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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anticipatory socialization
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Processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships (88)
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Cognitive theory of development
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The theory that children's thought progresses through four stages of development. (85)
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Degradation ceremony
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An aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals. (89)
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Dramaturgical approach
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A view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers. (84)
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Face-work
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The efforts people make to maintain the proper image and avoid public embarrassment. (84)
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Gender role
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Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females. (90)
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Generalized other
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The attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior. (83)
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Impression management
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The altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. (84)
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Life course approach
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A research orientation in which sociologists and other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death. (87)
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Looking-glass self
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A concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions. (82)
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Personality
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A person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior. (82)
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Resocialization
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The process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. (88)
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Rite of passage
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A ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another. (87)
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Role taking
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The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint. (83)
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Self
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A distinct identity that sets us apart from others. (82)
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Significant other
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An individual who is most important in the development of the self, such as a parent, friend, or teacher. (83)
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Socialization
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The lifelong process in which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture. (79)
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Symbol
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A gesture, object, or word that forms the basis f human communication. (82)
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Total institution
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An institution that regulates all aspects of a person's life under a single authority, such as a prison, the military, a mental hospital, or a convent. (88)
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Achieved status
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A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts. (103)
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Agrarian society
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The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primarily in the production of food, but increase their crop yields through technological innovations such as the plow. (117)
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Alienation
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A condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society. (119)
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Ascribed status
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A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. (119)
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Bureaucracy
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A component of formal organization that uses rule and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency. (119)
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Bureaucratization
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The process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic. (121)
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Classical theory
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An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards.
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Coalition
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A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal. (110)
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Formal organization
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A group designed for a special purpose and structured for a maximum efficiency. (119)
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Gemeinschaft
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A close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bongs unite members. (115)
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Gesellschaft
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A community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values. (115)
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Goal displacement
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Overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy. (121)
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Group
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Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis. (108)
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Horticultural society
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A preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and corps rather than merely subsist on available foods. (116)
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Human relations approach
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An approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization. (124)
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Hunting-and-gathering society
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A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive. (116)
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Ideal type
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A construct or model for evaluating specific cases. (119)
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Industrial society
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A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services. (117)
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In-group
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Any group or category to which people feel they belong. (109)
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Iron law of oligarchy
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A principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals. (123)
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Labor union
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Organized workers who share either the same skill or the same employer.
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Master status
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A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society. (103)
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McDonaldization
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The process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. (122)
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Mechanical solidarity
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A collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, characteristic of societies with minimal division of labor. (115)
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Organic solidarity
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A collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor. (115)
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Out-group
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A group or category to which people feel they do not belong. (109)
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Peter principle
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A principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. (121)
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Postindustrial society
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A society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information. (118)
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Postmodern society
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A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images., (118)
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Primary group
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A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. (108)
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Reference group
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Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their behavior. (108)
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Role conflict
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The situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person. (105)
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Role exit
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The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity. (105)
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Role strain
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The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations. (105)
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Scientific management approach
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Another name for the classical theory of formal organizations. (123)
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Secondary group
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A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. (108)
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Social institution
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An organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. (112)
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Social interaction
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The ways in which people respond to one another. (101)
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Social network
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A series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people. (110)
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Social role
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A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status. (104)
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Social structure
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The way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships. (101)
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Sociocultural evolution
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Long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection. (116)
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Status
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A term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society. (102)
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Technology
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Cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires. (116)
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Telecommuter
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An employee who works full-time or part-time at home rather than in an outside office, and who is linked to supervisor and colleagues through computer terminals, phone lines, and fax machines. (124)
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Trained incapacity
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The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems. (120)
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Dominant ideology
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A set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. (140)
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Gatekeeping
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The process by which a relatively small number of people in the media industry control what material eventually reaches the audience. (139)
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Mass media
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Print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences, (134)
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Narcotizing dysfunction
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The phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of coverage that the audience becomes numb and fails to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue. (138)
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Opinion leader
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Someone who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day-to-day personal contact and communications. (146)
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Stereotype
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An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does no recognize individual differences within the group. (140)
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