In conclusion, women consistently outperform men on tasks that require remembering items that are verbal in nature or can be verbally labeled. Also, women excel on tasks requiring little or no verbal processing, such as recognition of unfamiliar odors or faces. Similarly, there is a male advantage on episodic-memory tasks requiring visuospatial processing. These findings suggest that women’s episodic-memory advantage can increase or be reversed, depending on the nature of the material to be remembered. For example, if the material is verbal or evokes women’s attention (e.g., female faces), women outperform men, whereas men outperform women on visuospatial episodic memory tasks (e.g., remembering a route). So, to answer the question who have
