252617A&p Lap Practical 2 Study Notes Gb

Front 1

Which of the following organs is not part of the alimentary canal?

Back 1

gallbladder

Front 2

True or False:

The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the mesentery.

Back 2

False

Front 3

True or False:

The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum.

Back 3

False

Front 4

True or False:

The stomach has three layers of smooth muscle that contract to churn food into chyme.

Back 4

True

Front 5

True or False:

The gallbladder produces and stores bile.

Back 5

False

Front 6

True or False:

The small intestine features three sets of progressively smaller folds that increase surface area for absorption.

Back 6

True

Front 7

True or False:

The liver consists of plates of hexagonal liver lobules.

Back 7

True

Front 8

Fill in the blanks:

The exocrine cells of the pancreas are called___ and secrete___. The endocrine cells of the pancreas are called ___ and secrete ___.

Back 8

acini cells ; digestive enzymes

islets ; glucagons & insulin

Front 9

Begin(s) carbohydrate digestion in the mouth

Back 9

Salivary amylase

Front 10

Emulsifies/emulsify fats

Back 10

Bile salts

Front 11

Clusters of bile salts and digested lipids

Back 11

Micelles

Front 12

The structure(s) into which lipids are absorbed

Back 12

Lacteal

Front 13

Digestive enzyme(s) associated with the enterocytes of the small intestine

Back 13

Brush border enzymes

Front 14

Enzyme(s) that digest(s) lipids into free fatty acids and monoglycerides

Back 14

Pancreatic lipase

Front 15

Required to activate pepsinogen

Back 15

Hydrochloric Acid

Front 16

Protein-digesting enzyme(s) produced by the pancreas

Back 16

Trypsin

Front 17

Protein-coated lipid droplets that are absorbed

Back 17

Chylomicrons

Front 18

Protein-digesting enzyme(s) produced by the stomach

Back 18

Pepsin

Front 19

Why is the digestion and absorption of lipids more complex than the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates and proteins?

Back 19

Lipids are NON -polar

-Digestion involves:lingunal & pancreatic lipases that are POLAR= they only attack the surface

-lipids are further broken down to micelles (when combined with bile salts)

-chylomicrons (when micelles enter cytoplasm & are coated with proteins,phospholipids,fat soluble vitamins)

Front 20

How does the absorption of lipids differ from the absorption of carbohydrates and proteins?

Back 20

chylomicrons are secreted into the interstitial fluid by intestinal cells BUT are too BIG to go into capallaries and must go into LACTEALS

Front 21

Which of the following is not one of the urinary system’s functions?

a. Regulating fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

b. Regulating blood cell formation

c. Regulating production of insulin and glucagon d. Removing waste products from the blood

Back 21

Removing waste products from the blood

Front 22

The blood flow through the kidney is special because

a. its first capillary beds drain into arterioles.

b. its second capillary beds drain into arterioles. c. it is supplied by three renal arteries.

d. it contains no capillary beds.

Back 22

its first capillary beds drain into arterioles.

Front 23

Number the following from the point the filtrate is first formed (with a number 1) to the point it drains into the renal pelvis (with a number 7).

_____ Minor calyx

_____ Proximal tubule

_____ Collecting duct

_____ Capsular space

_____ Nephron loop

_____ Papillary duct

_____ Distal tubule

Back 23

1. Capsular space

2. Proximal tubule

3. Nephron loop

4. Distal tubule5. Collecting tubule

6. Papillary duct

7. Minor calyx

Front 24

Fill in the blanks:

At the junction between the ascending limb of the nephron loop and the distal tubule, we find a group of densely packed cells called the ___. These cells come into contact with a portion of the afferent arteriole that contains cells called the ____. Together, the two are called the _____.

Back 24

macula densa

JG

JG appartus

Front 25

Urine drains from the kidneys via the

a. urinary bladder

b. urethra

c. ureters

d. papillary calyces

Back 25

ureters

Front 26

Urine is expelled from the body by a process called

a. micturition

b. parturition

c. defecation

d. procrastination

Back 26

micturition

Front 27

The urinary bladder and ureters are lined by

a. simple squamous epithelium.

b. transitional epithelium.

c. pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

d. stratified cuboidal epithelium.

Back 27

b. transitional epithelium

Front 28

How can one easily discern the renal cortex from the renal medulla on a microscope slide?

Back 28

there are no glomerular cells in the medulla

Front 29

What is filtrate, and how is it formed?

Back 29

similar composition to blood, formed by glomerular filtration and leaves blood and enters nephron

Front 30

Fill in the blanks:

The rate of filtrate formation is known as the ___ and averages about____.

Back 30

glomerular filtration rate

120 ml a min

Front 31

What is the purpose of tubular reabsorption?

a. To remove substances in the blood and place them into the filtrate

b. To reclaim 99% of the water from the filtrate c. To reclaim electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids from the filtrate

d. Both b and c are correct.

e. Both a and b are correct.

Back 31

d. Both b and c are correct

Front 32

How do tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ?

Back 32

R) reclaiming substances from filtrate

S) removing substances and putting them into filtrate

Front 33

Which of the following is not a component of the filtration membrane?

a. glomerular endothelial cells

b. podocytes

c. smooth muscle

d. basal lamina

Back 33

c. smooth muscle

Front 34

How does the filtration membrane prevent certain substances from entering the filtrate?

Back 34

The membrane is formed of a single layer of cells, but these cells have tiny gaps in them that allow certain sized substances to pass through them. Things that are too big, like most proteins, and all cells, won't pass through. Things that are small, like water, molecules, and some drugs, will pass through. When your kidneys are damaged, they can swell, and this will widen the holes. This allows more things to pass through

Front 35

Which of the following is true?

a.The fluid and solutes in the filtrate have been removed from the blood and are located in the renal tubules.

b. The filtration membrane allows blood cells and other large substances to pass but prevents small substances from moving through it.

c. Tubular secretion involves the reclamation of substances in the filtrate and their return to the blood.

d. Substances such as glucose, proteins, and erythrocytes are secreted into the filtrate.

Back 35

a. The fluid and solutes in the filtrate have been removed from the blood and are located in the renal tubules.

Front 36

Urinalysis can tell you

a.if there is an infection in the kidney or urinary tract

b.if blood sugar is elevated. if a person is dehydrated

c.if a person’s kidneys function normally

d.All of the above.

Back 36

all of the above

Front 37

Which of the following substances would you expect to find in normal urine?

a. glucose

b. proteins

c. urea

d. ketons

e. nitrites

Back 37

a. glucose

Front 38

Fill in the blanks:

The nervous system works through secretion of ___, whereas the endocrine system works via secretion of _____.

Back 38

Neurotransmitters

Front 39

Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?

a. Produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

b. Stimulates production and release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

c. Stimulates production and release of hormones from the posterior pituitary

d. Inhibits the production and release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

Back 39

????

Front 40

Which of the following endocrine organs are part of the diencephalon?

a. Hypothalamus

b. Pineal gland

c. Thymus

d. Both a and b are correct.

e. Both b and c are correct.

Back 40

d. a&b hypothalamus & pineal gland

Front 41

Which of the following sets of hormones are antagonists?

a. T3 and T4

b. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

c. Epinephrine and cortisol

d. Growth hormone and thyroxine

Back 41

b. calcitonin & parathyroid hormone

Front 42

melatonin secretes?

Back 42

Pineal gland

Front 43

Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, and calcitonin secretes?

Back 43

thyroid gland

Front 44

secretes insulin & glucogen

Back 44

pancreas

Front 45

Secretes Thymosin and thymopoietin

Back 45

thymus

Front 46

Secretes parathyroid hormones

Back 46

parathyroid glands

Front 47

Secretes steroid hormones

Back 47

adrenal cortex

Front 48

Secretes Thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone

Back 48

anterior pituitary

Front 49

Secretes Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 49

adrenal medulla

Front 50

Which of the following is not true regarding endocrine organ histology?

a. The thyroid gland consists of rings of simple cuboidal follicle cells surrounding colloid.

b. The pancreas has an exocrine portion consisting of pancreatic islets and an endocrine portion consisting of acinar cells.

c. The adrenal cortex has three zones of cells that secrete three different types of hormones.

d. The adrenal medulla is modified nervous tissue of the sympathetic nervous system.

Back 50

b. The pancreas has an exocrine portion consisting of pancreatic islets and an endocrine portion consisting of acinar cells.

Front 51

What is a negative feedback loop? Cite an example of a negative feedback loop in the endocrine system.

Back 51

-information about the hormone or the effects of that hormone is fed back to the gland that "gets it all going"

-The pattern of ACTH and cortisol secretion is one example of negative feedback loop.

Front 52

What is the stimulus hormone for glucagon

Back 52

low blood pressure

Front 53

What is the stimulus hormone for Calcitonin?

Back 53

high blood calcium

Front 54

What is the stimulus hormone for parathyroid hormone?

Back 54

low blood calcium

Front 55

What is the stimulus hormone for Thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T4 and T3)?

Back 55

TSH

Front 56

What is the stimulus hormone for Cortisol?

Back 56

ACTH

Front 57

What is the stimulus hormone for Antidiuretic hormone?

Back 57

kidneys

Front 58

List the target that effects Insulin?

Back 58

high blood pressure

Front 59

List the target that effects Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):

Back 59

stress

Front 60

List the target that effects Growth hormones?

Back 60

muscle, bone, almost all tissue

Front 61

List the target that effects prolactin?

Back 61

pregnancy & nipple stimulation

Front 62

List the target that effects oxytocin?

Back 62

uterus

mammary glands

Front 63

List the target that effects Thymosin?

Back 63

immune development

Front 64

Which of the following statements about meiosis is false?

a. Gametes proceed through two rounds of cell division.

b. Crossover occurs during meiosis, which increases genetic diversity.

c. The DNA replicates before both meiosis I and meiosis II.

d. Meiosis is carried out only in the gonads to produce gametes.

Back 64

The DNA replicates before both meiosis I and meiosis II

Front 65

Fill in the blanks:

The daughter cells produced by mitosis are______ with_____ set(s) of chromosomes, whereas the gametes produced by meiosis are ____ with _____ set(s) of chromosomes.

Back 65

identical

2

different

4

Front 66

Number the following events of spermatogenesis in the proper order, with number 1 next to the first event and number 4 next to the final event.

_____ Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to produce two secondary spermatocytes. _____ The two secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to produce four haploid spermatids.

_____ Spermatogonia divide into more spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. _____ Spermatogonia undergo repeated rounds of mitosis.

Back 66

1. Spermatogonia undergoes repeated rounds of mitosis.

2. Spermatogonia divide into more spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

3. Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 to produced to secondary spermatocytes

4. The two secondary spermicides undergo meiosis to produce four haploid spermatid

Front 67

Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis and oogenesis is false?

a. Meiosis II does not complete in oogenesis unless fertilization takes place.

b. Meiosis I begins during the fetal period but is arrested in oogenesis.

c. Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and continues throughout the male’s lifetime, whereas the total number of oocytes a woman will produce is determined before birth.

d. Spermatogenesis results in one spermatid and two polar bodies, whereas oogenesis results in four ova.

Back 67

Spermatogenesis results in one spermatid and two polar bodies, whereas oogenesis results in four ova.

Front 68

Spermatids migrate to the __________ to mature.

a. vas (ductus) deferens

b. epididymis

c. seminal vesicle

d. prostate gland

Back 68

epididymis

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