Sociology 101 Ch. 2

Front 1

Counterculture

Back 1

A group whose values, beliefs and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture.

Front 2

Cultural Diffusion

Back 2

The spread of cultural Characteristics from one group to another.

Front 3

Ideal Culture

Back 3

The ideals values and norms of a people, the goal held out for them.

Front 4

Folkways

Back 4

Norms that are not strictly enforced.

Front 5

Cultural Leveling

Back 5

The process by which cultures become similar to one another and especially by which western industrial culture is imported and diffused into industrializing nations.

Front 6

Subculture

Back 6

The values and related behaviors of a group that distinguishes its members from the larger culture; a world within a world.

Front 7

Nonmaterial culture

Back 7

A groups ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction).

Front 8

Cultural lag

Back 8

William Ogburns term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations.

Front 9

Negative sanction

Back 9

An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal prison sentence or an execution.

Front 10

Sanctions

Back 10

Expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms.

Front 11

Values

Back 11

The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly.

Front 12

Pluralistic Society

Back 12

A society made up of many different groups.

Front 13

Sociobiology

Back 13

A framework of thought that views human behavior as the result of natural selection and considers biological Characteristics to be the fundamental cause of human behavior.

Front 14

Norms

Back 14

The expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop out of values.

Front 15

Language

Back 15

A system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought

Front 16

New Technology

Back 16

The emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life.

Front 17

Real Culture

Back 17

The norms and values that people actually follow.

Front 18

Symbol

Back 18

Something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others.

Front 19

Technology

Back 19

In its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools.

Front 20

Culture shock

Back 20

The disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken for granted assumptions about life.

Front 21

Cultural relativism

Back 21

Not Judging a culture, but trying to understand it on its own terms.

Front 22

Ethnocentrism

Back 22

The use of ones own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors.

Front 23

Taboo

Back 23

A norm so strong that it brings revulsion if violated.

Front 24

Culture

Back 24

The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next.

Front 25

Material Culture

Back 25

The material objects that distinguish a group of people such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry.

Front 26

Mores

Back 26

Norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values.

Front 27

Cultural Universal

Back 27

A value, norm or other cultural trait that is found in every group.

Front 28

Value contradiction

Back 28

Values that contradict one another, to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other.

Front 29

Value cluster

Back 29

A series of interrelated values that together form a larger whole.

Front 30

Gestures

Back 30

The ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another.

Front 31

Positive Sanction

Back 31

A reward given for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize.

Front 32

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Back 32

Edward sapir and Benjamin Whorfs hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving.

Front 33

Symbolic Culture

Back 33

Another term for nonmaterial culture.