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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Diabetes Mellitus type 1
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a. “Juvenile” onset
b. viral or immune destruction of Beta cells (sometimes see fibrosis) c. Assoc /c HLA DR3 & 4 d. No/Low insulin -> pt will need insulin e. Classic signs of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, thirst and wt loss, DKA f. Low or NO C-peptide will be present |
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2. Diabetes Mellitus type 2
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a. “adult” onset ^ resistance to insulin
b. can see amyloid deposits /c Beta cells c. Variable insulin levels → trx to ^ insulin sensitivity d. Assoc w/ wt gain and familial e. Sometimes classic symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, thirst, & wt loss, hyperosmolar coma f. C-peptide will be present |
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3. Thyroglossal duct cyst
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a. Thyroid arises from the flow of the primitive pharynx and descends to the neck.
b. Thyroid is connected to the tongue by the thyroglossal duct. c. Thyroglossal duct normally disappears but may persist as a lobe of the thyroid gland. d. Thyrossal duct cyst is usually midline neck and will move /c swallowing. e. MC thyroid anomaly & does not alter thyroid fxn |
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4. Sheehan’s necrosis ( postpartum pituitary necrosis)
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a. Enlargement of the anterior pituitary during pregnancy ( ^ lactotrophs)
b. WithOUT corresponding ^ blood supply → ^ risk of infarction ( ischemic necrosis c. Infarction → sever bleeding & hypoperfusion during delivery d. S/Sx: fatigue, anorexia, poor lacation, & loss of pubic & axillary hair, and Sudden stop of lactation |
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5. Adrenal neoplasms
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a. MC tumor of adrenal medulla in children is Neuroblastoma
b. Can occur anywhere along the sympathetic chain c. HVA is a bd product of dopamine will be in urine. d. Less likely to develop HTN than a pheochromocytoma. |
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6. Insulinoma
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a. Islet cell adenoma that secretes excess insulin
b. S/Sx: Hypoglycemia, anxiety, & hunger. May be severe: seizures, coma & death c. Rare & Benign, usually occur as single small tumors in adults d. Assoc /c MEN 1 |
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7. Parathyroid neoplasm aka parathyroid adenoma
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a. Hypercalcemia (renal stones), hypercalciuria, hypophosphatemia,
b. ^ PTH, ^ alkaline phosphatase, ^ cAMP in urine c. Often asymptomatic or may present /c “Stones, bones, & groans” d. Can also see Osteitis fibrosa cystica – cystic bone spaces filled /c brown fibrous tissue (bone pain) e. Shortened QT segments and depressed T waves |
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8. Pituitary adenoma
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a. MC is a prolactinoma
b. Findings: amenorrhea, galactorrhea, low libido, infertility, h/a, c. Can impinge on the optic chiasm → loss of vision (Biotemporal hemianopia or tunnel vision) d. Bromocriptine or a dopamine agonist can decrease the size |
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9. Pituitary nonfunctioning tumor
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a. Mostly gonadotroph cell origin & do not secrete hormones.
b. Usually large at time of diagnosis c. Presents: h/a, visual field defects, and hypopituitarism |
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10. Craniopharyngioma
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a. MC Benign childhood tumor
b. Can cause bitemporal hemianopsia (so may get confused /c pituitary adenoma) c. Derived from remnants of Rathke’s pouch (Anterior Pituitary) d. Often see calcification (tooth like enamel) |
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11. Thyroid adenoma
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a. Localized Benign tumor of the thyroid
b. Derived from follicular epithelium c. Usually solitary, well defined, intact capsule (distinguishes it from multinodular goiter) d. May be functional (toxic thyroid adenomas) → Secretes large amounts of thyroid hormone → hyperthyroidism |
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12. Follicular Thyroid carcinoma
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a. Good prognosis
b. Uniform follicles c. Vascular & lymph invasion |
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13. Papillary Thyroid carcinoma
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a. MC and excellent prognosis
b. Histo: “ground glass” nuclei, Orphan Annie nuclei, psomomma bodies, nuclear grooves c. ^ risk w/ childhood radiation |
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14. Medullary thyroid carcinoma
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a. From parafollicular “C”cells
b. Produces CALCITONIN c. Histo: sheets of cells in amyloid stroma d. Assoc /c MEN 2a & 2b |
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15. Euthyroid goiter
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a. Aka nontoxic goiter
b. A goiter without thyroid hormone dysfunction |
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16. Gastrinoma
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a. Parietal cells
b. Gastrin secreting tumor c. Causes continuous high levels of acid secretion d. Dec Stomach pH → Ulcers |
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17. MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasm) Type 1
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a. Aka Wermer’s syndrome
b. Presents /c Kidney stones & stomach ulcers c. Autosomal Dominant d. Characteristics - 3P’s (Pancreas, Pituitary, & Parathyroid) e. 1) Pancreas endocrine tumor (any tumor that secretes pancreatic stuff, ex: insulinoma, VIPoma, glucagonoma, gastrin secreting tumor) f. 2) Pituitary tumor (MC is prolactinoma or may be a GH adenoma) g. 3) Parathyroid tumors |
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18. MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasm) Type 2A
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a. Aka Sipple’s syndrome
b. Autosomal Dominant and is assoc /c ret gene c. Characteristics - 2P’s (Parathyroid & Pheochromocytoma) d. 1) Parathyroid tumors e. 2) Pheochromocytoma f. 3) Medullary Thyroid carcinoma (secretes calcitonin) |
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19. MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasm) Type 2B
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a. Oral/ Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis
b. Autosomal dominant and assoc /c ret gene c. Characteristics - 1P (Pheochromocytoma) d. 1) Pheochromocytoma e. 2) medullary thyroid carcinoma (secretes calcitonin) |
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20. Pheochromocytoma
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a. MC tumor of adrenal gland in adults
b. Tumors secrete epinephrine, NE, & dopamine and can cause episodic HTN c. See urinary VMA ( a b/d product of NE) & high plasma catecholamines d. Assoc /c MEN 2a & 2b e. Symptoms occur in “spells” so relapse and remitting. Episodic hyperadrenergic symptoms ( 5 P’s) Pressure ( HTN), Pain (h/a), Perspiration, Palpitations, Pallor |
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21. Infectious Thyroiditis
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a. aka Subacute (deQuervain, granulomatous) thyroiditis
b. caused by viral infection : MC coxsackie or mumps c. Follows a self-limited course of several wks duration flu-like illness /c pain & tenderness around the thyroid d. More common in Women e. A focal destruction of thyroid tissue and granulomatous inflammation |
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22. Waterhouse- Friderichsen Syndrome
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a. Acute adrenocortical insufficiency dt adrenal hemorrhage
b. Assoc /c Neisseria meningitides septicemia c. Also see DIC & endotoxic shock |
