2 Feminist movements have made various efforts to improve the status of female athletes since 20th century. Before the movement's achievements, female athletes had to play under poor conditions with low facilities, under different rules and strict dress codes as compared to male athletes. Feminists tried to reverse these trends and to create better opportunities for female athletes. By pushing for equal rights, they enabled women to play sports for health improvement, create new identities and enter male-dominated areas.
After the implementation of Title IX, written by U.S Representative Patsy Mink and passed by Congress in 1972 which states that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, …show more content…
She is 6ft 2inches, blonde, part-time model, and a high jumper. She never said anything about wanting to win a gold medal during pre-Olympic media conference, instead she mentioned she wanted to work on the Sports Illustrated swimsuit edition "because people get a lot of attention for that."
Michael Messner in 1993 focused on gender and sociology in sports. He used to tape basketball and tennis games to compare the reporters' commentary about women athletes and male athletes. Messner and his colleagues concluded that by “constantly displaying pink on-screen logos”, and “constantly reminding viewers that they were watching women's games”, the commentators "gender marked" competitions to maintain a "necessary sense of clarity for the viewers", especially when the tournament took place in the same arena for men and women both. (Messner, Duncan, Jensen 130).
For most of the time, ESPN features male athletes on its cover, but when female athletes are chosen for the same, they are sexualized. Men who feature on the cover page usually wear their sport kits, looking heroic, strong and powerful. But it is the exact opposite when women are on the cover because they are exposed and not dressed in their respective sports dress. Women are often clicked from down angles, lying down, or even crying which indicates inferiority and …show more content…
Serena Williams is said to be more suitable to compete in men's category because of her strong physical built, which doesn't fit the criteria of 'feminine'. The Williams sisters do not meet the Eurocentric beauty ideals.
Harvard Law Review in 1997 found out that "female athletes in the United States have historically faced resistance, even outright hostility, for not confining themselves to 'feminine' activities" (1692). By refusing to participate in sexualized portrayals, they further face much criticism from society, especially male viewers, for being stubborn and aggressive. Female athletes who go against the media's sexualisation only alienate themselves since sex appeal has a major influence in today's society.
In 2007, players of Australian Women's World Cup Football team posed naked for a men's magazine and in 2011, German National Women's Football Team also posed naked for Playboy Magazine. In both cases, the female athletes said of doing it to promote their sport. Women need to put some extra physical requirements to get their sports and their athletic abilities some
After the implementation of Title IX, written by U.S Representative Patsy Mink and passed by Congress in 1972 which states that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, …show more content…
She is 6ft 2inches, blonde, part-time model, and a high jumper. She never said anything about wanting to win a gold medal during pre-Olympic media conference, instead she mentioned she wanted to work on the Sports Illustrated swimsuit edition "because people get a lot of attention for that."
Michael Messner in 1993 focused on gender and sociology in sports. He used to tape basketball and tennis games to compare the reporters' commentary about women athletes and male athletes. Messner and his colleagues concluded that by “constantly displaying pink on-screen logos”, and “constantly reminding viewers that they were watching women's games”, the commentators "gender marked" competitions to maintain a "necessary sense of clarity for the viewers", especially when the tournament took place in the same arena for men and women both. (Messner, Duncan, Jensen 130).
For most of the time, ESPN features male athletes on its cover, but when female athletes are chosen for the same, they are sexualized. Men who feature on the cover page usually wear their sport kits, looking heroic, strong and powerful. But it is the exact opposite when women are on the cover because they are exposed and not dressed in their respective sports dress. Women are often clicked from down angles, lying down, or even crying which indicates inferiority and …show more content…
Serena Williams is said to be more suitable to compete in men's category because of her strong physical built, which doesn't fit the criteria of 'feminine'. The Williams sisters do not meet the Eurocentric beauty ideals.
Harvard Law Review in 1997 found out that "female athletes in the United States have historically faced resistance, even outright hostility, for not confining themselves to 'feminine' activities" (1692). By refusing to participate in sexualized portrayals, they further face much criticism from society, especially male viewers, for being stubborn and aggressive. Female athletes who go against the media's sexualisation only alienate themselves since sex appeal has a major influence in today's society.
In 2007, players of Australian Women's World Cup Football team posed naked for a men's magazine and in 2011, German National Women's Football Team also posed naked for Playboy Magazine. In both cases, the female athletes said of doing it to promote their sport. Women need to put some extra physical requirements to get their sports and their athletic abilities some