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319 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a significant disruption in one's conscious experience, memory, sense of identity, or any combination of the three
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dissociation
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continuum for dissociation
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from deja vu and daydreaming to forgetting who you are
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context for dissociation
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can interfere or assist with functioning
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these are the dissociative disorders
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depersonalization disorder, dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. dissociation is the main symptom!
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persistent and distressing feelings of being detached from one's mind or body (watching oneself from the outside, but continuing to know what is and is not real. distressing.)
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depersonalization disorder
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psychogenic loss of ability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature (more than normal forgetting. distressing.)
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dissociative amnesia
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loss of memory for all of the events that occurred within a circumscribed period of time
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localized amnesia
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loss of memory for some, but not all, of the events from a specific period of time
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selective amnesia
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loss of memory for events and information, including information pertaining to personal identity (name, background, family, but knows current events)
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generalized amnesia
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loss of memory that begins at a specific time, continues through to the present, and prevents the retention in memory of new experiences
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continuous amnesia
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the loss of memory for a certain category of information (memories of a certain person)
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systematized amnesia
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causes for dissociation
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typically a traumatic experience, not from such things as head trauma
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the inability to recall events that occurred after a trauma
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anterograde amnesia
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the inability to recall events that occurred before a trauma
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retrograde amnesia
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originating from the mind or caused by psychological factors
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psychogenic
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sudden and unexpected travel away from home accompanied by forgetting of one's past and personal identity (assume new identity)
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dissociative fugue
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presence of two or more distinct personalities or identity states that recurrently control an individual's behavior (forgetting of personal information, lost time, connection between mind and body)
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dissociative identity disorder
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retains legal name and identity, holds job, relationships
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host personality
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act out aggressive and hostile impulses
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persecutory personalities
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avoid dangerous situations, aggressive toward anyone who appears to pose a threat
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protector personalities
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gender and age for DID
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more females due to sexual abuse. more men in legal trouble. dissociation can happen in children and adolescents.
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cult. and hist. rel. for dissociation
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possession trance of spirits in other cultures, used to listed under hysteria then somatoform
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post traumatic model
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a theory of dissociative identity disorder that argues that the disorder results from traumatic childhood experiences. (coping device)
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sociocognitive model for DID
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theory that argues that the disorder is iatrogenic and results from socially reinforced multiple role enactments, media, etc.
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disorder unintentionally caused by a treatment
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iatrogenic
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psychodynamic for dissociation
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extreme form of depression, splitting, identification. interventions include exploring the meaning of painful experiences, pointing out defense mechanisms, and offering new ways to cope. therapeutic alliance
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defense mechanism in which one views the self or others as all-good or all-bad in order to ward off conflicted or ambivalent feelings
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splitting
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taking on the traits of someone else; sometimes used as a defense mechanism
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identification
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beh. for DID
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operant conditioning. splitting causes feelings of relief which is a negative reinforcement. intervention includes learning how to manage overwhelming feelings in a constructive way, suggestion of alternative behavior (phone a friend),
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cog for DID
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self-hypnosis-the ability to put oneself in a trance state
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learning and memory that depend on emotional state similarity between encoding and retrieval
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state-dependent learning
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schema-focused cognitive therapy
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a cognitive intervention for dissociative disorders that focuses on changing cognitive schemas that are based on traumatic childhood experiences
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problems with cog for DID
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hypnosis, but could invent memories or entice memories not ready to be recalled
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biological for DID
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NMDA receptor antagonists, hallucinogens can induce dissociation, role of the thalamus
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the use of medication to promote therapeutic remembering; used during WWII to help soldiers remember forgotten incidents
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narcosynthesis
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a treatment strategy that integrates a variety of theoretical perspectives
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multi-modal
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continuum for eating dis
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mild to extreme cares about weight and eating
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context for eating dis
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gymnasts and actors. some have, some don't.
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a disorder involving extreme thinness, often achieved through self-starvation (refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight)
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anorexia nervosa (irritable, no interest in sex, insomnia, depression, anxiety, perfectionism) (fear of gaining weight, becoming fat, though underweight)
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charged molecules that regulate nerve and muscle impulses throughout the body
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electrolytes
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individual loses weight by severely restricting food intake
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restricting type anorexia (either eating close to nothing or exercising to an extreme)
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individual loses weight by bingeing and purging (15% below normal body weight)
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binge-eating/purging type anorexia
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disorder involving repeated binge eating followed by compensatory measures to avoid weight gain
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bulimia nervosa (typically at or above a normal weight) (lack of control) (purging twice a week for three months)
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individuals try to avoid weight gain from binges by burning off calories, usually through fasting or engaging in excessive exercise
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nonpurging type bulimia
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individuals try to avoid weight gain from binges by physically removing ingested food from their bodies, usually through vomiting or the use of laxatives
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purging type bulimia
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learning and memory that depend on emotional state similarity between encoding and retrieval
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state-dependent learning
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schema-focused cognitive therapy
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a cognitive intervention for dissociative disorders that focuses on changing cognitive schemas that are based on traumatic childhood experiences
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problems with cog for DID
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hypnosis, but could invent memories or entice memories not ready to be recalled
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biological for DID
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NMDA receptor antagonists, hallucinogens can induce dissociation, role of the thalamus
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the use of medication to promote therapeutic remembering; used during WWII to help soldiers remember forgotten incidents
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narcosynthesis
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a treatment strategy that integrates a variety of theoretical perspectives
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multi-modal
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continuum for eating dis
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mild to extreme cares about weight and eating
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context for eating dis
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gymnasts and actors. some have, some don't.
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a disorder involving extreme thinness, often achieved through self-starvation (refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight)
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anorexia nervosa (irritable, no interest in sex, insomnia, depression, anxiety, perfectionism) (fear of gaining weight, becoming fat, though underweight)
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charged molecules that regulate nerve and muscle impulses throughout the body
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electrolytes
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individual loses weight by severely restricting food intake
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restricting type anorexia (either eating close to nothing or exercising to an extreme)
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individual loses weight by bingeing and purging (15% below normal body weight)
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binge-eating/purging type anorexia
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disorder involving repeated binge eating followed by compensatory measures to avoid weight gain
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bulimia nervosa (typically at or above a normal weight) (lack of control) (purging twice a week for three months)
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individuals try to avoid weight gain from binges by burning off calories, usually through fasting or engaging in excessive exercise
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nonpurging type bulimia
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individuals try to avoid weight gain from binges by physically removing ingested food from their bodies, usually through vomiting or the use of laxatives
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purging type bulimia
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eating behaviors that are disordered but do not meet diagnostic criteria for either anorexia or bulimia (meeting criteria for anorexia while maintaining normal weight, for bulimia but bingeing less than twice a week or for less than three months)
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eating disorder not otherwise specified
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context for eating dis
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females 15-25, may be triggered by a stressful life event. 90% is females. used to be higher socioeconomic classes.
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the presence of symptoms at levels below the full diagnostic criteria for a disorder
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subclinical
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condition usually affecting men, that involves excessive worry that muscles are too small and underdeveloped
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reverse anorexia
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cult rel for eating dis
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white women, unheard of in impoverished countries
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the condition of being 20% or more over ideal weight
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obesity (not an eating disorder)
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psychodynamic for eating dis
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constant struggle to meet parental expectations, striving for perfection while asserting independence. retain childlike physical form. need for control over body after sexual trauma. vomiting = undoing.
interventions: using transference interpretations to uncover the function of symptoms, relationship w/ therapist. |
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family systems for eating dis
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need for independence, separation
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boundaries between members of a family are weak and relationships tend to be intrusive
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enmeshed families (possibility that disorder could lead to enmeshed family)
intervention: therapist views entire family as client |
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member of the family identified by the family as having problems
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identified patient
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cog beh for eating dis
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combination of dysfunctional thoughts and experiences that reinforce eating disorder behaviors. black and white thinking about food and weight. thinking about rules instead of nutrition. weight loss and relief from purging as reinforcement.
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ignoring great friends, etc. with focus on weight
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selective abstraction
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if I'm not in complete control, I'll lose all control
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dichotomous reasoning
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I failed at food control yesterday. I'll fail again today.
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overgeneralization
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I gained a lb. I'll never wear shorts again.
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magnification
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cog beh interventions for eating dis
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make anorexics eat in hospital. ask clients to keep track of eating behavior and feelings and consider why. prescribe normal eating and keep a log. problem solve distress. manage feelings. (better for anorexia than bulimia)
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sociocultural for eating dis
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increasing images of thinness in the media and implicit negative associations with "fat"
interventions: teaching to question the media. |
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protesting unrealistic advertising
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media activism
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biological for eating dis
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genetic factors and hormonal and neurotransmitter imbalances. connection w/ depression and ocd
interventions: SSRIs or combining SSRIs w/ cog-beh treatment (for bulimia) |
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brain chemicals that reduce pain and produce pleasurable sensations (reinforcement for disorder)
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endorphins
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connection between mind and body for eating dis
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starvation makes it hard to think and puts a damper on mood
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mult caus for eating dis
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family stress for perfection and weight gain in adolescence and media (stress, sports) (have nutritionist, psychiatrist, and psychologist might all work together)
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prevalence or substance disorders
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1/4 of US population will meet criteria over their lifetime
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a dangerous practice of rapid alcohol consumption, defined as four or more drinks in a row for a woman or five or more in a row for a man
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binge drinking
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a defense mechanism in which an individual fails to acknowledge an obvious reality
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denial
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facts of substance disorders
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physical and emotional dependency which impairs daily functioning, any psychoactive substance is a drug that can be abused, abuse is universal, substances are for pleasure or to decrease distress
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context for substance dis
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used to be a personality disorder, used to be "how much," "how often," "when." shift from numerical to context. "relationship approach" assesses harm to the user and how much it interferes with daily life. whether it is pathological.
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a maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
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DSM def for substance disorder
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continuum for substance dis
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using relationship model, from healthy to pathological (adv and lim is falling midway on continuum)
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substance use that has negative consequences
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substance abuse
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Three C's
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continued use despite negative consequences, compulsive use, loss of control of use
substance abuse only has first C! |
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substance use that is compulsive, out of control, and has negative consequences including physical dependence on the substance
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substance dependence
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presence of tolerance and/or withdrawal
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physiological dependence
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body's adaptation to a substance as indicated by the need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve the desired effect or obtaining less effect in response to using the same amount over time
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tolerance
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physical or physiological symptoms that occur when substance use is decreased or stopped
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withdrawal
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the misuse of three or more substances
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polysubstance abuse
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the coexistence of a substance use diagnosis and another Axis I or Axis II diagnosis for a client
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dual diagnosis
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adv and lim for substance dis
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there seem to be other pathological relationships with other addictions
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substances that slow CNS functions (heart rate, breathing, alertness)
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depressants (alcohol, sleeping pills, opioids)
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alcohol dependence
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alcoholism (alcohol is most commonly abused in US)
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a syndrome consisting of mental retardation, growth impairment, and facial distortions in a child caused by intrauterine alcohol exposure related to a mother's drinking during pregnancy
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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substances used to promote relaxation
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sedatives
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substances used to promote sleep
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hypnotics
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an anxiety-reducing effect
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anxiolytic
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tolerance extending across drugs within a class (benzodianzepines can relieve symptoms of alcohol withdrawal)
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cross-tolerance
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all of the derivatives--natural and synthetic--of the opium poppy (heroin, vicodin)
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opioids
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another term for opioids
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narcotics
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the effect of pain relief, euphoria, sedation
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analgesia
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internal or natural
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endogenous
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the first endogenous opioids to be discovered
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enkephalins
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a class of endogenous opioids known as the cause of "runner's high"
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endorphins
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substances that increase CNS functions
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stimulants
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a powerful stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca plant
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cocaine
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synthetic stimulants with a chemical structure similar to the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine
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amphetamines
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a mild stimulant found in the leaves of the tobacco plant
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nicotine
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a mild stimulant in many foods and beverages
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caffeine
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substances that produce hallucinatory changes in sensory perception
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hallucinogens
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a potent synthetic hallucinogen
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LSD (acid) lysergic acid diethylamide
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the active ingredient found in mushrooms with hallucinogenic properties
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psilocybin (mushrooms)
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a small, carrot-shaped cactus containing mescaline found mostly in Mexico and Central America (legal by Native Americans)
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peyote
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a hallucinogenic substance found in peyote
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mescaline
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the world's most widely used illegal substance; derived from the cannabis plant
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marijuana
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the amount of time it takes for half of a substance to be eliminated from the body
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half-life
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a synthetic amphetamine/stimulant with some hallucinogenic properties
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ecstacy
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a substance of abuse originally developed as an animal anesthetic
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PCP
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a shorter acting derivative of PCp still used as an anesthetic
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ketamine
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a so-called natural body-building and sleep aid that has become a popular club drug
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GHB
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chemicals that produce a "high" when inhaled
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inhalants
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a synthetic subtype of steroids resembling testosterone that tend to increase muscle mass and are often abused with the aim of enhancing athletic performance or physique
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anabolic steroids
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context for substance dis
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people of all ages. adolescents face peer pressure and invincible feelings. men are more likely than women. more caucasian, well-educated, urban.
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argues that substance abuse is a disease like other medical diseases
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disease model (reduces shame, allows people to seek help, doesn't blame alcohol companies)
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cult and hist rel for substance dis
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treatment and theories of cause have changed over time.
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biological for substance dis
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focused on body processes, some might do drugs to compensate for inborn or acquired deficiencies. alcoholism could be genetic.
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the abuse of substances to compensate for deficiencies in neurochemistry or to soothe unpleasant emotional states
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self medication
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the hypothesis that continued use of a substance can precipitate a biologically based switch from controlled use to addiction
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flipped switch theory
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intervention for bio for substance dis
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medically supervised withdrawal, medication.
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the practice of providing opioid addicts with a substitute opioid in a safe, medically monitored setting
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substitution (or maintenance) therapy
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socio and fam for substance dis
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social variables: stressful job, soldiers, unemployment. family of substance abuser appears to have certain characteristic patterns of interactions
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a treatment for substance misuse that emphasizes engagement of the client's social network of friends and family in treatment
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network therapy
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a relationship in which family members unconsciously collude with the substance misuse of another member even though they may consciously oppose it (alcoholic's wife calling in sick for him)
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codependency
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beh for substance dis
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pleasureful emotional states (pos. reinforcement), alleviate unpleasant states (neg. reinforcement), cues associated w/ drug use (neighborhood, paraphernalia) that stimulate cravings, family learning, media
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intervention for beh for substance dis
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exposure to cues w/o reinforcing drugs, relaxation training to cravings
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behavior intervention involving pairing unpleasant emotional images with unwanted behaviors, such as drug use (cig = cancer)
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covert sensitization
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behavioral technique involving pairing on unwanted behavior with an aversive stimulus in order to classically condition a connection between them (drug = nausea)
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aversion therapy
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the use of reinforcement and punishments to shape behavior in adaptive directions
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contingency management
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cog for substance dis
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expectancies about how they will feel (when drinking) influences how they actually feel (self-fulfilling prophecy), self esteem problems, schemas
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negative thoughts generated by negative cognitive schemas (I'm lonely, why not get high?)
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negative automatic thoughts
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intervention for cog for substance dis
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focus on changing irrational and problematic thoughts (if dad drinks, I can drink)-cognitive restructuring
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psychodynamic for substance dis
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at odds w/ disease model. associated with oral phase? a way of numbing or avoiding painful emotions that the ego cannot tolerate
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profound difficulty in identifying and verbalizing emotions
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alexithymia
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persistent extreme aversion to and avoidance of, genital sexual contact with a sexual partner causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (extreme form of disinterest in sex)
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sexual aversion
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persistent inability to attain or maintain an adequate lubrication-swelling response of sexual excitement, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (10%-20% of women over a lifetime)
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female sexual arousal disorder (leads to painful intercourse, aversion, and relationship difficulties)
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persistent inability to attain or maintain, an adequate erection, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (5%-15% of men annually)
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male erectile disorder (viagra or psychotherapy. illness, medication, smoking, diet, psych conflicts)
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persistent delay in or absence of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (7%-10% of women)
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female orgasmic disorder
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persistent delay in, or absence of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (3% of men)
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male orgasmic disorder (frightening loss of control, or physical conditions or medication)
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persistent ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before, on, or shortly after penetration and before the person wishes it, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (29% of men)
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premature ejaculation (psych and bio factors, psychotherapy for muscle training, start-stop method, penile squeeze, medication)
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persistent involuntary spasm of the musculature of the outer third of the vagina that interferes with sexual intercourse, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (making penetration difficult or painful)
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vaginismus (phobia of penetration, treatment attention to physical and psychological)
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persistent genital pain associated with sexual intercourse, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (in men or women, more common for women)
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dyspareunia (infection, scarring, lack of lubrication. female circumcision. excludes medical factors)
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continuum for paraphilias
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persistent for six months, nonconsentual/necessary for arousal, distress/impairment
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facts about paraphilias
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men. half are married. Western culture. beginning in adolescence. multiple kinds can occur at once. rape is not a paraphilia, but pedophilia is.
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the exposure of one's genitals to an unsuspecting person (6 mos.) most common paraphilia.
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exhibitionism (no clear personality profile)
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the act of observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity.
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voyeurism
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the use of nonliving objects (6 mos). objects become necessary for arousal.
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fetishism
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross-dressing in a heterosexual male (not wanting to be the opposite sex, although this could happen later). could be public or private
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transvestic fetishism (transvestism)
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors involving the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer (fantasies or acted out) rare in women.
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sexual masochism
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persistent extreme aversion to and avoidance of, genital sexual contact with a sexual partner causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (extreme form of disinterest in sex)
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sexual aversion
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persistent inability to attain or maintain an adequate lubrication-swelling response of sexual excitement, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (10%-20% of women over a lifetime)
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female sexual arousal disorder (leads to painful intercourse, aversion, and relationship difficulties)
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persistent inability to attain or maintain, an adequate erection, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (5%-15% of men annually)
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male erectile disorder (viagra or psychotherapy. illness, medication, smoking, diet, psych conflicts)
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persistent delay in or absence of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (7%-10% of women)
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female orgasmic disorder
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persistent delay in, or absence of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (3% of men)
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male orgasmic disorder (frightening loss of control, or physical conditions or medication)
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persistent ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before, on, or shortly after penetration and before the person wishes it, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (29% of men)
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premature ejaculation (psych and bio factors, psychotherapy for muscle training, start-stop method, penile squeeze, medication)
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persistent involuntary spasm of the musculature of the outer third of the vagina that interferes with sexual intercourse, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (making penetration difficult or painful)
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vaginismus (phobia of penetration, treatment attention to physical and psychological)
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persistent genital pain associated with sexual intercourse, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty (in men or women, more common for women)
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dyspareunia (infection, scarring, lack of lubrication. female circumcision. excludes medical factors)
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continuum for paraphilias
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persistent for six months, nonconsentual/necessary for arousal, distress/impairment
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facts about paraphilias
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men. half are married. Western culture. beginning in adolescence. multiple kinds can occur at once. rape is not a paraphilia, but pedophilia is.
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the exposure of one's genitals to an unsuspecting person (6 mos.) most common paraphilia.
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exhibitionism (no clear personality profile)
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the act of observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity.
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voyeurism
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the use of nonliving objects (6 mos). objects become necessary for arousal.
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fetishism
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross-dressing in a heterosexual male (not wanting to be the opposite sex, although this could happen later). could be public or private
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transvestic fetishism (transvestism)
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors involving the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer (fantasies or acted out) rare in women.
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sexual masochism
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children
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pedophilia (most targets are young boys)
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recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person (usually male on female in a crowded place w/ an escape)
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frotteurism
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facts about paraphilias
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many people had sexual trauma, abuse, attachment difficulties. treatment is difficult as paraphiliacs deny the seriousness of the problem. group treatment. sexual addiction is not a disorder. paraphilias not otherwise specified.
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the therapist's feelings about the client (therapist must control disgust, disapproval, etc.)
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counter transference
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psychodynamic for paraphilias
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perverse sexual behaviors as a defense mechanism, childhood experiences that were humiliating and threatened sense of masculinity.
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a defense mechanism involving doing unto others what was done to oneself. humiliate someone else for childhood revenge.
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turning passive into active (identification with the aggressor)
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psychodynamic intervention for paraphilias
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addressing roots of sexual trauma and problematic emotions. therapeutic alliance, which can be difficult if client is doing something illegal that needs to be reported. might be too deep to work.
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cog beh for paraphilias
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classical conditioning and social learning. sexual arousal paired with an inanimate object. children who observe sexual deviance or are rewarded for sexual behavior.
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intervention for cog beh for paraphilias
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phallometric assessment-measurement of penile responses to various stimuli, aversion therapy (electric shock to thoughts), systematic desentization (relax when stimuli are present), masturbatory satiation (masturbate to normal stimuli). cognitive restructuring. empathy, social skills training, impulse control, coping strategies.
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biological for paraphilias
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injuries and illnesses with disinhibiting effect on behavior
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intervention for biological for paraphilias
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used to be surgical castration. now, chemical castration to suppress testosterone levels.
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a person's biological body (male or female)
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sex
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a person's psychological sense of being male or female
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gender
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criteria for GID
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psychological gender is the opposite of sex, person is uncomfortable in their sex, significant distress or impairment in functioning
(rare, but more common in men) |
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biological for GID
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temperament-inborn behavioral tendencies. hormonal abnormalities or differences in brain structure.
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psychodynamic for GID
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disturbed mother-son relationships (possibly a distant father)
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beh for GID
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operant conditioning: cross-gender rewarded and gender consistent behavior punished
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sociocult for GID
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GID boys tend to have a large number of brothers tend to be youngest. families have stress, frustration, difficult limit setting
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treating GID
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gender identity is changeable in children but not adults. sex change for adults. psychotherapy for children.
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includes cognitive (thinking), motivational (behavioral), and physical (bodily) aspects
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mood
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a state of abnormally low mood, with emotional, cognitive, motivational, and/or physical features
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depression
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a state of abnormally high mood, with emotional, cognitive, motivational, and/or physical features
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mania
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context for mood dis
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variations in mood due to life events. (not out of the blue). pathological mood states are emotional extremes that do not seem appropriate to the person's context
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continuum for mood dis
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difference in duration and intensity
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hist rel for mood dis
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melancholia was the name for depression. mood disorders called affective disorders.
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mood disorders in which an individual experiences both abnormally low and high moods
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bipolar disorders
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mood disorders in which an individual experiences only abnormally low moods
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unipolar disorders
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periods of abnormal mood that are the building block of the DSM IV TR mood disorders
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mood episodes: major depressive, manic, hypomanic
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a two week or longer period of depressed mood along with several other significant depressive symptoms (emptiness, low energy, disrupted sleep)
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major depressive episode
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a one week or longer period of manic symptoms causing impairment in functioning
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manic episode
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a less extreme version of a manic episode that is not sever enough to significantly interfere with functioning
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hypomanic episode
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the occurrence of one or more major depressive episodes (no history of mania)
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major depressive disorder
(catatonic, melancholic, post partum, seasonal) |
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two years or more of consistently depressed mood and other symptoms that are not severe enough to meet criteria for a major depressive episode
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dysthymic disorder
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dysthymic combined with major depressive
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double depression
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combination of major depressive episodes and manic episodes (formerly called manic depression)
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bipolar I disorder
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combination of major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes
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bipolar II disorders
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two years or more of consistent mood swings between hypomanic highs and dysthymic lows (more constant and can worsen)
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cyclothymic disorder
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context for mood dis
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depression occurs in all ages. females twice as likely to be diagnosed--internalize stress and distress. abuse. bipolar I is equal among men and women.
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cult rel for mood dis
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whites. experience and expression of depression are culturally relative. more depression with poverty, low education, unemployment
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biological for mood dis
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5 HIT gene-mood gene. monoamines. ongoing childhood stressors may lead to permanent dysregulation. heritabilty of bipolar. abnormalities in prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum in bipolar.
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a class of neurotransmitters involved in mood disorders, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
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monoamines (seem to increase during mania and decrease during depression)
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the hypothesis that depression is partially caused by insufficient neurotransmission of monoamines
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monoamine hypothesis
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role of HPA which responds to stress by releasing cortisol
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endocrine system
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a hormone released by the pituitary glad in response to stress
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cortisol
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biological intervention for mood dis
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tricyclics, MAO, SSRIs
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one of the "first generation" classes of antidepressant drugs; they block the reuptake of norepinephrine
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tricyclics (have to be taken longer and have side effects)
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antidepressant medications that inhibit an enzyme (monoamine oxidose), which degrades serotonin and norepinephrine, thus enhancing neurotransmission
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MAO (take a long tim and have worse side effects)
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a "second generation" class of antidepressants; they inhibit the reuptake of serotonin
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SSRIs
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a biological intervention for severe depression involving sending electric current through the skull to produce seizures (safer than it seems, but possible amnesia)
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ECT
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a naturally occurring salt that is the main mood stabilizing medication for bipolar disorders
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lithium (need for the right amount, antidepressants in addition)
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irrationally negative thinking about the self, the world, and the future
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negative cognitive triad
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negative thoughts generated by negative cognitive schemas (nothing ever works for me)
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negative automatic thoughts
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irrational beliefs and thinking processes
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cognitive distortions
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cognitive -behavioral theory in which animals give up adaptive responding after prior experience with inescapable punishments
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learned helplessness
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cognitive theory concerning the tendency to make internal, global, and stable explanations of negative events as a risk factor for depression
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pessimistic explanatory (attributional) style
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cog intervention for mood dis
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negative thinking --> depression, negative thinking can be changed by logical methods, such changes in thinking will improve mood and behavior. recognize negative automatic thoughts, recognize emotional and behavioral responses to the thoughts, evaluate reasonableness of thoughts, come up with rational responses to explain situations, end dysfunctional assumptions. plus medication.
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beh for mood dis
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if a student who works hard with good results in the past, receives negative feedback, he might slack off or be less encouraged by positive feedback. poor social skills, an environment w/ low reinforcement, or high sensitivity to negative reinforcement
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beh intervention for mood dis
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increasing reinforcement and reducing punishments. set reachable daily goals with rewards for meeting them. for bipolar, educate patients and families, teach patients how to monitor systems, comply with medication
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psychodynamic for mood dis
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depression has its roots in experiences of loss or disappointment that generate anger at the loss or disappointment (anger turns into self criticism). harsh and critical superego.
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intervention for psychodynamic for mood dis
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speak as freely as possible, attend to repetitive emotional conflicts. understanding life experience's connection with depression. focus on emotional triggers of mood swings
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socio and fam for mood dis
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problem solving training, changing jobs, or gaining employment, developing social and coping skills. feminist therapy. addressing family situations and repercussions, parent/child interactions.
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for relatives of people suffering and in the hospital (helps family accept illness, identify stressors, strategize about the future.)
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inpatient family intervention
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an influential current treatment for depression that integrates psychodynamic, cognitive, and behavioral components
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interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
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depression makes it harder to make friendships, which deepens depression
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relationship between mood and relationship
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a state of being profoundly out of touch with reality
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psychosis
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abnormal sensory experiences such as hearing or seeing nonexistent things
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hallucinations
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fixed, false, and often bizarre beliefs
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delusions
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cult and his rel for schizophrenia
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known about since biblical times. not always considered a disorder. sane in an insane world.
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an early term for schizophrenia, from the Greek for "premature dementia"
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dementia praecox
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four A's of schizophrenia
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extreme ambivalence, abnormal associations in thinking, disturbed affect, autism
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a disorder marked by psychosis and a decline in adaptive functioning (symptoms last for six months and cause severe impairment)
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schizophrenia
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severe disruptions in the process of speech
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disorganized speech
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bizarre or disrupted behavioral patterns, such as dishevelment, extreme agitation, uncontrollable childlike silliness, or an inability to perform simple activities of daily life
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grossly disorganized behavior
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symptoms that represent pathological excesses, exaggerations, or distortions from normal functioning, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech, thought, or behavior
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positive or type I symptoms of schizophrenia
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symptoms that represent pathological deficits, such as flat affect, loss of motivation, and poverty of speech
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negative or type II symptoms of schizophrenia
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do not relate to ordinary life experience (aliens) vs. relating to ordinary life experience (police)
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bizarre delusions vs. nonbizarre delusions
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being attacked or followed
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delusions of persecution
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being the messiah
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delusions of grandeur
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the tv announcer is talking to you
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delusions of reference
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severe disruptions in the process of speaking or thinking
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disorganized speech or thought
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a sequence of logically disconnected thoughts
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loose associations
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made up word, like "head vise" for headache
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neologisms
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nonsense sequences of rhyming or like-sounding words
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clang associations
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a speech abnormality in which a person mimics what they have just heard
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echolalia
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repeating the gestures of others
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echopraxia
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a seemingly random collection of disorganized words
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word salad
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psychomotoric symptoms ranging from extreme immobility and unresponsiveness to extreme agitation
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catatonia
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catatonic symptom in which clients' limbs, often held in rigid posture for hours, can be bent and reshaped as though made of wax
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waxy flexibility
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a reduction or absence of normal emotion
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affective flattering
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minimal or absent verbal communication
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alogia or poverty of speech
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inability to talk despite trying to do so
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thought blocking
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reduced or absent motivation
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avolition
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loss of a sense of pleasure
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anhedonia
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the decline in socioeconomic status of individuals with schizophrenia relative to their families of origin
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downward drift
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most common subtype, characterized by predominant symptoms of delusions and auditory hallucination, with relatively intact cognitive and emotional functioning
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paranoid schizophrenia
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typically the most severe subtype, characterized by the prominence of disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect
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disorganized schizophrenia
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subtype marked by psychomotoric symptoms, such as rigid physical immobility and unresponsiveness (catatonic stupor) or extreme behavioral agitation (catatonic excitement), muteness, and, occasionally, echolalia and echopraxia
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catatonic schizophrenia
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subtype in which clients clearly meet the general criteria for schizophrenia, yet don't fit into any of the other three subtypes
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undifferentiated schizophrenia
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subtype in which clients have clearly met the criteria for schizophrenia in the past, and there is ongoing evidence of the disorder but w/o current psychotic symptoms
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residual schizophrenia
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a group of related and overlapping disorders that may have a common etiological basis
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schizophrenic spectrum
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diagnosis involving symptoms of both a mood disorder and schizophrenia
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schizoaffective disorder
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diagnosis involving a psychotic episode that has all the features of schizophrenia but has not lasted six months
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schizophreniform disorder
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diagnosis involving a psychotic episode that has all the features of schizophrenia but lasts less than one month
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brief psychotic disorder
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diagnosis involving nonbizarre delusions lasting at least one month
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delusional disorder
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diagnosis involving delusions that develop in the context of a close relationship with a psychotic person
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shared delusional disorder or folie a deux
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the first stage of schizophrenia in which symptoms are developing
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prodromal phase
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the second phase of schizophrenia, involving psychotic symptoms
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active phase
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the third stage of schizophrenia, in which the individual is no longer psychotic, but still shows signs of the disorder
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residual phase
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three patterns of schizophrenia
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occasional episodes w/ good recovery, occasional episodes w/ some gradual deterioration, chronic symptoms w/ steady downward drift (60%)
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bio for schizophrenia
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dominant explanation
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the underlying processes that create the conditions which make it possible for a precipitating cause to trigger an event
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predisposing cause
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a general decrease in activity in the prefrontal cortex
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hypofrontality
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a neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia symptoms
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glutamine
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a neurotransmitter thought to be specifically related to positive symptoms of schizophrenia and to pleasure regulation
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dopamine
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a neurotransmitter associated w/ depression and anxiety
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serotonin
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a neurotransmitter that suppresses nervous system activity
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GABA
|
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the stiffness and tremors associated with Parkinson's disease
|
Parkinsonian symptoms
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another name for antipsychotic mediations
|
neuroleptic
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the hypothesis that excess dopamine transmission causes the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia
|
dopamine hypothesis
|
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receptors involved in dopamine transmission that are thought to play a role in symptoms of schizophrenia
|
D2 receptors
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fluid-filled cavities in the brain (enlarged)
|
ventricles
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difficulty processing sensory input
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impaired sensory gating
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begins early in life even though this may not be evident until later on
|
neurodevelopmental disorder
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a potential for developing schizophrenia that may or may not progress into full-blown schizophrenia
|
schizotaxia
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involving multiple genes
|
polygenic
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medications that reduce psychotic symptoms
|
antipsychotic medication
|
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chemical name for the first generation antipsychotic medications
|
phenothiazines
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another name for antipsychotic medications
|
major tranquilizers
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the social policy, beginning in the 1960s, of discharging large numbers of hospitalized psychiatric clients into the community
|
deinstitutionalization
|
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involuntary movement of extremities or jaw
|
tardive dyskinesia
|
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newer antipsychotic mediations that seem to more effectively reduce both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
|
atypical or second generation antipsychotics
|
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psychodynamic for schizophrenia
|
Freud believed in biological. attempts to connect with outside world. medication and caring relationship
|
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cog for schizophrenia
|
overattention, unable to screen out irrelevant stimuli. difficulties coping with stress and delusions. or underattention.
restructuring to address over and underattention and to challenge delusional beliefs |
|
|
beh for schizophrenia
|
importance of learning. reinforcement of abnormal responses-disorganized speech. biology first
operant conditioning to increase appropriate behavior. token economy. social skills training. |
|
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family for schizophrenia
|
double blind communication-contradictory messages such as "be independent" and "never leave me." communication deviance-odd or idiosyncratic communication in families.
family therapy. |
|
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sociocul for schizophrenia
|
dehumanizing hospitals, prevalence in low socioeconomic classes and urban areas.
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an institutional treatment philosophy in which clients take active responsibility for decisions about the management of their environment and their therapies
|
milieu treatment
|
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a treatment program for schizophrenia which offers frequent and coordinated contact with a wide variety of professionals in an effort to decrease relapses and rehospitalization
|
assertive community treatment (ACT)
|
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an adjunctive therapy for schizophrenia that combines cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic principles and helps clients solve the practical problems of daily life
|
personal therapy
|
