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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 4 pressures in the thoracic cavity? |
Atmospheric- air surrounding body Intrapulmonary- in alveoli Intrapleual- in the pleural cavity Transpulmonary- keeps lung spaces open |
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Plugged bronchioles which cause collapse of alveoli or pneumothorax |
Atelectasis |
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Air in the pleural cavity |
Pneumothorax |
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2 mechanical processes in pulmonary ventilation |
Inspiration: diaphram and intercoastal muscles Expiration: quiet breathing |
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Accessory respiratory muscles |
Valsalva maneuver: childbirth, urination, defecation, vomiting. Non respiratory air movements: coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, yawning. |
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3 laws in ventilation (B, C, D) |
Boyle's law: pressure inversely proportional to volume Charles law: volume of gas directly proportional to temp. Dalton's law: partial pressures of gases |
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What law consists of gas mixtures, not law of ventilation |
Henry's law: gas mixtures in contact with liquid. Solubility and temp. |
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3 factors influencing pulmonary ventilation |
1. Airway resistance: diameter of bronchioles. BRONCHODILATION= stim. by epinephrine & sympathetic stim. BRONCHOCONSTRICTION= stim. by histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air, chemical irritants. 2. Pulmonary compliance: ease that lungs can expand 3. Surface tension: surfactant |
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Which cells produce surfactant? |
Type II alveolar cells |
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What causes infant inspiratory distress syndrome? |
Insufficient quantity of surfactant |
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What are the 4 respiratory volumes? |
1. Tidal volume: volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing. 2. Inspiratory reserve volume: air in excess of TV that can be inhaled w/ max. effort. 3. Expiratory reserve volume: air in excess of TV that can be exhaled w/ max. effort. 4. Residual volume: air remaining in lungs after max. expiration |
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Averages for respiratory volumes |
1. Tidal volume: 500ml 2. Inspiratory reserve volume: 3000ml 3. Expiratory reserve volume: 1200ml 4. Residual volume: 1300ml |
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4 respiratory capacities |
1. Vital capacity: total amount of air that can be inhaled then exhaled w/ max. effort. 2. Inspiratory capacity: max. amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration. 3. Functional residual capacity: amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration. 4. Total lung capacity: max. amount of air the lungs can contain |
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Averages for respiratory capacities |
1. Vital capacity: 4700ml 2. Inspiratory capacity: 3500ml 3. Functional residual capacity: 2500ml 4. Total lung capacity: 6000ml |
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Measurement of ventilation, measures volume and capacities, rate and depth of breathing, speed of expiration and rate of O2 consumption |
Spirometer |
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Pulmonary function tests can test |
Obstructive pulmonary disease: increased airway resistance (bronchitis), TLC, FRC, RV may increase. Restrictive disorders: reduced TLC, FRC, RV, VC declines. |
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Pulmonary function tests that measure rate of gas movements |
Forced vital capacity: amount of gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath. Forced expiratory volume: amount of gas expelled during specific time interval of FVC. |
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What is alveolar ventilation rate, what is minute ventilation? |
Alveolar ventilation rate: Flow of gases into and out of alveoli during particular time. Better indicator of effective ventilation. Minute ventilation: total amount of gas that flows into and out of respiratory tract in one minute. Only rough estimate of respiratory efficiency. |
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Inspiration/expiration vs perfusion/respiration |
Inspiration/expiration= movement of air into lungs. Perfusion/respiration= transfer of air from lungs to blood (internal/external respiration) |
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Internal/external respiration |
Internal respiration: diffusion of gases between blood and tissues. Tissue PO2 is always lower than in arterial blood PO2. Tissue PCO2 is always higher than arterial blood PCO2. External respiration: diffusion of gases between blood and lungs. Involves ventilation-perfusion coupling: perfusion= BF reaching alveoli, controlled by PO2, changing diameters of arterioles. Ventilation= amount of gas reaching alveoli, controlled by PCO2, changing diameters of bronchioles. |
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At what atm can O2 be breathed safely? |
2atm. |
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Pulmonary disease that reduces alveolar surface area |
Emphysema |
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When ventilation is less than perfusion, when ventilation is greater than perfusion |
When ventilation is less than perfusion: pulmonary arterioles serving these alveoli CONSTRICT. decreased ventilation and decreased perfusion. When ventilation is greater than perfusion: pulmonary arterioles serving these alveoli DIALATE. Increased ventilation and increased perfusion. |
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In O2 transport, what % is dissolved in plasma and what % is loosely bound to each FE of hemoglobin in RBCs? |
1.5% dissolved in plasma 98.5% loosely bound to each FE of hemoglobin in RBCs. |
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In O2 transport, how many O2 per Hb? |
4 O2 per Hb |
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Oxyhemoglobin |
Hemoglobin - O2 combination |
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Reduced hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) |
Hemoglobin that has released O2 |
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Unloading of O2, factors that influence hemoglobin saturation |
PO2, temp., blood PH, PCO2, concentration of BPG. |
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Venous reserve |
O2 remaining in venous blood that can still be used (Hb is still 75% saturated) |
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Hypoxia |
Inadequate O2 delivery to tissues, based on the cause, can lead to cyanosis |
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4 types of hypoxia |
1. Anemic hypoxia: too few RBCs or abnormal/too little Hb. 2. Ischemic hypoxia: impaired or blocked circulation. 3. Hypoxemic hypoxia: cells unable to use O2 as in metabolic poisons. 4. Carbon monoxide poisoning: esp. from fire, Hb has 200x greater affinity for carbon monoxide than O2. |
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What are the 3 ways CO2 is transported? |
* 7-10% dissolved in plasma * 20% bound to globin of HB (carbaminohemoglobin) * 70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma |
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What does the carbon acid-bicarbonate buffer system do? |
Helps blood resist changes in pH (H+ concentrations) |
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How do changes in respiratory rate and depth affect blood pH? |
* Slow, shallow breathing cause increase in CO2 in blood, resulting in decrease of pH. * Deep breathing causes decrease in CO2, resulting in increase of pH. - Breathing plays major role in acid base balance |
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Where does transport and exchange of CO2 occur? |
Primarily in RBCs where carbon anhydrase reversibly and rapidly catalyzes reaction. CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid (HCO3) which quickly dissolves. |
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What is the chloride shift? |
In transport and exchange of CO2, an outrush of HCO3- from RBCs is balanced as Cl- moves into RBCs from plasma. - in systemic capillaries, after HCO3- is created, it quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma. - in pulmonary capillaries, the processes occur in reverse, and diffuse into alveoli. |
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What areas 3 main controls of respiration? |
Involves higher brain centers, chemoreceptorsa and other reflexes. - neural controls: neurons in medulla and Pons. - medullary respiratory centers: - ventral respiratory group: rhythm generating and integrative center. Sets up eupnea. Its inspiratory neurons excite inspiratory muscles via PHRENIC (diaphram) and intercostal nerves. - dorsal respiratory group: near root of cranial nerve IX, integrates input from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors, send information to VRG. - pontine respiratory centers: neurons here influence and modify activity to VRG only. |
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What is hyperventilation, what is hypocapnia and hypercapnia? |
Hyperventilation: increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeded body's need to remove CO2. Lead to: Hypocapnia: pCO2 less than 37mmHg. Most commonn cause of alkalosis. decreased CO2 levels which causes cerebral vasoconstriction and ischemia. Dizziness, fainting. Treatment= breathing into paper bag, increasing CO2. Hypercapnia: pCO2 greater than 43mmHg. Most common cause of acidosis. |
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What is alkalosis and acidosis? |
Alkalosis: blood pH higher than 7.45 Acidosis: blood pH lower than 7.35 |