Although they expressed themselves differently, Hughes and Martin Luther King shared the same dreams and hopes that initially were brought forth during the time of the Renaissance. Brave, hardworking, and dedicated were the souls involved in the movement whom which, allowed reformers to come and believers in black culture to have possessed the foothold they had in society and in further bettering the lives and treatment of African Americans. One reformer by the name of Marcus Garvey established the Universal Negro Movement Association. Founded during the 20’s, the organization made a gateway for new programs that targeted blacks’ rights. In “Harlem in Vogue” of America’s History Henretta, Hinderaker, Edwards, and Self regarding the Universal Negro Movement Association stated:
They argued that people of African descent in all parts of the world, had a common destiny and should cooperate in political action. Several developments contributed to this ideal: black men’s military service in Europe during World War 1, the Pan-African Congress that had sought representation at the Versailles treaty table, protests against U.S. occupation of Haiti, and modernist experiments in literature and the arts.