Elizabeth Lee James Poland CHEM 104A 21 September 2014 Discussion and Conclusion of Experiment #4: States of Matter Sleuth Discussion The results of this experiment enabled the experimenter to determine the identity of an unknown salt (#3) using ion-exchange chromatography by analyzing the inorganic salts of the unknown salt, which can be examined by acid-base titration using ion-exchange resin. The stationary phase is made up of acid groups which will attach to the resin, which is then rinsed down the column with water. The mobile phase contains the inorganic salt dissolved in a solvent, which is then added to the column. As it goes down the column, an exchange of H+ ions and cations occur. The solution collected at the bottom of the column contains the acid form of the inorganic salt.…
The two solutions were combined in a microwave tube and put in the microwave for 30 minutes at 80oC. The solvent was evaporated under reduced…
The neutralization of the reaction was verified using pH paper to test whether the pH was neutral or slightly basic. At this point, the two possible products in the round bottom flask could have been exo- and endo-norborneol. Extraction and washing was performed and the exo- and endo-norborneol products formed were extracted into dichloromethane due to their similar solubilities, where the two products are overwhelmingly non-polar despite the one hydroxyl group. The dichloromethane (DCM) was the bottom layer formed, while the aqueous layer, the layer that was washed away, was the top and this was due to the weight of the chlorine atom that made DCM more dense. Extraction was repeated several times due to the partition coefficient, as it theorizes how smaller extractions are better than bigger extractions because they yield more concentrated extractions in the end.…
The purpose of the experiment was about recrystallization of crude ASA from crude ASA, then analyze the yield and melting point of Recrystallized product, test for Purity of Recrystallized ASA by using thin layer chromatography and analysis of Recrystallized Acetylsalicylic Acid by Spectroscopy to compare these results with another experiment about creating an Aspirin from Salicylic Acid. In this experiment, 0.1241 gram of Recrystallized ASA was produced from 1.1754 gram of Crude ASA and the yield of reaction is 10.56%. This yield is lower than the yield by creating an Aspirin from Salicylic Acid because the crystallized product is purer because we did not add another chemical in. For the melting point of recrystallized ASA, Mel-temp was used…
The results obtained for this lab were very unsatisfactory, even though the results sustain a general trend throughout the course of the experiment, the results were not expected. At the beginning of the experiment all reagents produced satisfactory results, the reactant 2-bromopropane was determined to be the limiting reagent for the Grignard formation and the Isopropyl Magnesium Bromide was correctly formed. However, random errors occurred at the nucleophilic addition step. At this period, it was observed there was not condensation happening inside the reflux condenser while the mixture was being heating, and as a result, the nucleophilic addition was not successful because some of the product was lost through boiling without condensation.…
The separated compounds were then classified by determination of their melting points and 1H NMR. Results and Discussion In this…
Experiment 5 Synthesis and NMR Spectroscopy of ethyl cinnamate Introduction: Wittig reactions involve the stereoselective synthesis of olefins from phosphonium ylides and aldehydes or ketones, where the carbonyl bond is converted to an alkene double bond.1 The variety of suitable reagents and the relatively mild experimental conditions facilitate their industrial applications, such as the synthesis of epoxides, esters, carotenoids and vitamin A.2,3 Specifically, the ester ethyl cinnamate is used as a flavouring agent and in perfumes. The diastereomers of the alkene are distinguished through Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, where the coupling constants of alkenyl protons are different for (E) and (Z) isomers.4…
After starting with 30 mL of an unknown mixture of two solvents, fractional distillation and gas chromatography were used to identify the unknowns as acetone and toluene in a 1 to 2.04 ratio of acetone to toluene. Fractional distillation was first used to separate the unknown mixture into its components based on boiling point. Distillation refers to the method of separating components of a mixture through heating and cooling. Simple distillation, which is especially useful in the separation of less-volatile substances from volatile substances, such as sugar from water, can be used to separate a liquid-liquid mixture if the boiling points of the component liquids differ by more than 40-50°C. A plot of temperature versus volume for a simple…
In this experiment, I have predicted the product of bromination of vanillin. The knowledge of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents on the benzene ring and the position where they directed the bromine, helped me to accurately predict the major product of the reaction, which is 5-bromovanillin. In this experiment, I have reinforced stirring, vacuum filtration, and recrystallization skills. Also, I have learned how to use Melt-Temp apparatus to take a melting point of the final product. 5-bromovanillin was obtained in 98.3% yield from this reaction.…
Frist: Pre validation trails we need to examine all the available USP methods for Albuterol Sulfate by injecting standard and test sample that fit our sample preparation and target reasonable concentration. By doing that we can chose which method we would use for further evaluation. Second: crossing overt the USP method to our sample testing: 1- Linearity: we need to have a linearity curve for that method, the curve must include the standard concentration equivalent to our sample concentration.…
Thin Layer chromatography was also use to separate the mixture of fluorene and fluorenone. Thin layer chromatography is a useful separation method when the components of a mixture are in question. Analyzing what the mixture consist of can be efficiently determine by TLC by calculating Rf and comparing these values. For the separation and isolation of a mixtures components, this method is extensive and not as efficient at column chromatography. This conclusion is represented in the data gathered.…
DISTILLATION The purpose of experiment 1, fractional distillation and gas chromatography, was to separate an unknown organic mixture into two liquids. The primary process of separation was fractional distillation, which utilizes the physical properties of the two unknown volatile liquids. Once the unknown mixture was successfully fractioned, gas chromatography was used to help determine the identity of the two unknown liquids. Fractional distillation and simple distillation both take advantage of two major physical properties to separate liquids.…
Experiment 1 and 2 Recrystallization: Purification of Solids and Melting points Purpose: In the fist experiment, impure Vanillin was purified through the process of recrystallization. Desired solutes were recovered through the technique of vacuum filtration, and then dried to take percent recovery In the second experiment, a percent recovery of the recrystallized Vanillin from the first experiment was performed.…
Lastly, the product was weighed and tested for purity. The experimented resulted in the production 3.68 g of aspirin crystals which had a little impurity. This report discusses an experiment to study the synthesis of a drug from organic material. The experiment deals with the…
4A.3 Results and discussion 4A.3.1 Selection of Excipients Drug loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles(D-SLN)were successfully formulated using two different lipidsand surfactants and physicochemical parameters of the same have been assessed. Tamoxifen citrate is proven adjuvant therapy of choice for postmenopausal women, primary therapy for breast cancer in elderly women as well as preventive therapy for most vulnerable women. The extensive administration of Tamoxifen citrate daily for a period of 5 years with the elimination half life of 5-7 days may lead to toxicity in vital organs such as liver andkidneys .Tamoxifen citrate exhibits poor bioavailability on oral administration and the antiestrogenic effect shows uterine toxicity.…