A & P - Review Questions

Front 1

Define diffusion?

Back 1

The movement of a substance from and area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Front 2

Define Osmosis?

Back 2

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration. This is in an attempt to balance the solution.

Front 3

Explain ATP?

Back 3

Molecule manufactured by cells and used to transfer energy in the cell.

Front 4

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

Back 4

Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System and Autonomic nervous system

Front 5

Define the PNS?

Back 5

Consists of nerves. Delivers information to the CNS (via afferent nerves) and then the CNS conveys commands to the body (via efferent nerves). This system is broken down into Somatic and Autonomic.

Front 6

Explain the CNS?

Back 6

Consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord. It recieves information from the body and decides the response.

Front 7

What are the regions of the brain?

Back 7

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, and the Diencephalon.

Front 8

What does the brainstem consist of?

Back 8

Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata.

Front 9

What does the diencephalons consist of?

Back 9

Thalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus and pituitary gland.

Front 10

Describe the ANS?

Back 10

The Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary body functions. It is broken down into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

Front 11

Define homeostasis?

Back 11

The body system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition of properties like temperature or pH.

Front 12

What are the main functions of the liver?

Back 12

It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. Also glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells.

Front 13

Main functions of the spleen?

Back 13

Important in the manufacture of antibodies and the functioning of the immune system, also removes old red blood cells. Part of the blood is metabolized to bilirubin which is sent to the liver for removal.

Front 14

Main functions of the pancreas?

Back 14

Secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum and secretes insulin from the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans and glucagon from the alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans.

Front 15

Lobes of the brain?

Back 15

Frontal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and Parietal Lobe.

Front 16

What is the main function of the gallbladder?

Back 16

Store the bile that is produced by the liver until it is needed in the duodenum.

Front 17

What are the main components of a neuron?

Back 17

Dendrite- receives neurotransmitters from the axon terminal
Nucleus- receives message from dendrite, sends down axon terminal
Axon- transmits the message to the axon terminal
Axon terminal - releases neurotransmitter across synapse
Myelin sheath- wraps around axon insulation, speeds up rate of conduction of charge - consists of schwann cells.

Front 18

List the types of neuroglia cells?

Back 18

All neuroglia or glial cells either provide support or maintain the functioning environment of the neurons.

Astrocytes - Provide support and remove excess ions
Oligodendrocytes - Produce the myelin sheath
Ependymal cells - secrete CSF
Microglial
Schwann cells - myelin sheath in the PNS

Front 19

Describe what happens at a synapse?

Back 19

1) Nerve impulse reaches the synapse at the end of the axon.

2) Vesicles are released containing a neurotransmitter from the pre synaptic cleft.

3) Neurotransmitter such as acetylcholine crosses the synaptic cleft.

4) Neurotransmitter binds with the receptor molecules on the post synaptic cleft.

5) The impulse is initiated in the dendrite and continues its path or stimulates its target such as a muscle.

Front 20

Name the neurotransmitters of the ANS?

Back 20

Parasympathetic - Acetylcholine - stimulates muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

Sympathetic - Norepinephrine and Epinephrine stimulates adrenergic receptors. Also ACh at the preganglionic part

Front 21

Name the chambers of the heart and the valves?

Back 21

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Tricuspid, Bicuspid, aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary semilunar valve

Front 22

Describe how the electrical system works in the heart?

Back 22

The SA node send a signal through the intra atrial pathways to the AV node causing the Atria to contact.

The AV node delays the impulse long enough for the ventricles to fill and the signal passes down through the bundle of his and into the bundle branches.

This causes the ventricles the depolarize and contract. The signal continues through the right and left branches and terminates in the purkinji network.

Front 23

Describe aerobic metabolism?

Back 23

Aerobic respiration requires O2 in order to metabolize nutrients to form energy in the form of ATP.

Front 24

What does the lymphatic system do?

Back 24

Helps absorb fat from the digestive system, maintain fluid balance in the body and fight infection.

Front 25

What are the sensory nerves (also known as?) and motor nerves (also known as?)

Back 25

Sensory = Afferent
Motor = Efferent

Front 26

What is the main function of the endocrine system

Back 26

Communication and control system for the body. Works usually at a slower rate than the nervous system. Communicates through the production and release of protein hormones which bind with receptors on target tissue. Helps to maintain homeostasis within the body.

Front 27

What is Negative and positive feedback?

Back 27

Negative feedback is where a mechanism or process continues until a desired effect or level has been reached and then the mechanism or process stops.

A positive feedback is where a mechanism continues functioning until a desired endpoint has been reached.

Front 28

What are the sections of the large intestine and small intestine?

Back 28

Small - Duodenum, Jujenun and the Ilium
Large - Ascending, Transverse, Descending and Sigmoid. The Cecum is where the small intestine meets the colon.

Front 29

What are Types of cellular transport?

Back 29

Active, Passive, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

Front 30

How does the Renin - Angiotensin system work?

Back 30

Renin is released by the kidneys in response to changes in blood pressure, blood flow and the amount of sodium in the tubular fluid and the glomerular filtration rate.

Front 31

What happens?

Back 31

Reduced Blood Volume, Hypotension, or Low Sodium cause the release of Renin. This converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. This is converted to Angiotensin II. The angiotensin II stimulates the release of the adrenal hormone aldosterone. This increases the salt and water retention by the renal tubules. Also constricts blood vessels slowing the blood flow glomerular filtration rate helping to restore blood pressure and volume.

Front 32

List the types of cytoplasmic organelles?

Back 32

Mitochondria = production of ATP Endoplasmic reticulum = building proteins, lipids and fats
Gogli apparatus= synthesis and packaging of carbs and complex proteins.
Lysosomes= Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes