*** A&p Ch. 23 Review Questions

Front 1

The nasal cavity

Back 1

Has openings for the paranasal sinuses

Front 2

The larynx

Back 2

- connects the oropharynx to the trachea

- has 3 single and six paired carrilages

- contains the vocal folds

- contains the vestibular folds

Front 3

Terminal bronchioles branch to form

Back 3

Respiratory bronchioles

Front 4

During an asthma attack, a person has difficulty breathing because of constriction of the

Back 4

Trachea

Front 5

During quiet expiration, the

Back 5

Diaphram moves inferiorly

Front 6

The parietal pleura

Back 6

Covers the surface of the lung

Front 7

Contraction of the bronchiolar smooth muscle has which of these effects?

Back 7

It increases resistance to airflow

Front 8

During expiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is

Back 8

Greater than the barometric pressure

Front 9

Normally, which if the following keeps the lungs from collapsing?

Back 9

Surfactant and pleural pressure

Front 10

Immediately after the creation of an opening through the thorax into the pleural cavity,

Back 10

Air flows through the hole and into the pleural cavity

Front 11

Compliance of the lungs and thorax

Back 11

- is the volume by which the lungs and thorax change for each unit change of intra-alveolar pressure.

- increases in emphysema

- decreases because of lack of surfactant

Front 12

Given these lung volumes,

1. Tidal volume: 500ml

2. Residual volume: 1000ml

3. Inspiratory reserve volume: 2500ml

4. Expiratory reserve volume: 1000ml

5. Dead space: 1000ml

The vital capacity is.......

Back 12

4000ml

Front 13

Alveolar ventilation is the

Back 13

Amount of air available for gas exchange in the lungs

Front 14

The rate of diffusion of a gas across the respiratory membrane increases as the

Back 14

Partial pressure gradient of the gas across the respiratory membrane increases

Front 15

Oxygen is mostly transported in the blood

Back 15

Bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin

Front 16

The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is adaptive because it

Back 16

Shifts to the left in the pulmonary capillaries and to the right in the tissue capillaries

Front 17

Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in the blood

Back 17

Within HCO3-

Front 18

The chloride shift

Back 18

Occurs when CI- replaces HCO3- within red blood cells

Front 19

Which of these parts of the brainstem is correctly matched with its main function?

Back 19

Pontine respiratory group - is involved in the switch between inspiration and expiration

Front 20

The chemosensitive area

Back 20

Stimulates the respiratory center when blood CO2 levels increase

Front 21

Blood O2 levels

Back 21

Are detected by sensory receptors in the carotid and aortic bodies

Front 22

2 pairs of vocal folds are found in the _____, which pair are the true vocal cords, superior or inferior?

Back 22

Larynx, Inferior

Front 23

Name the cartilages found in the larynx. Adam's apple, shaped like a ring, a "lid" for the larynx, vocal cord attachment.

Back 23

Adam's apple: thyroid cartilage

Shaped like a ring: cricoid cartilage

A "lid" for the larynx: epiglottis

Vocal cord attachment: arytenoid cartilage

Front 24

Why is it important that the human trachea is reinforced with cartilage rings?

Back 24

Prevents its collapse during pressure changes that occur during breathing

Front 25

Why is it important that the rings are incomplete posteriorly?

Back 25

Allows a food bolus traveling down the posterior esophagus to bulge anteriorly

Front 26

What is the function of the pleural fluid?

Back 26

Reduces friction during breathing movements and helps to hold the lungs tightly to the thorax wall which keeps the lungs inflated

Front 27

Name 2 functions of the nasal conchae

Back 27

Warms and moistens incoming air

Front 28

Referring to the main bronchi,

Which is longer? Which is larger in diameter? Which is more horizontal?

Back 28

Longer: left

Larger in diameter: right

More horizontal: left

Front 29

Referring to the main bronchi, which more commonly traps a foreign object that has entered the respiratory passageways?

Back 29

Right

Front 30

Trace a molecule of oxygen from the nostrils to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs

Back 30

Nostrils to nasal cavity

To pharynx to larynx

To trachea to primary bronchus

To tertiary (secondary) bronchi

To respiratory bronchiole

To alveolar duct to alveolar sac

To across alveolar/capillary wall

To pulmonary blood

Front 31

Connects the larynx to the main bronchi

Back 31

Trachea

Front 32

Includes terminal and respiratory as subtypes

Back 32

Bronchiole

Front 33

Food passageway posterior to the trachea

Back 33

Esophagus

Front 34

Covers the glottis during swallowing of food

Back 34

Epiglottis

Front 35

Contains the vocal cords

Back 35

Larynx

Front 36

Nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration

Back 36

Phrenic nerve

Front 37

Pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax

Back 37

Parietal pleura

Front 38

Site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood

Back 38

Alveolus

Front 39

Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

Back 39

Pharyngotympanic tube

Front 40

Contains opening between the vocal cords

Back 40

Glottis

Front 41

Increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity

Back 41

Conchae

Front 42

Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

Back 42

Palate

Front 43

What portions of the respiratory system are referred to as dead space?

Back 43

Conducting zone? All but the respiratory zone structures because no gas exchange occurs

Front 44

Define External respiration

Back 44

Exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane in the lungs

Front 45

Define internal respiration

Back 45

Exchange of respiratory gases between the blood of the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells of the body

Front 46

Why does oxygen move from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood?

Back 46

Because the partial pressure of O2 is greater in the alveoli; therefore it moves according to the laws of diffusion into the pulmonary blood.

Front 47

Under what internal conditions does air tend to flow into the lungs?

Back 47

When thoracic volume increases and pressure decreases

Front 48

Under what internal conditions does air tend to flow out of the lungs?

Back 48

When thoracic volume decreases and pressure increases. Gases move in the direction that tends to equalize pressure inside and outside the "container"

Front 49

Which of the respiratory sounds is heard during both inhalation and exhalation?

Back 49

Bronchial

Front 50

Volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration

Back 50

Residual volume

Front 51

Volume of air that can be expired forcefully after a normal expiration

Back 51

Expiratory reserve volume

Front 52

Volume of air that is breathed in and out during a normal respiration

Back 52

Tidal volume

Front 53

Volume of air corresponding to TV + IRV + ERV

Back 53

Vital capacity

Front 54

Ventilation vs perfusion

Back 54

Ventilation: movement of air into the lungs- inspiration and expiration

Perfusion aka respiration: transfer of air from lungs to blood- internal and external