Sociology Midterm Ch 4

Front 1

Socialization

Back 1

- With interactions with other people that re situation specific
- To what extent are you in the culture or is the culture in you?
- Double involvement of us in society
- Lifelong process
- 0-12 years of age

Front 2

Agents of Socialization

Back 2

When we become parents

Front 3

Structuation Theory

Back 3

Giddens, we are both product and producer of society

Front 4

Berger

Back 4

A process by which people learn to be members of society

Front 5

Epigenesis

Back 5

DNA is ground plan for unique genetic potential

Front 6

Primary Socialization

Back 6

- From birth to adolescence
- Family most important agent
- Intentional and unintentional
- Largely imposed

Front 7

Attachment

Back 7

Precursor for successful socialization, develop interpersonal and cognitive skills and sense of oneself.
- If no attachment, will try to self sooth (orphans)

Front 8

Secure Attachment

Back 8

From birth to 1-3 years will help and nurture child

Front 9

Avoidant

Back 9

Parent who does not want to parent, present but absent.

Front 10

Anxious/Ambivalent

Back 10

Worst!
- One day parent is avoidant next day they're good
- Creates confusion in child

Front 11

Inadequate Socialization

Back 11

Can occur when people are not exposed to all experiences necessary to function in certain role

Ex: as when educational systems fail to provide sufficient job training.

Front 12

Defective Socialization

Back 12

Happens when unintended outcomes or consequences arise.

Ex: Shooting video games provide training in murdering people

Front 13

Disjunctive Socialization

Back 13

Occurs in ways describes by Benedict, lack of continuity.

Front 14

Benedict's Discontinuities in Socialization

Back 14

1. Western children socialized into non responsible roles.
2. Western children socialized to be submissive
3. Children shielded from sexuality

Front 15

Anticipatory Socialization

Back 15

People project themselves into the future hope of acquiring the characteristics appropriate for institutional destination they hope to reach. (Type of self socialization).
- Arnett, Merton

Front 16

Postfigurative

Back 16

Children learn primary from their forebears

Front 17

Cofigurative

Back 17

Both children and adults learn from their peers

Front 18

Prefigurative

Back 18

Adults also learn from their children

Front 19

Secondary Socialization

Back 19

12+ years
- Anticipate and adjust to new experiences
- Reciprocal process
- Based on previous experience
- More choice and more limits than primary
- Style you had with parents likely to be carried out by you in the

Front 20

Mead

Back 20

Difficulties experiences when passing through adolescence "storm and stress" period.
- Conflicting standards of conduct and morality
- Every individual should make their own choices belief
- Not biological inevitability or "raging hormones"

Front 21

Re-Socialization

Back 21

- "Total institutions", replace inadequate/defective roles
- Stripping, mortifying
- Mostly non voluntary
Ex: prison, military, rehab, etc.

Front 22

Key Agents of Socialization

Back 22

1. Family (primary)
2. Peers
3. School (secondary)
4. Media
5. Work
6. Religion

Front 23

Socialization Context

Back 23

Refers to social settings that affect socialization processes, thereby influencing the individuals involved.

Front 24

Peer Group

Back 24

- Develop a frame of reference not based on adult authority
- Assumes great influence in adolescence (emotional, social and economic independence develop)
- Tempered by parental influence
- Peer pressure
- Second most influential

Front 25

School

Back 25

- Reinforce self concept and academic self images
- Social life
- Filter occupational choices (grades, sources)
- Promote values and norms
Teach:
- Social hierarchies
- rules, rights and responsibilities

Front 26

Hidden Curriculum

Back 26

Richer
- Unspoken norms transmitted by schooling such as competition, individualism, obedience, etc.

Front 27

Cultural Capital

Back 27

Hidden behavioural things that affect how you act in certain situations

Front 28

Media

Back 28

- Live vicariously through media
- Transmits values, behaviours and definitions of social reality
- Reflects social relations (socialized audience)

Front 29

Feminist Critique of Media

Back 29

Contributes to gender stereotyping

Front 30

Media Violence

Back 30

- Imitation
- Defining social reality as violence
- Desensitizes kids to pain, creates lack of reality

Front 31

Changes in Media Use

Back 31

- Increasing a solitary not a social activity
- Digital divide: class/educational difference in digital media use, both within and between societies.
- Gender plays no difference in media use

Front 32

Workplace

Back 32

- Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting fundamental aspect of human socialization.

Front 33

Four Phases of Socialization in Workplace

Back 33

1. Career choice
2. Anticipatory socialization (preparing for job)
3. Conditioning (learning once on the job)
4. Continuous Commitment

Front 34

Reproduction of Gender

Back 34

- Nature vs. Nurture (both play a role to an extent)
- In infants and children, few behaviours that consistently differentiate males and female
- No difference in motor ability of child
- Mothers expected difference

Front 35

Mechanisms of Gender Socialization

Back 35

1. Parental reaction to perceived innate differences
2. Differential Socialization (gendered toys, imitation of gendered behaviour in social environment, media source of stereotypes.

Front 36

Social Reproduction of Race

Back 36

- Child rearing in ethnic/racial minority families (emphasizes racial pride, higher self esteem and greater group knowledge)
- Promotion of mistrust (to avoid discrimination)

Front 37

Social Reproduction of Class

Back 37

Melvin Kohn
- Child rearing varies by class
- Different occupational experiences
- Low-tier workers: conformity, orderliness, behavioural consequences in children.
- High-tier workers: more permissive, emphasis on self reliance and behavioural intentions.

Front 38

Functionalism and Socialization

Back 38

- Process of internalizing social norms and behavioural expectations
- Conformity leading to social integration

Front 39

Conflict and Socialization

Back 39

- Socialized by class
- Functions defend power relations in society
- Coercive
- Focus on reproduction, way in which society reproduce themselves in terms of privilege & status.

Front 40

Feminism and Socialization

Back 40

- Socialization into masculine and feminine gender roles take place in family among peers, in school, workplace, media.

Front 41

Symbolic Interationism and Socialization

Back 41

- Actively participate in own socialization
- Gain a sense of self
- Zucher "I am"

Front 42

Looking Glass Self

Back 42

Cooley
- Perception of our appearance to another person, perception of his judgment of that appearance, pride or mortification.

Front 43

Mead on "The Self"

Back 43

The "I" (Spontaneous, creative, unique self)
The "Me" (socially define self, internalized norms and values)

Front 44

3 Stages of Development of "Self"

Back 44

Mead
1. Preparatory: mimic behaviour without understanding
2. Play: take roles of significant others (see themselves as objects)
3. Game: learning, taking role of several others at once

Front 45

Role Taking

Back 45

Mead
- As you develop, you become more reflective
- Becoming socialized is moving from the "I" to the "Me".

Front 46

Generalized Other

Back 46

Mead
People internalize general social expectations by imagining how any number of other would react.

Front 47

Presentation of the Self

Back 47

Goffman
- Impression management ( slanted presentation of self)
- Face work ("alterity", need to maintain proper image)

Front 48

Cognitive Theory of Development

Back 48

Piaget
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operational

Front 49

Elements of Personality

Back 49

Freud
- The id: Basic instincts, very similar to I and Me idea
- The ego: Internalized values, "It's wrong"
- The superego: Socially mediates between id and superego