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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning |
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior, due to experience Associative learning - learning that two events occur together |
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Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov |
type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli and thus anticipate events dog salivates (non conditioned response) w/ food (unconditioned stimulus). rings bell when about to feed dog (neutral stimulus). dog anticipates food and salivates to the bell ringing (conditioned response) CR strongest when NS presented 1/2 sec before US acquisition - the initial learning of a stimulus-response relationship |
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Higher-order conditioning |
- when a NS is paired with an existing CS, eventually causing the same CR replacing the tone (CS) w/ another NS (i.e. light) so that the dog will now salivate to light instead of tone. |
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Extinction & spontaneous recovery |
- if CS is repeatedly presented w/o US, the CR starts to weakn extinction- diminishing of a CR spontaneous recovery - the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR |
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Generaliation |
-tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
- CR is always strongest, however, with the original stimulus. |
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Disrimination |
the learned ability to distinguish btwn a CS and other irrelevant stimuli. |
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Operant Conditioning |
- organisms associate their behaviors with consequences - behaviors w/ desirable consequences increase, behaviors w/ undesirable consequences decrease. |
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Behaviorism BF Skinner |
- disregard cognition, psychology based only on observable behavior BF skinner inspired by Pavlov, though work resembles EL Thorndike |
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Law of Effect |
rewarded behavior is likely to recur place cat in box, reward placed outside box to entice escape, cat would eventually escape. repeat, takes progressively less time to escape |
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Shaping |
Reinforces guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
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Reinforces |
- any event that strengths, or increases the frequency of, a preceding response + reinforce - add a desirable stimulus - reinforce - remove an aversive stimulus primary reinforcer - a stimulus that is innately satisfying conditioned (secondary) reinforcer - stimuli that works bc it is associated w/ primary reinforcer behavior is strengthened is one that occurs just before reinforcer is presented |
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Reinforcement schedules |
cont reinforcement - behaviors are reinforced very time they occur. learning occurs rapidly, but so does extinction partial reinforcement - only reinforce sometimes. initial learning slower, but more resistant to extinction. fixed-ratio schedules - reinforce after set # resp variable-ration - reinforce after an unpredictable # of resp fixed-interval - reinforce the 1st resp after a fixed time period variable-interval - reinforces the 1st resp after varying time intervals |
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Punishment |
decreases behavior positive punishment - do an action negative punishment - take away something |
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Observational Learning |
learning by observing & immitating others process involves modeling mirror neurons - neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. |
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Bandura's Experiment |
adult kicks & throws a large inflated doll, yelling "hit him down!". Child imitates later on doll when they get frustrated, imitating same acts & words we will imitate a model if... imitate actions go unpunished, imitate models are perceived similar, imitate models are seen as successful/admirable |
