in which christ condones taxation, sweved as a commentary on the income tax the florentine republic was considering implementing at the time.
-three scenes 1 jesus is asked for tax and tells deciple to go look in the fish 2 deciple pulls tax money from fish's mouth, 3 deciple pays tax collector
-atmospheric perspective
-linear persepective in buildings
-light source in top right corner
-figures arranged in group in a spacious landscape rather than confined stage
-all othagonals converge at christ's head

Front 46

atmospheric perspective

Back 46

the diminishing of light and the blurring of outlinesas the distance increases

Front 47

Catasto

Back 47

the italian system of land registration

Front 48

Palazzo Rucellai

Back 48

Designed by Alberti
Built by Bernardo Rossellino
Pilasters define each story
cornace on top
medeled like colosseum-different levels have different design techniques that follows colosseum

Front 49

Polozzo Medici

Back 49

Michelozzo di Barolommeo
heavy rustication (rough unfinished masonry) accents its strength on the bottom
stringcourses (horizontal Bands) give it coherence
Heavy cornice
good for a prominent families palace because it portrays strength and power

Front 50

Pazzi Chapel

Back 50

Brunelleschi
central plan structure
strange because it is a rectangular central plan
architect placed all emphasis on the central dome-covered space
everything is mathmatical like most of brunelleschi's works
glazed terracotta reliefs represent the four evangelists

Front 51

Dome of the Florence Cathedral

Back 51

Brunelleschi
was an engineering and architectural nightmare
could not be built through traditional ways because it was too big( wooden centering or butressed walls)
brunelleschi came up with new ways to build it and invented machines to do it
designed around an Ogival(pointed Arch)
Thin double shell (fisrt in history) around a skeleton of 24 ribs
anchored structure at top with heavy lantern

Front 52

Santo Spirito

Back 52

Brunelleschi
Cruciform Building
Shallow, saucer shaped vaults run around the whole thing-create visual effect of compressing design into cetral plan like space
Mathmatically oriented and calculated (ex: Name is twice as high as it is wide)
No space for wall frescos because they would no fit well with architectural scheme