1. Basic Concepts Of Ethics

Front 1

What is philosophy?

Back 1

Philia = Love

Sophia = Wisdom

LOVE OF WISDOM

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It is a strong desire for a particular concept.

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Love

Front 3

It is the correct application of knowledge.

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Wisdom

Front 4

What are the Branches of Philosophy?

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• Metaphysics

• Logic

• Axiology

• Ethics

• Aesthetics

Front 5

What is the ultimate nature of reality, what is real and exists?

Back 5

Metaphysics

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What is the nature of knowledge?

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Epistemology

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What examines ideas in an orderly manner and systematic way?

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Logic

Front 8

What is the nature of values?

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Axiology

Front 9

What are the 2 types of Axiology?

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Ethics and Aesthetics

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It is the issues of right and wrong, responsibility, and standards of conduct?

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Ethics

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It is the nature of beauty and art.

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Aesthetics

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It is conscious, free, and intentional.

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Human Action

Front 13

What deals with the study of the goodness or evilness of an act that is done consciously, freely, and intentionally?

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Ethics

Front 14

What asks what morality actually is?

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Meta-ethics

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What provides a framework for deciding what is right and wrong?

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Normative Ethics

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What attempts to apply ethical framework to real-life situations?

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Applied Ethics

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"Is it wrong to kill?"

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Meta-ethics

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"Is it wrong to kill one person to save many lives? (Utilitarianism)"

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Normative Ethics

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"Is death penalty wrong?"

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Applied Ethics

Front 20

What is a branch of philosophy that focuses on morality and the way in which moral principles are applied to everyday life?

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Ethics

Front 21

1. Ethics allows you to live an authentic life.

2. Ethics makes you more successful.

3. Ethics allows you to cultivate inner peace.

4. Ethics provides for a stable society.

5. Ethics may help out in the afterlife.

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The importance of studying ethics

Front 22

What is a situation where a person is forced to choose between two or more conflicting options, neither of which is acceptable?

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Dilemma

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If a person is in a difficult situation but is not forced to choose between two or more options, then that person is?

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Not in a dilemma.

Front 24

Who are those in ethics, where there are situations where persons, who are forced to choose between two or more conflicting options, neither of which resolves the situation in a morally acceptable manner?

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"Moral Agents"

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What are the 3 Levels of Moral Dilemmas?

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Individual – happens when a person is faced with a decision that may press against his personal values or beliefs.Running through a red light while trying to drive someone who is critically injured to the hospitalOrganizational – happens when there is inconsistency between individual needs and aspirations on the one hand, and the collective purpose of the organization on the other.Employee favoritism: When one employee gets undue chances or opportunities over othersStructural – happens when there are inconsistencies in the structural arrangement and mechanisms in the system.Manipulating the drug industry to control the prices of medicines

Front 26

What happens when a person is faced with a decision that may press against his personal values or beliefs.Running through a red light while trying to drive someone who is critically injured to the hospital?

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Individual

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What happens when there is inconsistency between individual needs and aspirations on the one hand, and the collective purpose of the organization on the other?

Employee favoritism: When one employee gets undue chances or opportunities over others.

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Organizational

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What happens when there are inconsistencies in the structural arrangement and mechanisms in the system. Manipulating the drug industry to control the prices of medicines?

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Structural

Front 29

What is the ethical action is the one that provides the most good or does the least harm, or, to put it another way, produces the greatest balance of good over harm?

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The Utilitarian Approach

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What is the ethical action is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of those affected?

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The Rights Approach

Front 31

What is the ethical action treats all human beings equally -- or if unequally, then fairly, based on some standard that is defensible?

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The Fairness or Justice Approach

Front 32

It is action is ethical when it contributes to the welfare of everyone.

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The Common Good Approach

Front 33

What ethical actions ought to be consistent with certain ideal virtues (Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, tolerance, love, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self- control, and prudence) that provide for the full development of our humanity?

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The Virtue Approach

Front 34

One very important element by which human conduct is determined and assessed in terms of its morality is in reference to a?

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NORM

Front 35

According to _______ in his book The Ground and Norm of Morality, ‘what is proper’, or ‘what is good and right’ and other similar expressions, ‘we can identify and differentiate at least four types of norms or standards within the ethos or mores or a morality.

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Ramon Reyes

Front 36

What are the 4 types of Norms?

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1. Technical Norm

2. Societal Norm

3. Aesthetic Norm

4. Ethical or Moral Norm

Front 37

What refers mainly to techniques of how certain things pertaining to man's survival should be done and not done; and thus, the community prescribes certain proper ways of working and doing things?

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Technical Norm

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"That is the proper way to do the dishes."

"Your manner of dribbling the ball is bad."

"You ought to do the PowerPoint presentation this way."

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Technical Norm

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What has something to do with the need for group cohesionand for strengthening the bonds that keep the community together?

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Societal Norm

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"You should knock first before you open the door."

"One should not pick one's nose in public."

"One should follow the rituals before one is accepted in a fraternity."

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Societal Norm

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What refers to typical perceptual forms regarding color, shape, space, movement, sound, feeling and emotion, touch and texture, taste, scent and odor?

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Aesthetic Norm

Front 42

"Pop music is good.""The food at the canteen is terrible.""Vice Ganda's fashion sense is outrageaus.

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Aesthetic Norm

Front 43

What refers to some ideal vision of a human person, an ideal stage or perfection, which serves as the ultimate goal and norm?

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Ethical or Moral Norm

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What are the "non-negotiable" that a community considers as the ultimate worth, giving sense and direction to human existence?

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Ethical or Moral Norm

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"Cold-blooded murder is immoral." "Usurping one's property is wrong." "Cheating in romantic relationships is reprehensible."

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Ethical or Moral Norm

Front 46

To be able to identify and differentiate the various types of norms _____________________ we encounter as well as ___________________.

Back 46

~ allows us to render critical assessment on certain moral issues and actions.

~ allows us to have a “rough guide as to what belongs to a discussion of ethics.”

Front 47

What are norms that individuals or groups have about the kinds of actions believed to be morally right or wrong, as well as the values placed on what we believed to be morally good or morally bad?

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Moral Standards

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What do moral standards normally promote? That is, the welfare and well-being of humans as well as animals and the environment.

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"The Good"

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These are concerned with the behaviors that are of serious consequences to human welfare.

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Moral Standards

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These are concerned with the behaviors that are not of serious consequences to human welfare.

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Non-Moral Standards

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Examples:

• Stealing

• Lying

• Murder

• Helping an injured person

• Helping a needy person

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Moral Standards

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Examples:

• Wearing shorts to a formal dinner party

• Coming in informal dress to office

• Attending calls during a meeting

• Talking while the mouth is full

• Saying thank you to someone

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Non-Moral Standards

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To be able to distinguish moral standards from non-moral ones, of course, through the aid of the principles and theories in ethics, ____________________________________

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~ we will be able to identify fundamental ethical values that may guide our actions.

Front 54

What is the branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right and wrong?

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Ethics

Front 55

What explores the nature of morality and examines how people should live their lives in relation to others?

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Ethics

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Etymologically, ethics is derived from the Greek word “______” roughly translated in English as a customary way and manner of acting and behaving.

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"Ethos"

Front 57

The Latin equivaled for custom is “___” or “_____” from which is derived the term “moral” and “morality.”

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“Mos” or “Mores”

Front 58

According to ______, “But in ethics, we specifically study morality. Morality gives ethics a particular perspective of what to study about—that is the rectitude of whether an act is good or bad, right or wrong. Morality provides ethics with a quality that determines and distinguishes right conduct from wrong conduct.”

Back 58

Sambajon (2007:7)

Front 59

But while ethics provides the person with the knowledge of the morality of human acts, knowing does not necessarily lead to doing. Learning about ethics does not guarantee a moral person. It is morality that actualizes the theory – ethics is the word and morality, the flesh. “As ethics outlines theories of right and wrong and good or bad actions, morality translates these theories into real actions. Thus, morality is nothing else but a doing of ethics.“

Back 59

(Babor 1999:9)

Front 60

What are the 3 branches of ethics?

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1. Meta-ethics

2. Normative ethics

3. Applied ethics

Front 61

What investigates big picture questions such as, “What is morality?” “What is justice?” “Is there truth?” and “How can I justify my beliefs as better than conflicting beliefs held by others?”

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Meta-ethics

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What answers the question of what we ought to do. Normative ethics focuses on providing a framework for deciding what is right and wrong?

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Normative ethics

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What are the 3 common frameworks?

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Deontology, Utilitarianism, and Virtue Ethics

Front 64

What addresses specific, practical issues of moral importance such as war and capital punishment. It also tackles specific moral challenges that people face daily, such as whether they should lie to help a friend or co-worker?

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Applied ethics

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What is the foundation of our laws?

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Ethics

Front 66

Who says that “…it is because of ethics that we laws in the first place, and we continue to need ethics to refine and perfect our legal system.” Morality precedes legality. Ethics and Religion.

Back 66

Ruggiero (2001:9)

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"…most religions have a long history of internal arguments and interpretations about the nature and content of the moral law."

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(MacKinnon & Fiala, 2015:26)

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“…contemporary philosophers believe that ethics does not necessarily require a religious grounding. “

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MacKinnon & Fiala further

Front 69

What states that character matters above all else. Living an ethical life, or acting rightly, requires developing and demonstrating the virtues of courage, compassion, wisdom, and temperance. It also requires the avoidance of vices like greed, jealousy, and selfishness?

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VIRTUE ETHICS

Front 70

What holds that the amount of happiness and suffering created by a person’s actions is what really matters. Thus, acting rightly involves—maximizing the amount of happiness and minimizing the amount of suffering around us. Sometimes we may even need to break some of the traditional moral rules to achieve such an outcome?

Back 70

UTILITARIANISM

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What emphasizes the principles behind actions rather than an action’s results. Acting rightly thus requires being motivated by proper universal principles that treat everyone with respect. When we are motivated by the right principles, we overcome animal instincts and act ethically?

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KANTIANISM

Front 72

What proposes thinking about ethics in terms of agreements between people. Doing the right thing means abiding by the agreements that the members of a rational society would choose. So for contract theorists, ethics isn’t necessarily about character, consequences, or principles?

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CONTRACT THEORY

Front 73

What focuses ethical attention on relationships before other factors. As a result, acting rightly involves building, strengthening, and maintaining strong relationships. Acting rightly thus displays care for others and for the relationships of which they are a part. To care ethicists, relationships are fundamental to ethical thinking?

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CARE ETHICS