2Nd The Chemical Level Of Organization

Front 1

Atoms

Back 1

the smallest units of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of elements

Hint 1

are extremely small

Front 2

Subatomical particles-key elements

Back 2

1)Protons-positively charged
2)Neutrons-uncharged, neutral
3)Electrons-negatively charged

Hint 2

All move about in large space surrounding the nucleus. Number of Protons equals number of Electrons

Front 3

Ion

Back 3

atom that has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons

Hint 3

if atom losses or gains a proton or electron, it becomes an Ion.

Front 4

Ionization

Back 4

the process of giving up or gaining electrons.

Front 5

Chemical Bonds

Back 5

the forces that hold together atoms of a molecule or compound.

Front 6

Ionic Bonds

Back 6

force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges, Positively and negatively charged ions are attracted to one another, opposites attract!

Front 7

Cation

Back 7

possitively charged ion

Hint 7

Sodium has 1 valence shell (outermost shell of electrons) if sodium losses electron it's left with 8 electrons in the 2nd shell wich becomes the valence shell. It now has 10 electrons and 11 protons thus becoming a cation. Possitively charged.

Front 8

Anion

Back 8

a negatively charged ion.

Hint 8

if chlorine gains an electron from a neighboring atom, it will have a complete Octet in third electron shell. After gaining an electron, the total number of electrons exceeds the number of protons and chlorine atom becomes an anion.

Front 9

Electrolyte

Back 9

an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution.

Front 10

Covalent Bonds

Back 10

form when two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them.

Hint 10

atoms form a covalently bonded molecule by sharing one, two or three pairs of valence electrons. Compounds dissolve, remain intact but surrounded.

Front 11

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Back 11

two atoms share electrons equally- one atom does not attract shared electron more strongly than the other atom

Hint 11

bonds between two identical atoms are always nonpolar covalent bonds.

Front 12

Polar Covalent Bond

Back 12

sharing of electrons between two atoms is unequal- the nucleus of one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than nucleus of other atom.

Hint 12

polar covalent bond forms, the resulting molecule has partial negative charge near atom that attracts electrons more strongly.

Front 13

Rift valley Fever

Back 13

viral disease carried by mosquitos

Hint 13

infected female lays eggs, eggs can last for up to several years, passes infection onto eggs-eggs hatch, bite livestock, livestock passes it to humans

Front 14

Hydrogen Bond

Back 14

form when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms, most often larger oxygen or nitrogen atoms

Hint 14

hydrogen bonds occur because hydrogen atoms in one water molecule are attracted to the partial negative charge of the oxygen atom in another water molecule

Front 15

Solubility

Back 15

ability of one substance to disolve in another

Hint 15

charged/polar substances dissolve readily in water. Nonpolar do not (oils)

Front 16

Electrolytes

Back 16

cation (positively charged ion) plus anion (negatively charged ion) in solution that conducts an electric current

Front 17

Valence Shell

Back 17

outer most shell in an atom that holds electrons

Front 18

Chemical Reaction

Back 18

occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

Hint 18

Foundation of all Life Processes. The number of atoms of each element is the same before and after a Chemical Reaction

Front 19

Metabolism

Back 19

all the chemical reactions occuring in the body

Front 20

Energy

Back 20

the capacity to do work

Hint 20

two principle forms of energy:
1)Potential Energy
2)Kinetic Energy

Front 21

Potential Energy

Back 21

stored by matter due to its possition.

Front 22

Kinetic Energy

Back 22

associated with matter in motion

Front 23

Chemical Energy

Back 23

form of energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules

Hint 23

total amount of energy present at the beggining and end of a chemical reaction is the same.

Front 24

Law of Conservation of Energy

Back 24

energy can be neither created or destroyed

Hint 24

it may be converted from one form to another

Front 25

Exergonic Reactions

Back 25

release more energy than absorb

Hint 25

occur as nutrients, such as glucose, are broken down. Energy may be trapped in covalent bonds of ATP

Front 26

Endergonic Reactions

Back 26

absorbs more energy than released

Hint 26

reactions needed to build body structures such as muscle and bones

Front 27

Activation Energy

Back 27

collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants. This initial energy "investment" is needed to start a reaction

Hint 27

a sufficiently forceful colision can disrupt the movement of valence electrons, causing an existing chemical bond to break or a new one to form

Front 28

Catalysts

Back 28

chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

Hint 28

the most important catalysts in the body are Enzymes

Front 29

Synthesis Reaction-Anabolism

Back 29

when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form a new or larger molecule

Hint 29

reaction between two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule to form two molecules of water

Front 30

Decomposition Reaction-Catabolism

Back 30

split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions or molecules

Hint 30

series of reactions that break down glucose to pyruvic acid, with the net production of two molecules of ATP

Front 31

Exchange Reaction

Back 31

consist of both Synthesis and Decomposition reactions

Front 32

Reversible Reaction

Back 32

products can revert to the original reactant

Front 33

In a Solution

Back 33

a substance called a Solvent dissolves another substance called the Solute. Usually there is more solvent than solute in a solution

Hint 33

your sweat is a dilute solution of water (solvent) plus small amounts of salt (solutes)

Front 34

Hydrophilic (water loving)



)

Back 34

dissolves easily in water

Hint 34

sugar and salts

Front 35

Hydrophobic (water fearing)

Back 35

not very water soluble

Hint 35

animal fat and vegitable oils

Front 36

Dissociation

Back 36

the seperation of inorganic acids, bases and salts into ions in a solution

Front 37

Buffer System

Back 37

converts strong acid or bases into weak acids or bases

Front 38

Carbohydrates

Back 38

function mainly as source of chemical energy for generating ATP needed to drive metabolic reactions. Includes sugars, glycogen, starches and cellulose

Hint 38

3 major groups:
1)Monosaccharides
2)Disaccharides
3)Polysaccharides

Front 39

Nucleic Acids

Back 39

huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Hint 39

two varieties:
1)Deoxyribonucleic Acid-DNA
2)Ribonucleic Acid-Rna

Front 40

DNA-Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Back 40

first type of nucleic acid carbohydrate used for building structural units

Hint 40

molecule that carries inherited genetic information. Each gene is a segment of a DNA molecule

Front 41

RNA-Ribonucleic Acid

Back 41

second type of nucleic acid

Hint 41

relays instruction from the genes to guide each cell's synthesis of proteins from amino acids

Front 42

Nucleotides

Back 42

nucleic acid that is a chain of repeating monomers

Hint 42

nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids

Front 43

ATP-Adenosine triphosphate

Back 43

the "energy currency" of living systems

Front 44

Triglycerides

Back 44

consist of two types of building blocks, a single glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules

Hint 44

the most plentiful lipids in your body and in your diet

Front 45

Monounsaturated Fats

Back 45

contain triglycerides that mostly consist of monounsaturated fatty acids

Hint 45

olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil most nuts and avacados are rich in triglycerides with monousaturated fatty acids

Front 46

Polyunsaturated Fats

Back 46

contain triglycerides that mostly consist of polyunsaterated fatty acids

Hint 46

Corn oil, safflower oil, sunflower oilsoybean oil, and fatty fish contain high percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Front 47

Phospholipids

Back 47

are amphipathetic molecules, having both polar and nonpolar regions

Hint 47

like triglycerides, phospholipids have a glycerol back bone and two fatty acid chains attached to the first two carbons. portion of the molecule (the head) is polar and can form hydrogen bods with water molecules. The two fatty acids (the tails) are nonpolar can interact only with other lipips.

Front 48

Amphipathic (both sides feeling)

Back 48

Molecules that have polar and nonpolar parts

Hint 48

line tail-to-tail in a double row to make up much of the membrane that suround each cell

Front 49

Steroids

Back 49

have four rings of carbon atoms. body cells sythesize other steroids from cholesterol

Hint 49

differs from triglycerids, has large nonpolar region consisting of the four rings and a hydrocarbon tail

Front 50

Proteins

Back 50

large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. largely responsible for the structure of body tissue

Hint 50

form structural frame work, function as hormonesthat regulate various physiological processes, control growth and development, etc.

Front 51

Enzymes

Back 51

in living cells, most catalyst are protein molecules. Catalyze specific reactions. highly specific and very efficient

Hint 51

an enzyme speeds up a chemical reation without being altered or consumed

Front 52

Some Enzymes consist of two parts

Back 52

Apoenzyme (protein portion)
Cofactor (nonprotein portion)

Front 53

Subtrates

Back 53

the reactant molecules on wich the enzymes acts

Hint 53

part of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction (active site) fits subtrates like a key fits a lock. it can also change it shape to fit around subtrats once it enters active site (induced fit)

Front 54

An atom with a mass number of 18 that contains 10 neutrons would have an atomic number of _____

Back 54

8

Front 55

Matter exsists in three forms: ___,___, and ___.

Back 55

solid, liquid, and gas

Front 56

The building blocks of carbohydrates are the monomers ___ while the building blocks of proteins are the monomers ___.

Back 56

monosaccharides, amino acids

Front 57

TRUE or FALSE
The elements that compose most of the body's mass are carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Back 57

TRUE

Front 58

TRUE or FALSE
Ionic bonds are created when atoms share electrons in the valence shell

Back 58

FALSE

Front 59

TRUE or FALSE
Human blood has a normal pH between 7.35 and is con-
sidered slightly alkeline.

Back 59

TRUE

Front 60

Wich of the following is not a function of proteins?
a) provide structural framework
b) bring about contraction
c) transport materials through- out the body
d) store energy
e) regulate many physiological processes

Back 60

d) store energy

Front 61

The monosaccharides glucose and fructose combine to form the disaccharide sucrose by a process known as:
a) dehydration synthesis
b) hydrolysis
c) decomposition
d) hydrogen bonding
e) ionization

Back 61

a) dehydration synthesis

Front 62

Wich of the following organic compounds are classified as lipids?
(1) polysaccharides, (2) triglycerides, (3) steroids (4) enzymes, (5) eicosaniods

Back 62

(2) triglycerides, (3) steroids, and (5) eicosanoids

Front 63

A compound dissociates in water and forms a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-. This substance most likely is a(n)

Back 63

SALT

Front 64

Wich of the following statements regarding ATP are True?

Back 64

(1) ATP is the energy currency for the cell. (2) The energy supplied by the hydrolysis of ATP is constantly being used by cells. (3) Energy is required to produce ATP. (4) The production of ATP involves both aerobic and anaerobic phases. (5) The process of producing energy in the form of ATP is termed the law of conservation of energy.

Hint 64

(1), (2), (3) and (4)

Front 65

During the course of analyzing an unknown chemical, a chemist determines that the chemical is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the proportion of 1 carbon to 2 hydrogens to 1 oxygen. The chemical is probably?

Back 65

(a) an amino acid
(b)DNA
(c)a triglyceride
(d)a protein
(e)a monosaccharide

Hint 65

(e) a monosaccharide

Front 66

An abundant polar covalent molecule that serves as a solvent, has a high capacity, creates a high surface tension, and serves as a lubricant.

Back 66

WATER

Front 67

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions

Back 67

ACID

Front 68

A substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of wich is a hydrogen ion or a hydroxide ion

Back 68

SALT

Front 69

A proton acceptor

Back 69

BASE

Front 70

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration

Back 70

pH

Front 71

A chemical compound that can convert strong acids and bases into weak ones

Back 71

BUFFER

Front 72

A catalyst for chemical reactions that is specific, efficient, and under cellular control

Back 72

ENZYME

Front 73

A single-stranded compound that contains a five-carbon sugar, and the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

Back 73

RNA

Front 74

A compound that functions to temporarily store and then transfer energy liberated in exergonic reactions to cellular activities that require energy

Back 74

ATP

Front 75

A double-stranded compound that contains a five-carbon sugar, the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, and the body's genetic material

Back 75

DNA

Front 76

A charged atom

Back 76

ION

Front 77

A charged atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

Back 77

FREE RADICAL