Sociology Midterm Ch 7

Front 1

Sex

Back 1

- Biological category
- Physiological differences
- Determined at conception as result of cell formation
- Ascribed status: born with it
- Achieved: you earn

Front 2

Castor Semenya

Back 2

- IAA (international advertising association) had suspensions about gender
- Was she male/female?
- Didn't believe a woman could run that fast
- Testing done, should reveal results?

Front 3

Becoming our Sex

Back 3

- Continuum for male and female?
- Where on spectrum do you decide who is male/female?
- 1-3% "Intersexed"

Front 4

Gender

Back 4

- Social category
- Social expectations for individuals
- Set of social attitudes, can vary from culture to culture overtime within a society

Front 5

Gender Norms

Back 5

Rules specifying appropriate behaviour for each gender-gender scripts.

Front 6

Gender Role Socialization

Back 6

To be masculine
- Aggressive, tough, daring, dominant
To be feminine
- Soft, emotional, sweet, submissive
* Violations teach us gender scripts

Front 7

Sex Codes (Premarital Sexual Standards)

Back 7

- Regulate sexual behaviour
- Most of society approves of premarital sex

Front 8

Risman Study

Back 8

Showed changes in attitudes about sex

Front 9

Abstinence Standard

Back 9

Forbid sex before marriage.

Front 10

Double Standard

Back 10

Allowed men to have sex but not women.

Front 11

Love Standard

Back 11

Can have sex if in love

Front 12

Fun Standard

Back 12

Acceptable if both parties are wiling

Front 13

Egalitarian Conservative

Back 13

Believe lost respect for both

Front 14

Egalitarian Libertarians

Back 14

Didn't lose respect for either person

Front 15

Traditional Double Standard

Back 15

Lost for women not men

Front 16

Reverse Double Standard

Back 16

Lost for men not women

Front 17

Gender Order

Back 17

Part of social structure that makes social life gendered directing how males and female should act including norms, roles and ideology
- Set of structural relations through which people are treated differently because of their gender

Front 18

Gender Identity

Back 18

- Powerful aspect of one's self concept which develops in accordance with the individual's gender and social definitions of that gender within the larger gendered order.
- Gender becomes a filter in which people see/interpret you through
- Learn gender from 18 months to 3 years

Front 19

Patriarchy

Back 19

System of dominance in which cultural, political, and economic structures have been created by men and are maintained for the benefit of men as a group.

Front 20

Gender Intensification

Back 20

- Process where individuals influenced to hyper-differentiate from other gender in term of appearance and behaviour
- Perpetuated by mass media and advertising in pursuit of money.
- Adolescence is key period of identity manipulation

Front 21

Effects of Gender Intensification

Back 21

1. Gender intensification ill prepares for roles they will later perform
2. Impossible standards lead to low self-esteem and high dissatisfaction
3. Emphasizes the dominant/submissive nature of the male/female relationship and perpetuates gender inequality

Front 22

Gender Stereotypes

Back 22

- When people believe other possesses certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group
- Attribute certain characteristics to others simply based on basis of whether or not they are male or female
- More similarity than differences

Front 23

Bell Curve Looking at Gender

Back 23

- Even when gender differences exist between males and females, portion that overlaps os much greater than portion that is distinctive to either gender.

Front 24

Persistence of Gender Differences

Back 24

1. Gender schemas shape way we notice, interpret and remember info according to expectations
2. Social roles for males and females enhance or suppress diff roles and capabilities
3. Diff gender socialization leads males and females to develop diff skills and attitudes which leads to different behaviours.

Front 25

Schema

Back 25

Resistant to change and when there is a difference they consider it an anomie.

Front 26

Gender Stratification

Back 26

- Hierarchy
- In any society
- Social status and social roles that men and women occupy in society

Front 27

Wage Gap

Back 27

- In 2009 women outnumbered men in labor force for the first time
- 28% women and 1% men work part time
- Women get 58% of university degrees
- Women still do most of unpaid work at home

Front 28

Reasons for Gender Wage Gap

Back 28

Not solely based on discrimination
1. Human Capital factors: education, experience etc.
2. Demographic factors: marital status, children, etc.
3. Job Characteristics: occupational segregation, industries, type of work, etc.
4. Structured Choice: mostly when women has child and gives up job

Front 29

Housework

Back 29

- More men starting to do "double duty", still females do predominantly
- Women traditionally do more cooking/cleaning and men lifting/fixing household work.

Front 30

Structural Functionalism and Gender

Back 30

Parsons
- Gendered practices, promote social stability
- Women do private realm and expressive tasks
- Men do public realm and instrumental tasks
- Focus on stability and order

Front 31

Symbolic Interactionism and Gender

Back 31

- Study micro level of everyday behaviour
- Gender roles negotiable
- Men more likely to change topics of convo, ignore topics chosen by women, minimize ideas of women and interrupt women.

Front 32

Conflict Theory and Gender

Back 32

Engel: women's positions in family likened to oppressed working class.
- Industrialization resulted in greater gender inequality than earlier economics systems
- Victorian culture worsened division
- Women sustain groups in :hunter/gather" societies

Front 33

Double Jeopardy

Back 33

Discrimination women face not solely by gender but other facets such as race, sexual orientation, etc.

Front 34

Primitive Communism

Back 34

Me/women equal

Front 35

Lumpenproletariate

Back 35

Unstructured urban social group below the proletariate, consisting of criminals, tramps, etc.

Front 36

Feminism and Gender

Back 36

- Social equality for men and women, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism.
- Personal experiences of women and men through eyes of gender
- Women hold 13.9% of seats in gov't

Front 37

How can Women be "Oppressed Majority"?

Back 37

1. Women experience unequal treatment
2. Share characteristics that distinguish them from men
3. Membership in subordinate groups is involuntary
4. Subordinate status defined within the institution of marriage (only since 1985 can be charged with spousal abuse).

Front 38

Status of Women Worldwide

Back 38

- Feminization of poverty has become global
- Fewer girls attend school than boys in developing world
- Women work in occupations with lower status and pay
- Disproportions of women and girls with HIV/AIDS
- Sweden best place for women to live, Canada also pretty good