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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SOCIAL DEVIANCE
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any transgression of socially established norms
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INFORMAL DEVIANCE
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informal violations of social norms
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FORMAL DEVIANCE (CRIME)
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the violation of laws enacted by society
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SOCIAL COHESION
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social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to day basis
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MECHANICAL OR SEGMENTAL SOLIDARITY
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social cohesion based on sameness
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ORGANIC SOLIDARITY
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social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts
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COLLECTIVE CONSCIENCE
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the common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide; a set of common assumptions about how the world works
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REHABILITATIVE SANCTIONS
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a form of punishment designed to transform the offender into a productive member of society
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RESTITUTIVE SANCTIONS
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a form of punishment that attempts to restore the status quo which existed prior to an offense or event
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SOCIAL CONTROL
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those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
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NORMATIVE COMPLIANCE
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abiding by society's norms or simply following the rules of group life
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FORMAL SOCIAL SANCTIONS
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mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant or criminal behavior
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INFORMAL SOCIAL SANCTIONS
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the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership, the unspoken rules of life
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SOCIAL INTEGRATION
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how well you are integrated into your social group or community
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SOCIAL REGULATION
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the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, waht you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis
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EGOISTIC SUICIDE
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suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group
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ALTRUISTIC SUICIDE
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suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration
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ANOMIE
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a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation
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ANOMIC SUICIDE
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suicide that occurs as a result of too little social regulation
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FATALISTIC SUICIDE
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suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation
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STRAIN THEORY
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Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
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CONFORMIST
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individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable
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RITUALIST
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individual who rejects socially defined goals in order to live within his or her own means
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INNOVATOR
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social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them
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RETREATIST
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one who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society
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REBEL
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individual who rejects socially acceptable goals and means but wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated
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SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
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a micro level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions for the basic motivations behind people's actions
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LABELING THEORY
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the belief that individuals unconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels, over time, come to form the basis of their self-identity
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PRIMARY DEVIANCE
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the first act of rule-breaking that may incur a label of "deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act toward you
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SECONDARY DEVIANCE
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subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people's expectations of you
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STIGMA
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a negative social label that not only changes your behavior toward a person, but also alters that person's own self concepts and social identity
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BROKEN WINDOWS THEORY OF DEVIANCE
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theory explaining how social context and social cues of disorder impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow such acts
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STREET CRIMES
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crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty
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DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY
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theory stating that in addition to the legitimate economic structure, an illegitimate opportunity structure also exists which is unequally distributed across social classes
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WHITE-COLLAR CRIME
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offense committed by a professional (or professionals) against a corporation, agency, or other business
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CORPORATE CRIME
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a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEO's and other executives) of a corporation
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DETERRENCE THEORY
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philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits
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SPECIFIC DETERRENCE
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what the criminal justice system attempts when it monitors and tries to prevent known criminals from committing more crimes
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GENERAL DETERRENCE
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when an individual who has been punished for a previous offense opts not to commit further crimes for fear of going back to jail
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RECIDIVISM
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when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior
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TOTAL INSTITUTION
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an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day activity; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority.
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DISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUES
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modes of monitoring, examining, and regimenting individuals that are diffused throughout society
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PANOPTICON
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a circular building composed of an inner and outer ring designed to server as a prison in which the detainees can always be seen and the observer, housed in the inner ring, is hidden from those being observed
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FEMINISM
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an intellectual, consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. The underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect
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SEX
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the natural or biological differences that distinguish males from females
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SEXUALITY
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refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior
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GENDER
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denotes a social position, the set of social arrangements that are built around sex
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ESSENTIALISM
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line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones
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BIOLOGICAL DETERMINATION
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a line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of biological givens
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DIMORPHIC or BINARY
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an either/or category, like either black or white, with no shades of grey between two mutually exclusive categories
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HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY
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dominant and privileged, if invisible, category of men
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HEGEMONY
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a historical process in which a dominant group, by virtue of its moral and intellectual leadership in society, secures the voluntary "consent" of the masses
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GENDER ROLES
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sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male or a female
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PATRIARCHY
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a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity
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STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
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theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (the family, the division of labor, or gender) which exist in order to fulfill some set of functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, etc)
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SEX ROLE THEORY
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Talcott Parson's theory that men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners and wives/mothers, respectively, because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers
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HOMOSEXUAL
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the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with other persons of the same sex
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SEXISM
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occurs when a person's sex is the basis for judgement, discrimination, and hatred against him or her
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SEXUAL HARASSMENT
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an illegal form of discrimination, involving everything from inappropriate jokes on the job to outright sexual assault to sexual "barter"- all intended to make women feel uncomfortable and unwelcome, particularly on the job
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GLASS CEILING
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an invisible lid on women's climb up the employment ladder
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GLASS ESCALATOR
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the promotional ride men take to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs
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RACE
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a group of people who share a set of characteristics-typically, but not always, physical ones- and are said to share a common bloodline
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RACISM
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the belief that members of separate races posses different and unequal human traits
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SCIENTIFIC RACISM
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nineteenth-century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race
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ETHNOCENTRISM
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the judgement of other groups by one's own standards and values
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ONTOLOGICAL EQUALITY
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the notion that all people are created equally under the eyes of god
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SOCIAL DARWINISM
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the application of Darwinian ideas to society, namely, the evolutionary "survival of the fittest"
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EUGENICS
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literally meaning "well born," the science of genetic lines and the inheritance traits they pass on from generation to generation
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NATIVISM
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movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the so-called dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants
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ONE-DROP RULE
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the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation
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MISCEGENATION
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the technical term for multicultural marriage; literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; it is politically and historically charged- sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage
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RACIALIZATION
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the formation of a new racial identity, in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people
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ETHNICITY
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one's ethinic quality or affiliation, it is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid, and multiple, and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se
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SYMBOLIC ETHNICITY
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a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but identifying with a past or future nationality. For later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed, with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual
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STRAIGHT-LINE ASSIMILATION
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Robert Park's 1920 universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate; first they arrive then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogenous country
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PRIMORDIALISM
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Clifford Geertz's term to explain the persistence of ethnic ties because they are fixed in deeply felt or primordial ties to one's homeland culture
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PLURALISM
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the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society
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SEGREGATION
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the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity
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GENOCIDE
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the mass killing of a group of people
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SUBALTERN
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describes a subordinate, oppressed group of people
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COLLECTIVE RESEARCH
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an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group in a society
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PREJUDICE
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negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group
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DISCRIMINATION
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harmful or negative acts (not mere thoughts) against people deemed inferior on the basis of their category without regard to their individual merit
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STRATIFICATION
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structured social inequality or, more specifically, systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships
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SOCIAL EQUALITY
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a condition whereby no differences in wealth, power, or prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist
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ASSET
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a form of wealth that can be stored for the future
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DIALECTIC
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a two directional relationship, one that goes both ways
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ONTOLOGICA EQUALITY
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the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of god
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EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY
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the idea that inequality of condition os acceptable so long as the rules of the game, so to speak, remain fair
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BOURGEOIS SOCIETY
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a society of commerce (modern capitalist society for example) in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive
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EQUALITY OF CONDITION
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the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
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EQUALITY OF OUTCOME
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a position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the "game"
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FREE RIDER PROBLEM
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the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk the responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight
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ESTATE SYSTEM
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politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
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CASTE SYSTEM
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religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility
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CLASS SYSTEM
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economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility
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PROLETARIAT
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the working class
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BOURGEOISIE
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the capitalist class
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CONTRADICTORY CLASS LOCATIONS
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the idea that people can occupy locations on the class structure which fall between the two "pure" classes
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STATUS HIERARCHY SYSTEM
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a system of stratification based on social prestige
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ELITE-MASS DICHOTOMY SYSTEM
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system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society
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MERITOCRACY
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a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement
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SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES)
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an individual's position in a stratified social order
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UPPER CLASS
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a term for the economic elite
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MIDDLE CLASS
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a term commonly used to describe those individuals with nonmanual jobs that pay significantly more than the poverty line-- though this is a highly debated and expansive category, particularly in the United States, where broad swathes of the population consider themselves middle class
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PERVERSE INCENTIVES
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reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior; for example, welfare- to the extent that it discourages work efforts- is argued to have perverse incentives
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UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES
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results of a policy that were not anticipated fully at the time of implementation- particularly outcomes that are counter to the intentions of the policymakers
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RECESSION
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a period of economic contraction lasting two or more quarters (half a year or more)
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CULTURE OF POVERTY
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the argument that poor people adopt certain practices which differ from those of middle-class,"mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in economic circumstances
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UNDERCLASS
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the notion, building on the culture of poverty argument, that the poor are not only different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what mainstream society has to offer, but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us
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MEDICALIZATION
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the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such
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SICK ROLE
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concept describing the social rights and obligations of a sick individual
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FEE FOR SERVICES
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an insurance scheme in which medical providers are reimbursed per office visit or procedure performed; it has often been blamed for rising medical costs
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HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS (HMOs)
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companies developed as an alternative to hold down costs by paying doctors a salary based on teh number of patients they take on
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CAPITATION
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fee for person
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MEDICARE
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a government program that covers most people aged 65 or older and some younger people with disabilities
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MEDICAID
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a joint federal and state program that helps to cover medical costs for poor people with limited resources
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MORBIDITY
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illness in a general sense
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MORTALITY
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death
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ANTHROPOMETICS
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the measurement of humans: anthropo meaning "man" and metric meaning "measurement"
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PREMATURITY
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live birth of a baby prior to 37 weeks gestation; considered a risk factor for infant mortality and developmental issues
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LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
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weight under five pounds, eight ounces at birth
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