The idea of emotions influencing gastric motor function has been around for over a century (Taché et al., 2001). It was not until 1934, that scientists created an index for defecation scores in relation to emotions in rats (Taché et al., 2001). However, it has not been until recently, within the past two decades, that the topic of the gut microbiota communicating with the brain and various organs has emerged to the forefront of science (Tache et al, 2001; Mayer et al., 2014). Studies have shown that the gut and the central nervous system (CNS) are closely linked and play a role in maintaining homeostasis (Cryan and O’Mahony, 2011). Any changes that decrease the beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract can cause diseases to the neuroendocrine
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In contrast, changes in the gut microbiome, especially the lower gastrointestinal tract, can cause rapid changes in behavior and mental stability (Taché et al., 2001). Recently, probiotics have shown potential properties for decreasing inflammatory cytokines, improving nutritional status, and reducing oxidative stress, which has been shown to be related to depression and anxiety (Cryan and O’Mahony, 2011). Probiotics are live strains of bacteria and yeast that are beneficial for the digestive system. Probiotics are commonly used to aid in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders (Cryan and O’Mahony, 2011). However, in clinical trials involving rodents and humans, probiotics containing Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum, showed to reduce signs of anxiety and a decrease in serum cortisol concentrations (Cryan and O’Mahony, 2011). Recently examined clinical trials showed that chronic treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus, over a month in duration, resulted in subjects having decreased concentrations of corticosterone, reduced signs of depression, and less anxious phenotypes (Bravo et al., 2011). In addition to these studies, chronic treatment with Bifidobacterium infantis showed to have similar effects on depression by …show more content…
Stress causes a decrease in Bacteroides, an increase in Clostridium organisms, an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, and an increase in epithelium permeability in the gastrointestinal tract (Galland, 2014). In addition, it has been noted that the brain-gut-microbiota axis works in both directions, indicating that stress can affect the microbiome of the gut, but also probiotics, antibiotics, infections, and other changes to the gastrointestinal tract can have adverse effects on behavioral health Many studies have been conducted in the past two decades observing how probiotics, antibiotics, and gastrointestinal infections alter the gut mobility and the composition of the gut microbiota and suggesting that the gut-brain-microbiota axis has more routes of communication than the vagus nerve (Gaykema et al., 2004; Bercik et al., 2010; Bravo et al., 2011; Cryan and O’Mahony, 2011). In addition to emerging studies, further research needs to be conducted looking at acute stress and the role in plays in gastric motor function (Taché et al., 2001). Overall, more studies need to be performed in humans and laboratory animals to fully understand which stressors have the greatest effect on the gut-microbiome and if promoting colonization of the gut microbiota
In contrast, changes in the gut microbiome, especially the lower gastrointestinal tract, can cause rapid changes in behavior and mental stability (Taché et al., 2001). Recently, probiotics have shown potential properties for decreasing inflammatory cytokines, improving nutritional status, and reducing oxidative stress, which has been shown to be related to depression and anxiety (Cryan and O’Mahony, 2011). Probiotics are live strains of bacteria and yeast that are beneficial for the digestive system. Probiotics are commonly used to aid in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders (Cryan and O’Mahony, 2011). However, in clinical trials involving rodents and humans, probiotics containing Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum, showed to reduce signs of anxiety and a decrease in serum cortisol concentrations (Cryan and O’Mahony, 2011). Recently examined clinical trials showed that chronic treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus, over a month in duration, resulted in subjects having decreased concentrations of corticosterone, reduced signs of depression, and less anxious phenotypes (Bravo et al., 2011). In addition to these studies, chronic treatment with Bifidobacterium infantis showed to have similar effects on depression by …show more content…
Stress causes a decrease in Bacteroides, an increase in Clostridium organisms, an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, and an increase in epithelium permeability in the gastrointestinal tract (Galland, 2014). In addition, it has been noted that the brain-gut-microbiota axis works in both directions, indicating that stress can affect the microbiome of the gut, but also probiotics, antibiotics, infections, and other changes to the gastrointestinal tract can have adverse effects on behavioral health Many studies have been conducted in the past two decades observing how probiotics, antibiotics, and gastrointestinal infections alter the gut mobility and the composition of the gut microbiota and suggesting that the gut-brain-microbiota axis has more routes of communication than the vagus nerve (Gaykema et al., 2004; Bercik et al., 2010; Bravo et al., 2011; Cryan and O’Mahony, 2011). In addition to emerging studies, further research needs to be conducted looking at acute stress and the role in plays in gastric motor function (Taché et al., 2001). Overall, more studies need to be performed in humans and laboratory animals to fully understand which stressors have the greatest effect on the gut-microbiome and if promoting colonization of the gut microbiota