Alan Bryman predicated on his exemplary academic and research knowledge to study leadership traits and styles that effective higher education officials possess. Bryman reviewed an abundance of literature to summarize 13 aspects of leader behaviors that positively influenced efficiency and effectiveness at the department level of higher education. Each of the 13 aspects involve behaviors and actions such as clear communication, ethical behavior, and resourcefulness. Bryman heavily emphasized that efficient leaders act as role models to their staff, and consequently establish credibility as a leader; Bryman cited nine literature references about the importance of role models. To summarize Bryman’s article in one sentence, the reader can assume
