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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Freud's Systems of Personality: Id
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- present at birth
- unconscious - seek pleasure and avoid pain - instant gratification |
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Freud's Systems of Personality: Superego
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- ages 5-6
- all 3 levels - conscience - right & wrong - perfectionist - societal & parental aspect |
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Freud's Systems of Personality: Ego
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- all 3 levels
- controls id & superego - delayed gratification - 5-6 years old - reality principle |
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Ego Defense Mechanisms: Repression
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involuntarily removing bad memories & suppressing sexual/aggressive impulses
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Ego Defense Mechanisms: Projection
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attributing own motives on others (undesirable impulses or traits)
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Ego Defense Mechanisms: Denial
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refusal to acknowledge existence of danger/threat
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Ego Defense Mechanisms: Rationalization
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supplying logical/rational reason instead of real reason
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Ego Defense Mechanisms: Regression
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reverting to the a behavior of earlier development
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Ego Defense Mechanisms: Reaction formation
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expressing exaggerated ideas/emotions that oppose impulses and desires
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Ego Defense Mechanisms: Displacement
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Substituting less threatening object for original object of impulse
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Ego Defense Mechanisms: Sublimation
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rechanneling sexual/aggressive energy into socially acceptable behavior
***only healthy one*** |
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Ego Defense Mechanisms: Identification
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taking on someone else's characteristics
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Ego Defense Mechanisms: Intellectualization
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distancing self from uncomfortable impulses by looking at them abstractly
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Stages of Psychosexual Development: Oral
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- 0-1 years
- mouth - weaning/oral gratification - optimism, dependence, gullibility, pessimism, passivity, hostility, sarcasm, aggression |
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Stages of Psychosexual Development: Anal
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- 1-3 years
- anus - toilet training, gratification from expelling/withholding feces - cleanliness, orderlineess, stinginess, messiness, rebelliousness, destructiveness |
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Stages of Psychosexual Development: Phallic
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- 3-6 years
- genitals - Oedipal conflict, sexual curiosity, masturbation - flirtatiousness, vanity, promiscuity, pride, chastity |
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Stages of Psychosexual Development: Latency
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- 6-puberty
- period of sexual calm, focus on school, hobbies, same-sex friends |
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Stages of Psychosexual Development: Genital
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- puberty+
- genital - revival of sexual interests - establishment of mature sexual relationships |
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Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung
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- analytic psychology
- expanded unconscious - ego, personal unconscious, collective unconscious (from archetypes in dreams) - archetypes: persona, shadow, anima/animus - introverted/extroverted (components of both, one dominates) - midlife crisis |
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Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler
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- inferiority complex
- birth order hypothesis - perfectionism |
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Neo-Freudians: Karen Horney
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- took issue with Freud's phallocentrism
- environmental/social factors, childhood relationships |
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Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism
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- Behavior, environment, and traits interact
- self efficacy: personal belief that you are capable of performing behaviors to achieve goals |
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Rotter's Locus of Control
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- master of your own destiny (internal) vs. fate/luck/God (external)
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Humanism
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Problems arise from incongruence between self & ideal self
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Big 5
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Conscientiousness
Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness to Experience Extroversion - measured by Costa & McCrae: NEO Personality Inventory |
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Big 5: Conscientiousness
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responsible vs. careless
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Big 5: Agreeableness
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friendly vs. cold
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Big 5: Neuroticism
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anxious vs. easy-going
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Big 5: Openness to Experience
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curious vs. dull
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Big 5: Extroversion
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outgoing vs. introverted
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Culture & Personality
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Individualist vs. collectivist, different in all parts of the world, but all want to enhance self esteem
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Personality Assessment
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- Observation, Interviews, Rating Scales
- Personality Inventories - Projective Tests |
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Personality Assessment: Observation, Interviews, Rating Scales
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- Observation (Behaviorists): time-consuming, may influence behavior
- Interviews: unstructured and structured (free-flowing vs. predetermined questions and order) - Rating Scale: standard format, rate different traits |
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Personality Assessment: Personality Inventories
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- paper & pencil tests, answer questions about self
- MMPI: most widely used, updated, scales for faking - CPI: sane person's MMPI, employment - MBTI: Jung's theory, 4 dimensions - bipolar, business |
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Personality Assessment: Projective Tests
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- indirect way to determine personality
- Rorschach tests (strict interpretation rules) - ambiguous statements to determine theme - Thematic Apperception Test - vague (show a photo, "tell me a story about this" OR sentence completion) |
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Types of interviews
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Unstructured vs. structured
free-flowing vs. predetermined |
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Most commonly used inventory
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MMPI
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Most commonly used projective test
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Rorschach
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Prevalence of mental disorder
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22:1 compared to cancer every year
50% if U.S. will be diagnosed w/ mental disorder |
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Treatment w/ Five Perspectives
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- Biological: drug therapy, ECT, psychosurgery
- Psychodynamic: counseling, psychoanalysis - Learning: operant conditioning, classical conditioning, modeling - Cognitive: cognitive therapy - Biopsychosocial: combination |
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Anxiety Disorders
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- most common
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: vague but intense fears - Panic Disorders: terror attacks - Phobias: excessive fears - OCD: recurring thoughts, repetitive actions - Social Phobia: fear of public embarrassment |
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Obsessions vs. compulsions
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Recurring thoughts vs. repetitive behaviors
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Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder
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- overwhelmed by sadness and apathy, loss of appetite and concentration, may be suicidal
- women greater risk after puberty, men before - Asian countries less MDD - "common cold" of psychological disorders |
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Mood Disorders: Bi-Polar Disorder
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- equal to men & women, more hereditary
- mania and depression - many creative people |
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Suicide gender differences
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Women try more (O.D.) but men succeed more (firearms)
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Schizophrenia - symptoms
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Positive symptoms (presence): delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate behaviors and thoughts, disorganized speech
Negative symptoms (absence): flat affect (no emotion), limited speech, avolition |
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Types of Schizophrenia
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1. Paranoid - suspicious, delusions, emotions intact
2. Disorganized (earliest onset) - bizarre & childlike, flat/inappropriate affect 3. Catatonic: waxy flexibility, alternate between frozen and active 4. Undifferentiated: none or 1 or more of the above, catchall |
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Risk factors of schizophrenia
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- Genetics
- Too much stress that a person can't handle - environmental factor (birth trauma, head injury, etc.) |
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Somatoform Disorders
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- Hypochondriasis: interprets small symptom as sign of serious disease
- Conversion disorder: bizarre symptoms (wake up paralyzed, blind, deaf, seizures, etc.), think "oh, well, I can live with this," trauma is so bad that the condition is an improvement |
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Dissociative Disorders
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- Dissociative amnesia: loss of memory w/ no organic cause
- Dissociative fugue: leaves home and assumes a new identity, very rare - Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly MPD): separate people w/ different memories, voices, etc. (96% women, 95% of them were severely abused) |
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Personality Disorders
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- learned early in life and cause distress
- Cluster A (odd, may be quasi-schizo) - Cluster B (dramatic, may be quasi-mood) - Cluster C (anxious, quasi-anxiety) |
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Psychoanalysis Techniques
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- Insight: understanding of behavior so they can change
- Relationship: interpersonal communication - Behavior: learned behavior - Cognitive: Thoughts - Biological: Drug/ECT/psychosurgery |
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Brief Psychodynamic therapy
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Just as effective
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Humanistic Therapies
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- unconditional positive regard, fully-functioning client
- gestalt: get in touch with your feelings |
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Interpersonal therapy problems
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death
roles life changes skills |
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Behavior therapies
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Operant: token economics, exchange for goods and services later/time out - will lose reinforcements
Classical: systematic desensitization (over time), flooding (all at once), exposure & response prevention (10 sessions better than drugs alone for OCD & PTSD), aversive therapy and conditioning (eliminate unwanted behavior with pain) Participant Modeling: watch others perform desired behavior |
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Cognitive therapies
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ABC: Activating Event, Belief, Consequence (B is real problem, not A / replace irrational with rational)
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Drug therapies
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Most-used method of biological
Antipsychotics good for schizo, reduce hallucinations and delusions (disadvantage: muscle twitching) / traditional: decrease positive (tardive diskinesia), atypical - reduce positive & negative Antidepressants: tricyclics (weight gain), SSRIs (decreased sex drive), MAOI (better for atypical symptoms, not good for mixing) Lithium & anticonvulsants Tranquilizers |
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Lithium
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Wonder drug for bipolar, but slow
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Largest selling drug for anxiety
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Tranquilizers (Xanax)
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ECT
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for depression that does not respond to other therapies
no unilateral (right hemisphere) RTMS another option (Rapid Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) |
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Psychosurgery
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Prefrontal lobotomy not used often today
Cingulotomy - drastic and irreversible |