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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Psychology |
Socialpsychology: - thescientific study of how we think about, influence,and relate to one another - Howdoes the presence of other people influenceour thoughts, feelings, and behavior? |
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Attribution Theory |
AttributionTheory •suggests how we explain someone’s behavior –we either attribute it to the person’s disposition or to the situation •dispositionalattribution - behavior caused by factors internal to theperson •situationalattribution – behavior caused by external factors |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
Fundamental Attribution Error: - tendency to overestimate internal factors (e.g.traits or attitudes), and to underestimate situational factors in explainingbehavior Example: poor grades - we tend toattribute poor grades to somethinginternal (unintelligent or lazy), ratherthan situational (family problems) |
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Actor-Observer Effect |
Actor-ObserverEffect: - tendency for the actor (the person performing a behavior) to attribute the behavior to the situation and for the observer (the person watching the actor behave) to attribute the same behaviorto the actor’s disposition. |
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Conformity |
Conformity –adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward the group standard. SolomonAsch (1955): - subjects told they would be judging thelengths of lines - shown cards with three lines of varyinglength - match line of correct length to line on asecond card - 5 subjects answered aloud in order in whichthey were seated - on first two trials, there were nodisagreements - on third trial, the first 4 subjects gavethe same obviously wrong answer - 5th subject was troubled– the others were clearly giving wrong answers - People in the 5thposition sometimes gave wrong answer – they went along with the others even though they knew it was incorrect - wrong answer given about 35% of the time - the real subjects did not know that thefirst 4 subjects were in on the experiment,and gave the wrong answer rather than disagree withthe others - it was not uncertainty about the correctchoice – the subjects were very sure ofthe correct choice. They conformeddespite the fact that they knew thecorrect answer. |
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Reasons for Conforming |
normative socialinfluence: - desire to gainsocial approval and avoid socialdisapproval - oursensitivity to socialnorms – rules for accepted andexpected behavior - example: weclap when everyone else claps Informational socialinfluence: - when we’re notsure how to act, we look to other people - they aresources of information regarding how to behave - we assume theyknow what they’re doing, and we welcomethe information - example: firstday at new job and fire alarm goes off |
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Obedience |
StanleyMilgram(1963): - placed newspaper ads for men to participate in study on the effects of punishment on learning - one selected as “learner” and one selectedas “teacher” - teacher reads aloud pairs of words that the learner was to memorize - every time the learner made a mistake,teacher was to administer a punishment - teacher sat at “shock machine” – range from15 - 450 volts - learner sat in another room, communicationvia intercom - learner mentioned that he “had a weakheart” - during testing, learner made many errors,and each time, teacher told him he was wrongand delivered a shock - as the level of shock increased, thelearner’s reactions became increasingly dramatic – he yelled, begged, pounded the table, kicked the wall - through everything, the experimenter urgedthe teacher to continue |
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Milgram’s Results |
Pre-experiment survey: -most people, including 40 psychiatrists thought the subjects would stop theshocks after the learner first indicated pain •Results: - all40 subjects delivered the 300-volt shock - 65%continued to the final 450-volt level, even though the learner screamed formercy, had a heart condition, and was apparently experiencing great pain - Milgram’s useof deception and stress on his subjects caused a debate over the ethics of hisresearch. - Later findings – obedience highest when: 1) theperson giving the orders is nearby and perceived to be a legitimate authority figure 2) theauthority figure was supported by a prestigious institution 3) thevictim was depersonalized or at a distance 4)there were no role models for defiance – no other participants were seen disobeying the experimenter |
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Attraction |
Factors that influence attraction: -proximity -physical attractiveness -similarity |
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Psychology of Attraction: Proximity |
Proximity – how close we are to another persongeographically •Mere exposure effect: -repeated exposure to novel stimuli tends to increase our liking forthem •Moreland & Beach (1992): -Four equally attractive women (determined by a pretest) women silently attended a class for 1, 5, 10, or 15 class sessions - atend of course, students shown slides of women -Results: the women they had seen the most often were rated mostattractive and likeable •Mita, Dermer, &Knight (1977): -Faces are not perfectly symmetrical – our friends see a different face than wedo -Researcher photographed women and showed pictures to their friends -Some pictures were normal and some were reverse images -Women preferred mirror images (68% to 32%) -Their friends preferred normal images (61% to 39%) -Each liked best the face that they had seen most often |
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Psychology of Attraction: Physical Attractiveness |
First impressions of aperson is most affected by their physical appearance •Walster et al (1966): -students randomly matched to be blind dates at a dance. -before dance, students took personality and aptitude test. -After dance, students rated their dates -only thing that mattered regarding how well they liked their date was physical attractiveness. •Physical attractivenesspredicts: -frequency of dating - howpopular a person feels -other people’s initial impressions of their personalities •Attractive people areperceived to be: -healthier, happier, more successful, more socially skilled |
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Psychology of Attraction: What is Physically Attractive? |
Physical attractiveness generally depends on the time andculture: - Insome cultures, pierced noses, long necks, and painted skin are consideredattractive -Ideal in North America -1920s – very slim body -1950s – more full-figured, voluptuous body -2000s – lean, busty body •Some aspects of attractiveness DO seem more universal: -Youthful appearance -physical features that are neither unusually large nor unusually small |
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Psychology of Attraction: Similarity |
Birds ofa feather flock together!: -friends and couples far more likely to share attitudes,beliefs, and interests - themore alike people are, the more their liking endures |
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Altruism & Bystander Intervention |
Altruism – unselfish regard forthe welfare of others •Kitty Genovese: -repeatedly stabbed and raped while calling for help - 38neighbors heard her, but no one helped •Whether or not we help others is largelydependent on the presence of others |
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Bystander Intervention |
Bystandereffect – the tendency for any given bystander to beless likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
