Pathology Ch. 19 Study Guide

Front 1

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Back 1

•Is a specialized part of the renal tubular epithelium near the glomerulus.

•It senses blood pressure and blood flow and secretes renin

Front 2

Creatinine

Back 2

•Is a product of protein breakdown and passes freely into the glomerular filtrate.

•High levels are directly related to glomerular function and is a more reliable indicator of renal performance.

Front 3

Nephron

Back 3

•Consists of Glomerulus, Blood Vessels, and tubule working together

Front 4

Glomerulus

Back 4

•The filtering apparatus of the kidney

Front 5

Diuresis

Back 5

•Increased Urine output

Front 6

Pyruia

Back 6

•WBC (pus) in Urine

Front 7

Hematuria

Back 7

•RBC in Urine

Front 8

Nocturia

Back 8

•Nighttime urination (2× = abnorm)

Front 9

Oliguria

Back 9

•Less than normal urination

Front 10

Proteinuria

Back 10

•Protein in Urine (Not Norm.)

Front 11

Uremia

Back 11

•Excess BUN (Lab Tests) + Renal Failure with clinical S & Sx (Literally urine in the blood)

Front 12

Azotemia

Back 12

•Renal failure detectable only by lab tests (Excess BUN), no S & Sx.

Front 13

Clinical Syndromes

Nephrotic Syndrome

Back 13

•Renal failure with marked proteinuria and edema. Evolves from many glomerular diseases.

Front 14

Nephrosis

Back 14

•Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

•Is usually associated with primary Glomerular Disease

Front 15

Hereditary Polycystic Kidney Disease (Genetic)

Back 15

•Adult Polycystic Disease

-Autosomal Dominant, 10% of Chronic Renal Failure, Sx after 30y.o.

•Childhood Polycystic Disease

-Autosomal Recessive, Perinatal Death or liver cirrhosis (cysts) if survive.

Front 16

Renal Angenesis

Back 16

•One or both Kidneys fail to form

Front 17

Horseshoe Kidney

Back 17

•Is a single fused kidney; the two are joined inferiorly by a thick bridge of normal, functioning renal tissue

-Abnormal Embryogenesis

-No clinical Consequences

Front 18

Crescentic Glomerulnephritis

Back 18

•Crescent of epithelial cells proliferates along the parietal rim of the Glomerular Space and obliterates the glomerulus

•Is an anatomic finding in progressively worsening glomerulnephritis of many types.

Front 19

Benign Nephrosclerosis

Back 19

•The kidney is shrunken and granular

-HTN accelerates

-Hyaline arteriosclerosis

(Thickening of arteriole walls with hyaline)

Front 20

Malignant Nephrosclerosis

Back 20

(Very high BP, vicious cycle)

•The hallmark lesion is Onionskin Hyperplasia of the renal arteriole

•>160/110 mmHg

•Renal Failure, Vascular Stress

(MI, CHF), increased Intracranial pressure (Seizure, Headache, Nausea, Vomit, Visual Impairment

•25% die within 5 yrs

Front 21

Hydronephrosis

Back 21

•The pelvis and calyces are markedly dilated and the cortex is very thin reflecting loss of functional tissue

•Caused by obstruction

Front 22

Staghorn Calculus

Back 22

•Large stone in renal pelvis that cannot pass will remain in renal pelvis & mold into the shape of the calyces.

Front 23

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Back 23

•90% Tubular Epithelium

•5 yr survival rate: 50% if malignant, 75% if non-metastatic; 15% if renal vein invaded; 1/3 linked to tobacco use

Front 24

Clinical Syndromes

Nephrolithiasis

Back 24

•Is the formation of stones in the kidney

(Urolithiasis is formation of stones anywhere in the urinary tract).

Front 25

Upper Urinary Tract

Back 25

•Kidney

•Renal Pelvis

Front 26

Lower Urinary Tract

Back 26

•Ureter

•Bladder

•Urethra

Front 27

Functions of the Kidney

Back 27

•Controls blood pressure and volume

-Secretes Renin

•Stimulate red blood cell production

(Erythropoietin)

Front 28

Functions of the Kidney

Back 28

•Regulate blood acid-base balance

•Regulate plasma osmolality

•Eliminate Waste

Front 29

3 Layers of tissue That need to be passed before Bowman's Space

Back 29

•Visceral Epithelium

•Basement Membrane

•Vascular Endothelium

(Endothelial Cell)

Front 30

180 Liters of Filtrate Formed per day

Back 30

•99%:

-Amino Acids

-Glucose

-Sodium

-Postassium

-Water

•1%:

-Toxins

-Creatinine

-Urea

Front 31

Signs and Symptoms of Renal Disease

Back 31

•Diuresis

•Dysuria: Painful Urination

•Pyuria

•Hematuria

•Nocturia

•Oliguria

•Proteinuria

•Glycosuria: Glucose in Urine

Front 32

Renal Failure

Back 32

•Loss of Kidney ability to excrete waste, concrete Urine and Conserve Electrolytes.

Front 33

Clinical Syndromes

Acute Nephritic Syndrome

Back 33

•Renal failure, autoimmune, high BP, Hematuria.

-Often after strep infection

Front 34

Clinical Syndrome

Occult Hematuria

Back 34

•Microscopic (Not Visible) blood in Urine, may be early sign of glomerular disease.

Front 35

Clinical Syndrome

Acute Renal Failure

Back 35

•Immediate, Oliguria, anuria, Azotemia, Common cause = acute tubular necrosis

Front 36

Clinical Syndrome

Chronic Renal Failure

Back 36

•Over time, oliguria, uremia, progresses to end-stage renal disease

Front 37

Clinical Syndromes

Urinary Tract Infection

Back 37

•Bacteria, Pyruia, Cystitis

Front 38

Clinical Syndromes

Urinary Tract Obstruction

Back 38

•Acute = Prostatitis, chronic = tumor, scar, stones

Front 39

Clinical Syndromes

Occult Proteinuria

Back 39

•Protein in Urine, S & Sx, fever, UTI, exercise, may precede glomerular disease or renal damage of HTN

Front 40

Renal Disease

Renal Dysplasia

(Congenital Cystic Disease)

Back 40

•Urinary tract obstruction

Front 41

Type ll Autoimmune Glomerulnephritis

Back 41

•Direct antibody attack on Glomerular basement membrane by anti-glomerular basement membrane

Front 42

Type III Autoimmune Glomerulnephritis

Back 42

•Deposition in the glomerulus of circulating antigen-antibody complexes formed elsewhere.