1. There are many different ways humans and organisms learn. According to Feldman, R. S., (1989), learning is defined as, “a relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience.” The two types of learning principles we will be discussing are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. A Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning. Classical conditioning “is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about the response” (Feldman, R. S., 1989). Basically classical conditioning is associated between two stimuli in which the person gains a learned response. For example, the sound of an ice cream truck
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S., (1989), operant conditioning is “learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.” In the late 19th century psychologists Edward Thorndike came up with the Law of Effect; it wasn’t until later in the early 1900’s a psychologist named B.F. Skinner who extended the idea of operant conditioning. Within this research Skinner used several principles while studying operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment to name a few. Positive and negative reinforcement are neither good nor bad. For instance, positive reinforcement would be something like running a race and receiving a medal for the place you finished. A great negative reinforcement would be applying sunscreen to your skin when you go outside; the sunscreen is a negative reinforcement so you don’t get burnt. Next is positive and negative punishment; positive punishment is when you are aware of the stimulus and you do something to weaken the response so it does not happen again. For instance, drinking an alcoholic beverage on a beach that says “no alcoholic beverages” the positive punishment you receive is a warning from the local police who patrol the beach. Negative punishment is when you are penalized for doing something wrong; usually something is taken away in the process to learn not to do it again. For example, when my older sister and me were …show more content…
There are three types of memory stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. How we process memory to remember information is through three stages called encoding, storing, and retrieval. Sensory memory is your first initial process of when you perceive information that you do not retain. This type of memory relates to all the senses. For instance, iconic memory is when you receive information visually but only for a second, such as looking at a magazine and echoic memory is when information is received through the ears, like listening to talk radio and only remembering a few seconds of what was put
S., (1989), operant conditioning is “learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.” In the late 19th century psychologists Edward Thorndike came up with the Law of Effect; it wasn’t until later in the early 1900’s a psychologist named B.F. Skinner who extended the idea of operant conditioning. Within this research Skinner used several principles while studying operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment to name a few. Positive and negative reinforcement are neither good nor bad. For instance, positive reinforcement would be something like running a race and receiving a medal for the place you finished. A great negative reinforcement would be applying sunscreen to your skin when you go outside; the sunscreen is a negative reinforcement so you don’t get burnt. Next is positive and negative punishment; positive punishment is when you are aware of the stimulus and you do something to weaken the response so it does not happen again. For instance, drinking an alcoholic beverage on a beach that says “no alcoholic beverages” the positive punishment you receive is a warning from the local police who patrol the beach. Negative punishment is when you are penalized for doing something wrong; usually something is taken away in the process to learn not to do it again. For example, when my older sister and me were …show more content…
There are three types of memory stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. How we process memory to remember information is through three stages called encoding, storing, and retrieval. Sensory memory is your first initial process of when you perceive information that you do not retain. This type of memory relates to all the senses. For instance, iconic memory is when you receive information visually but only for a second, such as looking at a magazine and echoic memory is when information is received through the ears, like listening to talk radio and only remembering a few seconds of what was put