Sociology Midterm Ch 1

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Soiology

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- Social behaviour and relationships
- Effects of society and group membership on human behaviour
- Perceptions of their social environment
- Effects of these perspectives on their behaviour and social interaction.
- Usually focuses on group behaviour

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Peter Berger

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- See general patterns in specific people
- Unique ppl, in different categories (sex, gender...)
- Society acts on you based on what categories you belong to

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Sociological Imagination

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C. Wright Mills
- Look at world from multiple perspectives
- Looking through one "lens" limits understanding

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Levels of Analysis

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Biography: individual, ability to act, agency
Milieu: Gemeinshaft, sense of belonging
History: society, structures

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Private Troubles

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Problems of specific personal problem
ex: some people don't get summer jobs

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Public Issues

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Community when if affects a lot of people
ex: 13% of young people can't gets summer jobs

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Anthony Giddens

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Structuration theory
- structure of an action
- structure of society has impact on us
- product and producer of society

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Double Involvement of Self in Society

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We are products (how/where raised) and producers (interactions), you affect lives of those around you.

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3 Goals of Sociology

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- Describe social world
- Explain how and why
- Critique existing social arrangements

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Auguste Comte

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"Founder" of sociology, to understand rapid social change. Before everyone was focused on ideal world.

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Enlightenment

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Shift from religious to more scientific thought based on explanation and reason.

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Positivism

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Study of using scientific methods

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Durkheim

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- Society based on cooperation
- Social ills are temporary phenomena curable by repairs
- Society over the individual
- Social structures and institutions fulfill needs

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Karl Marx

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Conflict Theory, society made up of individuals and groups help together by strongest members who use their power to coerce the weaker ones into submission. Cures for social ills come from radical change where those in power are overthrown.

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Theory

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Statement of how and why certain facts are related. Acts like a "lens". Explains patterns, based on theoretical paradigms (perspectives).

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Four Major paradigms in sociology

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1. Structural Functionalism
2. Conflict Theory
3. Symbolic Interactionism
4. Feminism

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Durkheim on Suicide

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Social factors also affect suicide, "social facts", facts are shared. Due to social isolation of certain groups, social links in some groups buffer against suicide. Suicide rates related to sense of community and social solidarity. Result of anomie.

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Egoistic Suicides

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Suicides that occur because lack of social ties

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Altruistic Suicide

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Suicides because of excessively strong social ties

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Anomicsuicides

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In societies marked by insufficient regulations as these people experience feelings of unpredictability or being without limits.

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Fatalistic Suicides

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In societies that have too many rules and too few options.

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Structural Functionalism

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Durkheim, Macro level
1. Function- arrangements exist because they benefit society. Each part of society important to whole function.
2. Equilibrium- normal state of system
3. Development
- Structures are stable patterns of social behaviour
- Change is disruptive
- widespread agree on values

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Structure vs. Institution

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Structure is unspoken rules (gender, sex, race)
Institution is set up (economy, family, media, religion)

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Manifest Functions

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Open, stated conscious functions of institutions, intended recognized consequences of an aspect of society (In eduction; reading, writing... )

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Latent Functions

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Unconscious or unintended functions that may reflect hidden purposes of an institution (In education; bullying, gossip, biases...)

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Eufunction

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Positive benefit for society that maintain equilibrium (socialization of youth).
- Poverty is good, motivation

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Dysfunction

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Element or process of society that may disrupt a social system or reduce it's stability. (divorce is family dysfunction or lots of families deciding not to have kids)

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Critiques of Structural Functionalism

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-Too broad
- Ignores inequalities of social class, race, gender
- Focus on stability at expense of conflict
- Assumes natural order
- Functional for whom? Who benefits?

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Anomie

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Normlessness, when rapid social change, not sure what rules or guidelines are.

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Evolving Societies

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- Mechanical solidarity (based on tradition) to organic solidarity (specialized in different jobs, we need each other, interdependent).
- Expand division of labor
- Pre industrial was based on mechanical solidarity.

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Conflict Theory

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Karl Marx, Macro
1. Wealth
2. Power
3. Prestige
- society an arena of inequality generating conflict and social change
- society structured to benefit a few at expense of majority
- incompatible interests

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Alienation

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Sense of powerfulness, capitalism alienates workers by
- act of working
- products of work
- other workers
- human potential
- powerlessness

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Proletariate

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Working class, can only work.

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Capitalism Means of Production

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sell their ability to work overtime workers will realize their oppression and rise up against bourgeoisie.

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Revolution

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Eliminate inequalities, class conflict leads to class revolution.

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False Consciousness

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Explanations of social problems grounded in an individual, not a society's shortcomings. Convince workers not properly socialized.

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Symbolic Interactionism

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Weber (Vaber),
- Society arises as shared reality
- Most interaction is symbolic (depend on language or gestures) society is product
- Shared understanding
- Symbolic systems differ from culture to culture
- Don't respond directly to each other, respond based on their understanding.
- want to know your experiences

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W. I Tomas

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How you define something will result in how you interact with it.
"What we define is real, is real in it's consequences"

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Max Weber

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- Reflected "Idealism"
-Verstehen, to understand
- No single factor determines society or person
- Social conflict from values, statuses, ideas and not economic interests.
- Kick started capitalist movement

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Rationalization of Society

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Weber. Change from tradition to rationality

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Predestination

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Weber. When you were born, it was already determined if you were going to heaven or hell.

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Feminism

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Macro
- constraints and forms of resistance in women's lives (institutions)
Micro
- reproduction of gender though language and emotion management (reproduce gender norms)

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Maternal Feminism

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Early 19th century
- moral crusaders
- temperance movement
- woman's suffrage
- work with men to improve society
- prohibition movement

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Radical Feminism

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Late 70's early 80's
- Patriarchy (Societies where men are dominate) are universal cause of women's oppression)
- women organize separately form men to protect interests

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Liberal Feminism

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Earl 60's
- women gain equality via eduction and jobs

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Socialist Feminism

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- Gender inequalities not biologically determined, socially constructed
- patriarchy in almost all societies
- private areas of life connected to larger social life

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Transnational Feminism

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- diff societies put diff limitations on women
- diff race, class etc will experience diff inequality/oppression.