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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ethics in Milgram Study
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-How far people would go under authority
- Women as lethal as men - 2/3 went all the way |
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Agentic Shift
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When you hand over authority to someone else
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Research Ethics
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- Respect right to privacy and dignity
- Objectivity and integrity - Protect from personal harm - Confidentiality - Informed consent - Disclose sources of financial support - Cultural Sensitivity |
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Empirical Evidence
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Information get from senses, if you can't observe with one of the five sense, we don't study it.
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5 Ways of Knowing the World
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1. Personal (discover for yourself)
2. Tradition (hold a belief) 3. Authority (expert tells us) 4. Religion (follow leaders/scriptures) 5. Science (controlled systematic observations) |
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Scientific Method
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1. Define problem
2. Review Literature 3. Formulate Hypothesis 4. Collect Data an Analyze it 5. Develop Conclusion |
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Defining Problem
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- State what you hope to investigate
- Operational definition (explain abstract concept so researcher can assess) |
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Review of Literature
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Scholarly studies relevant to subject
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Formulating the Hypothesis
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- "Best guess"
- Variable changing over conditions |
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Causal Logic
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Relationships between a variable and a particular consequence (cause and effect relationship)
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Correlation
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Two or more variables change together but not clear what causes what.
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Spurious Correlation
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Apparent, though false, relationship between two or more variables caused by some other variable.
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Collecting and Analyzing Data
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Selecting sample, decide based on population whom studying. Random sample crucial for generalizable data.
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Validity
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Degree of which a measure truly reflects the phenomenom being studied
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Reliability
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Extent to which a measure provides constant results (get same results over and over).
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Developing the Conclusion
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- support hypothesis or disprove it
- can never prove |
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Interviews
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- Face to face or telephone
- High response - Go beyond quesitonnaire |
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Questionnaires
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- Printed or written
- Inexpensive - Good for large samples |
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Field Research
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- Rely on what is seen in naturalistic settings
- Probe and participate - Small groups or communities - Not as number focused (not empirical) |
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Participant Observation
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- Ethnography (efforts to describe entire social setting through extended systematic observation).
- Keep distance |
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In Depth Interviews
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Uncover layers of meaning in responses
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Semi-Structured
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Specific questions but flexible enough to enable participants to direct their responses.
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Unstructured
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Open ended not confined to core set of questions, general aim.
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Experimental Group
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Exposed to independent variable (what interested in)
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Control Group
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Not exposed to independent variable to eliminate bias.
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Hawthorne Effect
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Reactivity to a stranger or researcher.
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Secondary Analysis
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Research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data.
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Content Analysis
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Systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale.
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Deductive Approach
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Theory based, researcher begins with theory and uses research to support it. Theory generates hypothesis.
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Inductive Approach
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Evidence based, researcher collects and analyzes data which leads to general theory which is turned into a hypothesis.
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Replication
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Repeating a study is difficult for participant observation.
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Cross Sectional Research
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Repeated over time, allows for greater causal modelling of theories.
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4 Limitations of Sociology
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- Social patterns change continuously
- Life in "test tube" - Harder to control bias - Make sure to recognize them and include in work |
