A + P Ii Exam 1

Front 1

How does blood circulate?

Back 1

-blood leaves heart via arteries --> capillaries
-O2 + nutrients diffuse to tissues, CO2 + waste move into blood
-O2 deficient blood goes capillaries -->veins --> heart(release CO2 + picks up O2 at lungs)

Front 2

What is blood made of?

Back 2

-fluid tissue
-liquid(plasma)
-formed elements

Front 3

What are the formed elements?

Back 3

-erythrocytes(RBCs)
-leuocytes(WBCs)
-platelets

Front 4

What is heatocrit?

Back 4

% of blood volume that is RBCs

Front 5

What percentage is blood?

Back 5

-plasma - 55%
-buffy coat(leuk,plate) - <1%
-erythrocytes - 45%

Front 6

Characteristics of Blood

Back 6

-sticky, opaque fluid
-metallic taste
-scarlet(o2 rich) to dark red(o2 poor)
-pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45
-normal temp 38 deg C
-approx 8% of body weight

Front 7

Avg volume of blood

Back 7

men: 5-6 L
women: 4-5 L

Front 8

What are the 3 functions of blood?

Back 8

1)distribution
2)regulation
3)protection

Front 9

Distribution

Back 9

-delivers O2 + nutrients
-transports metabolic wast + hormones

Front 10

Regulation

Back 10

maintains body temp, normal pH, adequate fluid volume

Front 11

Protection

Back 11

prevents blood loss + infection

Front 12

Blood plamsma contains:

Back 12

-is 90% water
-proteins
-non-protein nitrogenous substances(lactic acid, urea, creatine)
-electrolytes
-respiratory gases

Front 13

what are the characteristics of formed elements?

Back 13

-WBC are complete cells
-RBC have no nuclei or organelles
-platelets are just cell fragments

Front 14

How long do formed elements survive?

Back 14

short time, a few days

Front 15

What are blood cells replaced by?

Back 15

cells in bone marrow

Front 16

What is the structure and characteristics of RBCs?

Back 16

-biconcave discs
-anucleate
-no organelles

Front 17

What does RBC contain?

Back 17

hemoglobin (97%)

Front 18

What is the importance of RBC's structure?

Back 18

It can change shape if necessary
structure drives function
-> greater surface area to volume, can carry more oxygen
-also don't consume the O2 they transport

Front 19

What is hemoglobin composed of?

Back 19

- 2 a and 2 b globin chains which are each bound to a heme group
-each heme grp contains iron
-each Hb can transpor for O2s

Front 20

For respiratory gas transport, what does Hb bind to?

Back 20

the iron

Front 21

What is MCHC?

Back 21

Mean Corpusculal Hb Concentration
-avg conc. of Hb in a RBC
normal range: 31-37 g/dl

Front 22

O2 + O2 Carrying Capacity of Hb
3 Stages

Back 22

1)oxyhemoglobin - bound to O2 (O2 loading takes place in lungs)
2)deoxyhemoglobin - unbound
(after O2 diffuses into tissue)
3)carbaminohemoglobin - bound to CO2 (CO2 loading in tissues, eliminated in lungs)

Front 23

3 Steps of producing erytrocytes

Back 23

hematopoiesis, circulating RBC, erythropoiesis

Front 24

What is hematopoiesis and where does it take place?

Back 24

blood cell formation, occurs in bone marrow (WBC and RBC)

Front 25

What does circulating RBCs do?

Back 25

-remain constant, show balance b/w RBC production + destruction

Front 26

What is the result of too few RBC?

Back 26

hypoxia- low oxygen

Front 27

What is the result of too many RBC?

Back 27

increased blood viscosity

Front 28

What does erythropoiesis depend on?

Back 28

-it's hormonally controlled
-depends on adequate supplies of Fe2+, AA, + Vit B

Front 29

erythropoietin(EPO) release by kidneys:

Back 29

-hypoxia due to decreased RBC
-decreased O2 avail
-increased tissue demand for O2

Front 30

eryhropoiesis increases what?

Back 30

RBC count and O2 carrying ability of blood

Front 31

What is the main function of hormones?

Back 31

negative feedback system

Front 32

Steps of Negative feedback mechanism

Back 32

1)imbalance in normal blood O2 levels
2)reduces O2 levels in blood
3)kidney(and kinda liver) releases erythropoietin
4)stimulates red bone marrow
5)enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count
6)increases O2-carrying ability of blood

Front 33

What does erythropoiesis require?

Back 33

-proteins, lipids carbs
-Fe2+, vit B12, folic acid
-vit C

Front 34

Which foods are high in Fe2+?
What inhibits absorption?

Back 34

-meats, dark green veg, clams, beans, molasses, oysters
-tea inhibits absorption

Front 35

Where is iron stored?

Back 35

Hb(65%), liver, spleen, bone marrow

Front 36

What is the life span of an RBC?

Back 36

100 - 120 days

Front 37

How do RBC's die?

Back 37

-become rigid + fragile
-Hb begins to degenerate
-dying erythrocytes engulfed by macrophages
-heme + globin separate
-Fe kept for reuse
-heme grp is degraded to bilirubin

Front 38

What is a eryhrocyte disorder?

Back 38

anemia - abnormally low O2 carrying capacity
- blood o2 levels can't support metabolism

Front 39

What are the symptoms?

Back 39

-fatigue
-paleness
-shorness of breath
-chills

Front 40

Causes of anemia

Back 40

-insufficient erythrocytes
-dec. Hb content
-abnormal Hb

Front 41

insufficient erythrocytes: 3 types

Back 41

hemorrhagic
hemolytic
aplastic

Front 42

hemorrhagic anemia

Back 42

result of acute or chronic blood loss

Front 43

hemolytic anemia

Back 43

prematurely ruptured erythrocytes

Front 44

aplastic anemia

Back 44

destruction/inhibition of bone marrow

Front 45

decreased Hb content: 2 types

Back 45

iron-deficiency anemia

Front 46

iron-deficiency anemia

Back 46

inadequate intake or absorption

Front 47

pernicious anemia

Back 47

deciency of vit B12

Front 48

abnormal Hb?

Back 48

sickle-cell anemia

Front 49

what is sickle cell anemia?

Back 49

-single amino acid substitution in the B chain
-causes sickle shape after O2 is released to tissue
-RBC become rigid + stick in blood vessels

Front 50

vaso-occlusive crisis

Back 50

-tissue hypoxia
-sever pain + organ damage

Front 51

more rapid destruction of RBCs:

Back 51

fatigue

Front 52

What is the advantage of sickle-cell anemia?

Back 52

survival against malaria

Front 53

What ethnicity grp has the most cases of sickle-cell?

Back 53

blacks

Front 54

What is polycythemia?

Back 54

excess RBC increases blood viscosity

Front 55

3 types of polycythemia

Back 55

1)polycythemia vera - bone marrow cancer
2)secondary polycythemia - high altitude living
3)blood doping - artificially induced

Front 56

What is leukocytosis?

Back 56

-increased production of WBC
-count over 11,000 WBC/ ul of blood

Front 57

Which blood cells are crucial to defense against disease?

Back 57

WBC - leukocytes

Front 58

Characteristics of WBCs

Back 58

-larger, shorter-lived than RBC
-lobed nuclei
-phagocytic cells(ingest material)
-diapedesis

Front 59

what is diapedesis?

Back 59

ability to "leap across" the capillary membrane to infected tissues

Front 60

What are the types of WBCs?

Back 60

Granulocytes
a)neutrophils
b)eosinophils
c)basophils

Agranulocytes
d)lymphocytes
e)monoytes

Front 61

Neutrophils

Back 61

~50-70%
eliminates body's bacteria

Front 62

Eosinophils

Back 62

~2-4%
leads the body's attack against parasite
lessen the severity of allergies

Front 63

basophils

Back 63

0.5%
contain histamine

Front 64

Lymphocytes

Back 64

25-45%
found mostly in lymph(some circulate in blood)

Front 65

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

Back 65

T cells- immune response
B cells - give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies

Front 66

Monocytes

Back 66

3-8%
largest WBC
enter tissue, differentiate into macrophages
activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response

Front 67

Look at table for info on WBCs

Back 67

look