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Chapter 9 – The Market Revolution 1815 – 1860

A. Government and Markets – The War of 1812 taught the young republic that it was dependent on global markets. Gradually, even Thomas Jefferson realized factories would become as much a part of the American landscape as farms. The government played a role in this shift toward merchant capitalism in the North and slave capitalism in the South.
A. Government and Markets – The War of 1812 taught the young republic that it was dependent on global markets. Gradually, even Thomas Jefferson realized factories would become as much a part of the American landscape as farms. The government played a role in this shift toward merchant capitalism in the North and slave capitalism in the South.
1. Henry ____ is the name most closely identified with the ______________ System. Identify three features of this 1824 plan: [297, I]

a.
b.
c.
Henry (CLAY) is the name most closely identified with the (TRANSPORTATION) System. Identify three features of this 1824 plan: [297, I]

a. Tarriff: revenue/protect American products.
b. Bank of the U.S. – rechartered till 1836
c. Internal improvements: infrastructure improvement
(Object – stimulate a continental economy)
2. Justice John Marshall reinforced corporate privilege in _________ _______ (___ _________) v. Woodward (1816), arguing that the state cannot revoke the charter of a private entity. [298]
Justice John Marshall reinforced corporate privilege in (DARTMOUTH COLLEGE – NEW HAMPSHIRE) v. Woodward (1816), arguing that the state cannot revoke the charter of a private entity. [298]

Supreme Court favors Dartmouth College, the State cannot revoke a contract; it upholds the contract law.
B. The Transportation Revolution – Steam power transformed transportation before it revolutionized the factory.
B. The Transportation Revolution – Steam power transformed transportation before it revolutionized the factory.
1. In 1816, it cost $_ to move one ton of goods 3,000 miles across the Atlantic. To move that same ton __ miles inland it cost the same. [299]
In 1816, it cost $(9) to move one ton of goods 3,000 miles across the Atlantic. To move that same ton (30) miles inland it cost the same. [299]
2. Name the 70-mile road that linked Philadelphia-_________, built between 1794 – 1796. [L]
Name the 70-mile road that linked Philadelphia-Lancaster, built between 1794 – 1796. [L]

Lancaster Turnpike
3. Why is Robert Fulton’s name remembered in transportation history? [300]
Why is Robert Fulton’s name remembered in transportation history? [300]

Steamboats – Clairmont (1807)
4. The ____ Canal (built 1819 – 1825) linked Albany, New York, with _______, New York and the Great Lakes. [300]
The (ERIE) Canal (built 1819 – 1825) linked Albany, New York, with (BUFFALO), New York and the Great Lakes. [300]
5. The B&O Railroad connected the Chesapeake Bay region with the ____ (___________) River. [301]
The B&O Railroad connected the Chesapeake Bay region with the (OHIO) (CINCINNATTI) River. [301]
6. What happened to the cost-per-mile ratio during the transportation revolution? [301]
What happened to the cost-per-mile ratio during the transportation revolution? [301]

Railroads cut the cost in half.
7. Were transportation advances significant because they were generating a higher proportion of overseas exports, or because were they enabling the growth of a domestic economy? [302 – 303]
Were transportation advances significant because they were generating a higher proportion of overseas exports, or because were they enabling the growth of a domestic economy? [302 – 303]

Domestic economy as the U.S. developed self-sustaining markets for farm produce and manufactured goods.
8. What region seemed to be getting left out by the transportation revolution? [map 302]
What region seemed to be getting left out by the transportation revolution? [map 302]

The South
∑. State the purpose of the American System and state its three main features. Then, cite the achievements of the Transportation Revolution between 1800 – 1840. Show evidence that advances in transportation contributed to the goal of the American System.
∑. State the purpose of the American System and state its three main features. Then, cite the achievements of the Transportation Revolution between 1800 – 1840. Show evidence that advances in transportation contributed to the goal of the American System.

I. Well developed thesis relating the Transportation Revolution to the Internal Improvements part of the Market System:

II. The Purpose of the American System and its 3 main features (list goal and 3 main features):

Purpose – To create a self-sustaining nation, which would help the nation to expand as better transportation would make it easier for settlers to travel and supplies to be shipped, and to create trade among the U.S. and overseas.

1. Higher tariffs to protect US industries from foreign competition.

2. Government spending on "internal improvements." This meant tax money for roads, dredging harbors, and building canals and railroads. The transportation thus developed would stimulate continental trade between the states.

3. A national bank to regulate the nation's finances.

III. List the achievements of the Transportation Revolution between 1800 – 1840 (list at least 4 transportation advances):

Roads, steamboats, canals and railroads help tie communities together and connect previously isolated neighborhoods, which allowed the transition to a market society physically possible.

In 1815, the U.S. was a rural nation with transportation that ranged from primitive to nonexistent, which allowed for little business and trade to take place and costly to move goods (it cost $9 to ship a ton of goods 3,000 miles over sea, but the same price to ship it 30 miles over land).

1807 – Robert Fulton and his steamboat the Clairmont traveled upriver from New York City to Albany. These flat bottom steamboats could navigate rivers even in low water, and allowed goods to be shipped along the rivers in the U.S. In 1815, the 1st steamboat traveled from New Orleans to Louisville and 2 years later, 17 steamboats traversed the western rivers and allowed for trade to be shipped through 2-way travel. By 1820, 69 steamboats were operating on western rivers. The steamboat allowed trade of farm and plantation products for manufactured goods from factories.

1816 – Congress resumed construction of the National Road (1st authorized in 1802) linking the Potomac River with the Ohio River by 1818; at the same time the Lancaster Turnpike was built connecting Philadelphia to the Ohio River; these allowed merchants and settlers to travel easier across land.

1817 – New York Governor DeWitt Clinton talked the New York legislature into building the Erie Canal that linked the Hudson River with Lake Erie, which opened up a continuous water route between the Northwest and New York City that stretched for 364 miles. The success of the Erie Canal created a canal boom in other states and from 1820 – 1840 the miles of canal went from 100 – 3,300, nearly all in the Northeast and Northwest.

1820 – Railroads were scarce, between 1820 – 1840 about 3,000 miles of track were laid which helped the market of some cities, but by 1860 the U.S. had a rail network of 30,000 miles. This network connected the East and the Northwest substantially and rendered many/most canals obsolete, even though canals were cheaper to use.

By 1860, few farmers in the North and West lived more than 20 road miles from railroads, canals or rivers that delivered their produce to all markets.

IV. Show evidence that advances in transportation contributed to the goal of the American System (list at least 2 examples showing how improved transportation lowered cost):

Turnpikes cut the cost of wagon transport in half from 30 cents to 15 per ton-mile from 1816 – 1860.

Steamboats cut the cost for upriver travel to about 1/3 of a cent, yet the Erie and Ohio Canals reduced the distance between East and West and carried goods at about 1 cent per ton-mile.

*Speed improvements for combination river/canal/land travel journeys were also improved. From Cincinnati to New York in 1815 it took a minimum of 52 days, with Steamboats and trains it was reduced to 18 – 20 days by the 1840s, and to 6 – 8 days by 1852 but at a greater cost. Similar results were found throughout the country (linking the Northeast/East with the West/Midwest and New Orleans), except for most of the south. These improvements in speed made a national market economy possible.

Railroads of the 1850s carried goods much faster, but at 2 – 3 times the cost, but the longer the haul, the greater the per-mile savings. Overall, the cost of moving goods across long distances dropped 95% between 1815 and 1860.

In 1815, exports totaled $52.6 million and imports totaled $113 million, by 1860, exports increased 6x to $333.6 million and imports 3x to $353.6 million. All of these improvements allowed the U.S. to develop self-sustaining markets for farm produce and manufactured goods, meaning that they didn’t have to rely on Europe anymore to grow.

The cost of coffee was cut in half.

V. Shows that Congress was unsure of constitutionality of internal improvements as most were state projects:

In court cases going on at this time, the constitutionality was being questioned and formed involving how much power the states had vs. the federal government. But since the federal government ran and ruled these cases, they ruled that states should be reliant on the federal government instead of the other way around.

VI. Conclusion including analysis:
C. From Yeoman to Businessman: The Rural North and West

1. Transformation from agriculture to _________ raising; _____________ of the countryside; and employment in _________ were just some of the transformations occurring in the northeastern United States. [304 – 305]
Transformation from agriculture to (LIVESTOCK) raising; (DEFORESTATION) of the countryside; and employment in (FACTORIES) were just some of the transformations occurring in the northeastern United States. [304 – 305]
2. ____ ____ were found on the unfenced grazing lands and forests of southern Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio. [306]
(WILD HOGS) were found on the unfenced grazing lands and forests of southern Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio. [306]
3. A stream of north European immigrants into the northwest stimulated the export of _____ to eastern markets beginning in the 1820’s. [307]
A stream of north European immigrants into the northwest stimulated the export of (WHEAT) to eastern markets beginning in the 1820’s. [307]
4. What happened to the appearance of houses as the market revolution generated more and more money and a middle-class outlook? [309]
What happened to the appearance of houses as the market revolution generated more and more money and a middle-class outlook? [309]

Disposable income allowed people to make more refined houses (no log cabins), gardening (rose-bushes) more manicured lawns; subdivided houses (bedroom), no stockholding animals during winter, etc.
D. The Industrial Revolution – During the market revolution, American cities grew more as a result of domestic trade instead of overseas commerce.
D. The Industrial Revolution – During the market revolution, American cities grew more as a result of domestic trade instead of overseas commerce.
1. Samuel ______ built the first water-driven spinning mill in the U.S. at Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1790. [310 – 311]
Samuel (SLATER) built the first water-driven spinning mill in the U.S. at Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1790. [310 – 311]
2. How did Lowell’s mill differ from the ones he saw in Europe? [310 – 311]

Europe

(Lowell) Massachusetts
How did Lowell’s mill differ from the ones he saw in Europe? [310 – 311]

Europe
Whole families
Lifetime condition
Terrible social cost
Unhealthy conditions

(Lowell) Massachusetts
Women (single) (75%), Children, Men
Temporary employment
No terribly high social cost until after 1865
Good clean conditions
3. Wage labor liberated women by making them more ___________ of father’s control. At Lowell, women even went on ______ in the 1830’s, arguing they were the “daughters of freemen.” [313]
Wage labor liberated women by making them more (INDEPENDENT) of father’s control. At Lowell, women even went on (STRIKE) in the 1830’s, arguing they were the “daughters of freemen.” [313]
4. What was the “up-and-coming” new class being created by the industrial revolution, 1820’s – 1830’s? [313]
What was the “up-and-coming” new class being created by the industrial revolution, 1820’s – 1830’s? [313]

Entrepreneur (Clerks)
5. Karl Marx once said that: “as capital grows, wage labor grows. Thus does the capitalist extend his influence over a greater part of society.” What evidence does your text use to demonstrate that this was happening in America? [316, L]
Karl Marx once said that: “as capital grows, wage labor grows. Thus does the capitalist extend his influence over a greater part of society.” What evidence does your text use to demonstrate that this was happening in America? [316, L]

As capital grows, wage labor grows
Supporting cast:
Lawyers
Accountants
Bankers
Teachers
Managers
Engineers
Church

Industrialists:
Factory Owners
Expropriates the artisans and small businessmen
Upper Class

Products shipped to national and international markets.
As working class grows – labor deskilled and divided in factory system.
E. The Market Revolution in the South – Up to the Civil War (1861) cotton accounted for an average of 1/3 to ½ of all U.S. export value.
E. The Market Revolution in the South – Up to the Civil War (1861) cotton accounted for an average of 1/3 to ½ of all U.S. export value.
1. What characterized the South, diversified subsistence farming or single cash-crop farming?
What characterized the South, diversified subsistence farming or single cash-crop farming?

Single Cash Crop
2. F.L. Olmstead, a New Yorker, described a gang of women slaves as “Forty of the _______ and _________ women I ever saw together… walking like _______ on the march.” [317]
F.L. Olmstead, a New Yorker, described a gang of women slaves as “Forty of the (BIGGEST) and (STRONGEST) women I ever saw together… walking like (ZOUAVES) on the march.” [317]
4. What were the worst aspects of the new gang slavery? What improvements were made in slave life? [317 – 318; pg. 246 “tasking” system]

Worst:

Improvements:
What were the worst aspects of the new gang slavery? What improvements were made in slave life? [317 – 318; pg. 246 “tasking” system]

Worst:
TASK System – If they do 50 acres in 4 hours, next time be given 75
Closer supervision/white overseers
Threat of Sale

Improvements:
Better food increased life expectancy
Possibility of freedom through work
Skilled labor
Personal farm plots
Christianization
5. By 1860, slaves were _ inch shorter than northern whites, but _ inches taller than Blacks from Africa. [318]
By 1860, slaves were (1) inch shorter than northern whites, but (3) inches taller than Blacks from Africa. [318]
6. The overseas slave trade ended in 18__. [318]
The overseas slave trade ended in 18(08). [318]
7. What three types of farmers existed in the South? How were they different? How were they linked? [318 - 319]

a.
b.
c.
What three types of farmers existed in the South? How were they different? How were they linked? [318 - 319]

a. Planters
b. Yeoman
c. Hillbillies (Mountain People)
8. Who dominated southern society, the planter elite or the upcountry farmer? [318]
Who dominated southern society, the planter elite or the upcountry farmer? [318]

Planters, Yeoman, Hillbilly (ruling class, white), Chatells (blacks)
9. Most (southern) ______ went to England and France and wealthy planters furnished their mansions with finery from ______. Southern businessmen turned to ___ ____ for credit, manufactured goods, insurance, and shipping. [320]
Most (southern) (COTTON) went to England and France and wealthy planters furnished their mansions with finery from (EUROPE). Southern businessmen turned to (NEW YORK) for credit, manufactured goods, insurance, and shipping. [320]
Chapter 12 – Jacksonian Democracy 1824 – 1840

A. Prologue: 1819 – Three events shaped the presidency of Andrew Jackson (1828 - 1836): the Lewis and Clark expedition, the financial collapse of 1819, and the burning issue of whether Missouri should be admitted to the Union as a slave or free state in 1820.
A. Prologue: 1819 – Three events shaped the presidency of Andrew Jackson (1828 - 1836): the Lewis and Clark expedition, the financial collapse of 1819, and the burning issue of whether Missouri should be admitted to the Union as a slave or free state in 1820.
1. What discoveries did Meriwether Lewis and William Clark make during their 1804 – 1806 journey to the Pacific? [L]
What discoveries did Meriwether Lewis and William Clark make during their 1804 – 1806 journey to the Pacific? [L]

Lewis & Clark (1803 – 1806) – Were sent by Jefferson to see what was actually purchased in Louisiana Purchase, went upriver and all the way to the Pacific.

Trans-Mississippi West Map was made (1st map)
Valuable topographic, cultural, and climate data obtained
The Pacific is reachable by land

Disillusionment:
Hostility of the Sioux Indians
Missouri watershed does not extend into Canada
Land portage between the Missouri and Columbia long and difficult
Rainfall west of the 97th longitude was less than 20” a year – too little for farming
2. In the Compromise of ________ (18__), Main came in the Union as a free state and ________ entered as a slave holding state. _______ was prohibited north of __˚ latitude. [381 - 382]
In the Compromise of (MISSOURI) (18(20)), Main came in the Union as a free state and (MISSOURI) entered as a slave holding state. (SLAVERY) was prohibited north of (36)˚ latitude. [381 - 382]
3. Thomas _________ hinted that the slave question was a “firebell in the night”? [382]
Thomas (JEFFERSON) hinted that the slave question was a “firebell in the night”? [382]
4. What Federal institution was blamed for the 1819 depression? [382]
What Federal institution was blamed for the 1819 depression? [382]

The 2nd Bank of the United States
B. Republican Revival – The crisis of 1819 – 1820 prompted many people to call for a simpler life, which meant Jeffersonian republican values and curtailing the power of government.
B. Republican Revival – The crisis of 1819 – 1820 prompted many people to call for a simpler life, which meant Jeffersonian republican values and curtailing the power of government.
1. When a House vote gave the disputed 1824 election to John Quincy _____, Jackson supporters called it the “_______ _______.” [384]
When a House vote gave the disputed 1824 election to John Quincy (ADAMS), Jackson supporters called it the “(CORRUPT BARGAIN).” [384]
C. Adams versus Jackson – International agreements and treaties were outlining the future contours of America. While Jackson was plotting against Adams, the last Federalist president was making a name for his administration.
C. Adams versus Jackson – International agreements and treaties were outlining the future contours of America. While Jackson was plotting against Adams, the last Federalist president was making a name for his administration.
1. The 1817 Rush-Bagot Treaty demilitarized the _._./______ ______, _____ _____. [386]
The 1817 Rush-Bagot Treaty demilitarized the (U.S./CANADA BORDER, GREAT LAKES). [386]
2. The Convention of ____ drew the boundary between the U.S. and Canada along the __th parallel to the _____ Mountains. [386]
The Convention of (1818) drew the boundary between the U.S. and Canada along the (49TH) parallel to the (ROCKY) Mountains. [386]
3. In the _____-____ Treaty of 1819 the U.S. purchased _______ from Spain. [386]
In the (ADAMS-ONIS) Treaty of 1819 the U.S. purchased (FLORIDA) from Spain. [386]
4. Name the document and the year that declared the Western Hemisphere was closed to further colonization. [386]
Name the document and the year that declared the Western Hemisphere was closed to further colonization. [386]

MONROE DOCUMENT (1823)
5. How did Jackson’s marriage to Rachel Donelson influence the election of 1828? [388, V]
How did Jackson’s marriage to Rachel Donelson influence the election of 1828? [388, V]

Andrew Jackson accuses his opponents for causing her death, in December 1828 he vows revenge.
6. Massachusetts Senator Daniel _______ (Democrat-Republican, Massachusetts) described Jackson’s inauguration crowd “like the inundation of the northern barbarians into Rome.” [389]
Massachusetts Senator Daniel (WEBSTER) (Democrat-Republican, Massachusetts) described Jackson’s inauguration crowd “like the inundation of the northern barbarians into Rome.” [389]
7. What accusation did Adam’s supporters make about Jackson’s patronage appointments when he assumed the presidency?
What accusation did Adam’s supporters make about Jackson’s patronage appointments when he assumed the presidency?

Patronage would create “Millennium of the Minnows.”
8. What percentage of the former administration was actually turned-out of office? __% Conclusion: ________________________ [390 - 391]
What percentage of the former administration was actually turned-out of office? (10)% Conclusion: (His bark was worse than his bite.) [390 - 391]
D. Jacksonian Democracy and the South – Though working men in northern cities supported Jackson (like the Loco Focos of New York), the South offered Jackson more support than any other part of the country.
D. Jacksonian Democracy and the South – Though working men in northern cities supported Jackson (like the Loco Focos of New York), the South offered Jackson more support than any other part of the country.
1. What Indian tribe previously protected by the Federal government was turned over to the state of Georgia for removal? [L, 391]
What Indian tribe previously protected by the Federal government was turned over to the state of Georgia for removal? [L, 391]

CHEROKEE
2. Name the case and date of John Marshall’s verdict that Georgia did not have the right to remove Indians. [391]
Name the case and date of John Marshall’s verdict that Georgia did not have the right to remove Indians. [391]

WORCESTOR V. GEORGIA (1832)
3. Who said, “John Marshall has made his decision: Now let him enforce it.” [391]
Who said, “John Marshall has made his decision: Now let him enforce it.” [391]

ANDREW JACKSON
4. Where did the Civilized Tribes go? [393]
Where did the Civilized Tribes go? [393]

OKLAHOMA
5. Over what 1830 issue was South Carolina threatening to “nullify” Federal law within the borders of the state? [393]
Over what 1830 issue was South Carolina threatening to “nullify” Federal law within the borders of the state? [393]

TARIFF OF 1828/NULLIFICATION CRISIS (1831 – 1833)
6. How did Jackson respond to South Carolina’s threat to leave the union? [395]
How did Jackson respond to South Carolina’s threat to leave the union? [395]

ANDREW JACKSON RESPONDS MILITANTLY.

Congress passes force bill.
Andrew Jackson alerts Navy.
Andrew Jackson threatens to mobilize 50,000 militia.

Hang nullifies – leads to 1833 compromise.
South Carolina nullifies their nullification of tariff.
Tariff revised downward orb next 10 years.
7. The 1831 ______'_ (slave) revolt led by ___ ______ intensified southern suspicion of the North. [346 – 347, 395]
The 1831 (TURNER’S) (slave) revolt led by (NAT TURNER) intensified southern suspicion of the North. [346 – 347, 395]
8. How did Peggy Eaton’s former life catapult Martin van Buren ahead of John Calhoun as Jackson’s favorite? [385 - 396]
How did Peggy Eaton’s former life catapult Martin van Buren ahead of John Calhoun as Jackson’s favorite? [385 - 396]

EATON AFFAIR “PETTICOAT WARS” (1831)
9. What was the term given to Jackson’s “shadow” cabinet while van Buren was busy restructuring the real cabinet? [397]
What was the term given to Jackson’s “shadow” cabinet while van Buren was busy restructuring the real cabinet? [397]

KITCHEN CABINET
10. The “gag rule” between 1836 – 1844 muffled Congressional debate on the topic of _______ (Turner’s Revolt). [397]
The “gag rule” between 1836 – 1844 muffled Congressional debate on the topic of (SLAVERY) (Turner’s Revolt). [397]
E. Jacksonian Democracy and the Market Revolution – Jacksonian democrats saw the U.S. Bank and the American System as threats to republican simplicity. But had they rejected the prosperity the market revolution had brought, or had they found the formula that made democracy and capitalism compatible with each other?
E. Jacksonian Democracy and the Market Revolution – Jacksonian democrats saw the U.S. Bank and the American System as threats to republican simplicity. But had they rejected the prosperity the market revolution had brought, or had they found the formula that made democracy and capitalism compatible with each other?
1. Did most Americans stand behind Jackson’s decision to NOT renew the U.S. Bank charter in 1832? [399]
Did most Americans stand behind Jackson’s decision to NOT renew the U.S. Bank charter in 1832? [399]

53% - Andrew Jackson wins
2. What was a “pet bank”? [399]
What was a “pet bank”? [399]

Transfer of federal money into select State Banks.
3. The _____ Party formed in 1834 opposed Jackson’s anti-bank and anti-internal improvement policies. [400]
The (WHIGS) Party formed in 1834 opposed Jackson’s anti-bank and anti-internal improvement policies. [400]
4. What was Jackson’s attitude about the presidential veto? [400]
What was Jackson’s attitude about the presidential veto? [400]

He used it frequently, although before him presidents had only used it 9 times and on unimportant bills.
5. How did the Maysville Road controversy (1830) reflect Jackson’s attitude about the American System? [400]
How did the Maysville Road controversy (1830) reflect Jackson’s attitude about the American System? [400]

He was concerned with reducing the national debt, hinting strongly that he would oppose all federal public works.
6. The ______ ________ of 18__ forced land speculators to make their purchases in coin, thus ensuring the flow of money from east to south and west. Instead, it helped cause the Panic of 1837. [402]
The (SPECIE CIRCULAR) of 18(36) forced land speculators to make their purchases in coin, thus ensuring the flow of money from east to south and west. Instead, it helped cause the Panic of 1837. [402]
∑. Describe the monetary philosophy of Andrew Jackson and compare it to the views of Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle, second president of the Bank of the United States (BUS). How did the Bank threaten Jackson era attitudes about democracy versus privilege? Tell the story by outlining measures Jackson took against BUS.
∑. Describe the monetary philosophy of Andrew Jackson and compare it to the views of Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle, second president of the Bank of the United States (BUS). How did the Bank threaten Jackson era attitudes about democracy versus privilege? Tell the story by outlining measures Jackson took against BUS.

I. Philosophy of Andrew Jackson compared to the views of Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle ((1) how did banking serve the economy but threaten Jackson’s concepts of democratic control?; (2) thesis including historical information from the text and lecture; (3) treatment of Jackson vs. Clay and Biddle may be somewhat uneven.)

A. Andrew Jackson’s Philosophy:

Insisted that both the bank and paper money were unconstitutional and that the only safe, natural, republican currencies were gold and silver.

He saw the BUS as a government sponsored concentration of power that threatened the republic.

Blamed the BUS and Clay for his wife (Rachel Donelson's) death

B. Henry Clay’s Philosophy:

Wants to become Secretary of State as it is a position that often future presidents hold.

C. Nicholas Biddle’s Philosophy:

The Bank’s 2nd president, was encouraged by Clay and Daniel Webster to apply for recharter in 1832. Clay planned to oppose Jackson in the presidential election later that year, and hoped to provoke Jackson into a response they could use against him in the election.

D. History between Jackson and Clay:

The Corrupt Bargain – Jackson won the majority of the votes in the 1824 election, but didn’t have enough electoral votes, so the decision went to the house. Clay went to Jackson for support and was turned down, so he went to Adams who accepted. Clay through his support towards Adams who won the presidency by 1 vote, with the help of Clay’s supporters, and Clay was appointed Secretary of State by Adams as was the agreement.

II. How did the Bank threaten Jackson-era attitudes about democracy versus privilege? ((1) Lists all the measures Jackson took against the Bank between 1832-1836; (2) rise of the Whig party)

A. The Bank and how it threatened Jackson’s attitudes:

1. The Panic of 1819 caused Jackson’s dislike of the bank and his belief that it had been brought on by self-serving miscreants in the BUS.

2. He believed the national debt was another source of corruption, and must be paid off and never allowed to recur.

3. Under James Monroe, the federal government was filled with swindlers, who were taking power for themselves and scheming against the liberties of the people.

4. Jackson said the politicians had been bought off and had attempted to select a president by backstairs deals rather than by popular decision.

5. Jackson sensed that something had gone wrong with the republic – that selfishness and intrigue had corrupted the government. The corrupt bargain proved that either the people or the political schemers would rule, Jackson believed that the will of the majority should rule.

B. Measures Jackson took against the Bank between 1832 – 1836:

1832 – the bank was rechartered in June, in July Jackson vetoes, in November Jackson wins by 53%

1833 – Jackson transfers federal money into Pet Banks (select state banks; called Pet Banks by Jackson’s opposers).

1834 – Whig party v. Democrat-Republicans

1836 – Jackson’s last assaults on bank:
A. Deposit Act – makes more money available for land purchases and railroad investments.

1. At least 1 bank in each State/territory deserves to hold federal deposits
a. land
b. tariff
c. state tax

2. State Banks are to perform all services previously assigned to BUS free of charge

3. Federal surplus given bank to states

C. Specie Circular

1. Regular land speculator to pay in coin.

2. Actual users may pay in certain varieties of paper.

D. Rise of the Whig Party:

Conflict over deposit removal and related questions of presidential power united opposers to the Jacksonian Democrats and helped to create the Whig Party.

The Whigs felt that Jackson had become a power-mad executive, who used the presidential veto too often and on important issues.
F. The Second Party System – The second party system—Whigs v. Democrats—lasted from 1840 – 1860. Jacksonian democrats portrayed Whigs as a money-grubbing privileged class. Whigs argued Jackson’s anti-bank and anti-American System policies threatened to ruin plans for a rational national transportation and credit system.
F. The Second Party System – The second party system—Whigs v. Democrats—lasted from 1840 – 1860. Jacksonian democrats portrayed Whigs as a money-grubbing privileged class. Whigs argued Jackson’s anti-bank and anti-American System policies threatened to ruin plans for a rational national transportation and credit system.
1. Whose election to the presidency in 1836 showed that slavery had not yet split the Democratic Party? [402]
Whose election to the presidency in 1836 showed that slavery had not yet split the Democratic Party? [402]

MARTIN VAN BUREN
2. What happened to the economy in 1837 as a result of Jackson’s bank policy and the drying up of British investment? [402]
What happened to the economy in 1837 as a result of Jackson’s bank policy and the drying up of British investment? [402]

FINANCIAL PANIC

Below is what all happened:
The Bank of England cut off credit to firms that did business in the U.S.
British demand for American cotton fell sharply, dropping the price of cotton in half.
The collapse of the economy was inevitable; banks suspended specie payments, and soon collapsed.
The commercial and export sectors suffered the most.
1/3 of the workforce was unemployed.
Wages declined by 30 – 50%.
3. What system replaced the national bank system in 1837? (It was repealed in 1841) [403]
What system replaced the national bank system in 1837? (It was repealed in 1841) [403]

TREASURY SYSTEM
4. Name the first Whig president (1840) who won by labeling himself a “Log Cabin” president, a military hero, and by blaming van Buren for the financial panic of 1837. [404]
Name the first Whig president (1840) who won by labeling himself a “Log Cabin” president, a military hero, and by blaming van Buren for the financial panic of 1837. [404]

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
5. Why is the 1840 election touted to have been the most “national” election in U.S. history? [404]
Why is the 1840 election touted to have been the most “national” election in U.S. history? [404]

Rising power of the west, the west couldn't be ignored anymore as it now matters as it has a major impact now.
History – Jeopardy Review (Test #2)
Party Politics (200)
1. Jackson supporters gave the agreement between Clay and Adams this epithet when Clay persuaded the House to vote for Adams in the disputed 1824 election.
The Corrupt Bargain
Party Politics (400)
2. Adams supporters’ attempts to smear her and Andrew Jackson with “open and notorious lewdness” backfired and helped Jackson win in 1828.
Rachel Donelson Jackson
Party Politics (600)
3. An old Pennsylvania Federalist with an elitist outlook, he prioritized the interests of stockholders and the national bank’s right to regulate national currency and credit over the solvency of the state chartered banks.
Nicholas Biddle
Party Politics (800)
4. This party, formed in 1834, opposed Jackson’s anti-Bank policies and wished for more vigorous Federal funding of internal improvements.
The Whig Party
Party Politics (1000)
5. This cabinet dispute was really a standoff between Jackson and Calhoun over issues ranging from Jackson punitive expedition into Florida 1818 to the supremacy of the federal constitution. Van Buren was the winner.
The Eaton Affair
Treaties & Compromises (200)
6. This treaty demilitarized the Great lakes and the U.S.-Canada border.
The Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817
Treaties & Compromises (400)
7. A compromise in 1820 brought these two states into the Union and stipulated that no slave state would ever be admitted again north of 36 degrees.
Main and Missouri
Treaties & Compromises (600)
8. Jackson said this following Worcester v. Georgia (1832), showing his refusal to uphold the treaty that formerly protected the Cherokee.
“Justice Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”
Treaties & Compromises (800)
9. The Convention of 1818 drew the U.S.-Canadian border along the 49 parallel from the Great lakes to this mountain chain. From there to the Pacific British and American fur trappers jointly worked.
The Rockies
Treaties & Compromises (1000)
10. In this treaty the United States obtained Florida in 1819.
The Adams-Onis Treaty
Democracy (200)
11. In 1829 he compared Jacksonian democracy to unwashed barbarians invading Rome.
Daniel Webster
Democracy (400)
12. To defend the peoples’ republic against money manipulators and to reduce the public debt, Jackson used this executive privilege against the bank and internal improvements.
Veto
Democracy (600)
13. High election turnout this year made it a truly national election and showed that neither party could ignore the west.
1840
Democracy (800)
14. It was the percent of former administration office holders turned out of the Federal bureaucracy when Jackson became President in 1828.
10%
Democracy (1000)
15. Jackson detractors pointed to the graft of this New York customs collector to demonstrate the dangers of patronage and “rotation in office.”
Samuel Swarthout
Roads, Barges & Steam (200)
16. An East-West water route that linked Albany with Buffalo, NY, the Great Lakes, and points west.
The Erie Canal
Roads, Barges & Steam (400)
17. His double-paddle wheel steamer Claremont made the first trip from New York to Albany in 1807.
Robert Fulton
Roads, Barges & Steam (600)
18. The cost per ton in 1816 to move cargo across the Atlantic Ocean or 30 miles over land.
$9
Roads, Barges & Steam (800)
19. In 1805 it cost 5 cents per pound in New Orleans and 21 cents in Cincinnati. Fifteen years later it cost the same in New Orleans and 6 cents in Cincinnati thanks to improved upriver steam propulsion.
Coffee
Roads, Barges & Steam (1000)
20. Jackson vetoed Federal funding for this Kentucky road, showing he would veto any act with which he personally disagreed.
Maysville Road (1830)
Banks & Commerce (200)
21. His American System called for government sponsored western market development, manufacturing, a high tariff, a central bank, but only limited democracy.
Henry Clay
Banks & Commerce (400)
22. His fully mechanized textile mills around Boston recruited farm girls who worked under decent conditions.
Francis Cabot Lowell
Banks & Commerce (600)
23. With the backing of the American people Jackson’s war on the Bank of the United States entered the final phase when Jackson ordered the transfer of Federal revenues from the BUS to state banks known as “___ ____.”
Pet Bank
Banks & Commerce (800)
24. Marx predicted that this class would grow and their conditions worsen as capitalistic modes of production expanded.
The Working Class
Banks & Commerce (1000)
25. Caused when (1) the 2nd United States Bank charter expired, (2) British investment dried up, (3) crop failures of 1835 and 1837, (4) the involvement of state banks in underwriting land speculation, and (5) hyper-investment in railroad building.
The Financial Panic of 1837
Cotton Kingdom (200)
26. He led a Christian inspired apocalyptic revolt that had the effect of making the South suspicious of abolitionists and ended Virginian debates about freeing the slaves.
Nat Turner
Cotton Kingdom (400)
27. The House “gag rule” between 1836-1844 prohibited debate and legislation on this topic.
Slavery
Cotton Kingdom (600)
28. It was how much taller Blacks in the United States were compared to Africa in 1860.
3 Inches
Cotton Kingdom (800)
29. Andrew Jackson demonstrated his views on national power when he threatened to march troops into this state in 1832 if it didn’t collect the tariff. A north-south compromise was reached when this state rescinded its nullification ordnance and Congress revised the tariff downward in 1833.
South Carolina
Cotton Kingdom (1000)
30. Big planters dominated the southern social and political system, but this social group was tied to them as relatives, overseers, and smaller participants in the production of cotton.
The Yeoman (small) farmers
Essay Questions

∑ State the purpose of the American System and state its three main features. Then, cite the achievements of the Transportation Revolution between 1800 and 1840. Show evidence that advances in transportation contributed to the goal of the American System.

I. Well developed thesis relating the Transportation Revolution to the Internal Improvements part of the Market System:

II. The Purpose of the American System and its 3 main features (list goal and 3 main features):
I. Well developed thesis relating the Transportation Revolution to the Internal Improvements part of the Market System:

II. The Purpose of the American System and its 3 main features (list goal and 3 main features):

Purpose – To create a self-sustaining nation, which would help the nation to expand as better transportation would make it easier for settlers to travel and supplies to be shipped, and to create trade among the U.S. and overseas.

1. Higher tariffs to protect US industries from foreign competition.

2. Government spending on "internal improvements." This meant tax money for roads, dredging harbors, and building canals and railroads. The transportation thus developed would stimulate continental trade between the states.

3. A national bank to regulate the nation's finances.
Essay Questions

∑ State the purpose of the American System and state its three main features. Then, cite the achievements of the Transportation Revolution between 1800 and 1840. Show evidence that advances in transportation contributed to the goal of the American System.

III. List the achievements of the Transportation Revolution between 1800 – 1840 (list at least 4 transportation advances):
III. List the achievements of the Transportation Revolution between 1800 – 1840 (list at least 4 transportation advances):

Roads, steamboats, canals and railroads help tie communities together and connect previously isolated neighborhoods, which allowed the transition to a market society physically possible.

In 1815, the U.S. was a rural nation with transportation that ranged from primitive to nonexistent, which allowed for little business and trade to take place and costly to move goods (it cost $9 to ship a ton of goods 3,000 miles over sea, but the same price to ship it 30 miles over land).

1807 – Robert Fulton and his steamboat the Clairmont traveled upriver from New York City to Albany. These flat bottom steamboats could navigate rivers even in low water, and allowed goods to be shipped along the rivers in the U.S. In 1815, the 1st steamboat traveled from New Orleans to Louisville and 2 years later, 17 steamboats traversed the western rivers and allowed for trade to be shipped through 2-way travel. By 1820, 69 steamboats were operating on western rivers. The steamboat allowed trade of farm and plantation products for manufactured goods from factories.

1816 – Congress resumed construction of the National Road (1st authorized in 1802) linking the Potomac River with the Ohio River by 1818; at the same time the Lancaster Turnpike was built connecting Philadelphia to the Ohio River; these allowed merchants and settlers to travel easier across land.

1817 – New York Governor DeWitt Clinton talked the New York legislature into building the Erie Canal that linked the Hudson River with Lake Erie, which opened up a continuous water route between the Northwest and New York City that stretched for 364 miles. The success of the Erie Canal created a canal boom in other states and from 1820 – 1840 the miles of canal went from 100 – 3,300, nearly all in the Northeast and Northwest.

1820 – Railroads were scarce, between 1820 – 1840 about 3,000 miles of track were laid which helped the market of some cities, but by 1860 the U.S. had a rail network of 30,000 miles. This network connected the East and the Northwest substantially and rendered many/most canals obsolete, even though canals were cheaper to use.

By 1860, few farmers in the North and West lived more than 20 road miles from railroads, canals or rivers that delivered their produce to all markets.
Essay Questions

∑ State the purpose of the American System and state its three main features. Then, cite the achievements of the Transportation Revolution between 1800 and 1840. Show evidence that advances in transportation contributed to the goal of the American System.

IV. Show evidence that advances in transportation contributed to the goal of the American System (list at least 2 examples showing how improved transportation lowered cost):
IV. Show evidence that advances in transportation contributed to the goal of the American System (list at least 2 examples showing how improved transportation lowered cost):

Turnpikes cut the cost of wagon transport in half from 30 cents to 15 per ton-mile from 1816 – 1860.

Steamboats cut the cost for upriver travel to about 1/3 of a cent, yet the Erie and Ohio Canals reduced the distance between East and West and carried goods at about 1 cent per ton-mile.

*Speed improvements for combination river/canal/land travel journeys were also improved. From Cincinnati to New York in 1815 it took a minimum of 52 days, with Steamboats and trains it was reduced to 18 – 20 days by the 1840s, and to 6 – 8 days by 1852 but at a greater cost. Similar results were found throughout the country (linking the Northeast/East with the West/Midwest and New Orleans), except for most of the south. These improvements in speed made a national market economy possible.

Railroads of the 1850s carried goods much faster, but at 2 – 3 times the cost, but the longer the haul, the greater the per-mile savings. Overall, the cost of moving goods across long distances dropped 95% between 1815 and 1860.

In 1815, exports totaled $52.6 million and imports totaled $113 million, by 1860, exports increased 6x to $333.6 million and imports 3x to $353.6 million. All of these improvements allowed the U.S. to develop self-sustaining markets for farm produce and manufactured goods, meaning that they didn’t have to rely on Europe anymore to grow.

The cost of coffee was cut in half.
Essay Questions

∑ State the purpose of the American System and state its three main features. Then, cite the achievements of the Transportation Revolution between 1800 and 1840. Show evidence that advances in transportation contributed to the goal of the American System.

V. Shows that Congress was unsure of constitutionality of internal improvements as most were state projects:

VI. Conclusion including analysis:
V. Shows that Congress was unsure of constitutionality of internal improvements as most were state projects:

In court cases going on at this time, the constitutionality was being questioned and formed involving how much power the states had vs. the federal government. But since the federal government ran and ruled these cases, they ruled that states should be reliant on the federal government instead of the other way around.

VI. Conclusion including analysis:
Essay Questions

∑ Describe the monetary philosophy of Andrew Jackson and compare it to the views of Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle, second president of the Bank of the United States (BUS). How did the Bank threaten Jackson era attitudes about democracy versus privilege? Tell the story by outlining measures Jackson took against BUS.

I. Philosophy of Andrew Jackson compared to the views of Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle ((1) how did banking serve the economy but threaten Jackson’s concepts of democratic control?; (2) thesis including historical information from the text and lecture; (3) treatment of Jackson vs. Clay and Biddle may be somewhat uneven.)
I. Philosophy of Andrew Jackson compared to the views of Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle ((1) how did banking serve the economy but threaten Jackson’s concepts of democratic control?; (2) thesis including historical information from the text and lecture; (3) treatment of Jackson vs. Clay and Biddle may be somewhat uneven.)

A. Andrew Jackson’s Philosophy:

Insisted that both the bank and paper money were unconstitutional and that the only safe, natural, republican currencies were gold and silver.

He saw the BUS as a government sponsored concentration of power that threatened the republic.

Blamed the BUS and Clay for his wife (Rachel Donelson's) death

B. Henry Clay’s Philosophy:

Wants to become Secretary of State as it is a position that often future presidents hold.

C. Nicholas Biddle’s Philosophy:

The Bank’s 2nd president, was encouraged by Clay and Daniel Webster to apply for recharter in 1832. Clay planned to oppose Jackson in the presidential election later that year, and hoped to provoke Jackson into a response they could use against him in the election.

D. History between Jackson and Clay:

The Corrupt Bargain – Jackson won the majority of the votes in the 1824 election, but didn’t have enough electoral votes, so the decision went to the house. Clay went to Jackson for support and was turned down, so he went to Adams who accepted. Clay through his support towards Adams who won the presidency by 1 vote, with the help of Clay’s supporters, and Clay was appointed Secretary of State by Adams as was the agreement.
Essay Questions

∑ Describe the monetary philosophy of Andrew Jackson and compare it to the views of Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle, second president of the Bank of the United States (BUS). How did the Bank threaten Jackson era attitudes about democracy versus privilege? Tell the story by outlining measures Jackson took against BUS.

II. How did the Bank threaten Jackson-era attitudes about democracy versus privilege? Lists all the measures Jackson took against the Bank between 1832-1836
II. How did the Bank threaten Jackson-era attitudes about democracy versus privilege? Lists all the measures Jackson took against the Bank between 1832-1836

A. The Bank and how it threatened Jackson’s attitudes:

1. The Panic of 1819 caused Jackson’s dislike of the bank and his belief that it had been brought on by self-serving miscreants in the BUS.

2. He believed the national debt was another source of corruption, and must be paid off and never allowed to recur.

3. Under James Monroe, the federal government was filled with swindlers, who were taking power for themselves and scheming against the liberties of the people.

4. Jackson said the politicians had been bought off and had attempted to select a president by backstairs deals rather than by popular decision.

5. Jackson sensed that something had gone wrong with the republic – that selfishness and intrigue had corrupted the government. The corrupt bargain proved that either the people or the political schemers would rule, Jackson believed that the will of the majority should rule.

B. Measures Jackson took against the Bank between 1832 – 1836:

1832 – the bank was rechartered in June, in July Jackson vetoes, in November Jackson wins by 53%

1833 – Jackson transfers federal money into Pet Banks (select state banks; called Pet Banks by Jackson’s opposers).

1834 – Whig party v. Democrat-Republicans

1836 – Jackson’s last assaults on bank:
Essay Questions

∑ Describe the monetary philosophy of Andrew Jackson and compare it to the views of Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle, second president of the Bank of the United States (BUS). How did the Bank threaten Jackson era attitudes about democracy versus privilege? Tell the story by outlining measures Jackson took against BUS.

III. The Rise of the Whig Party:
III. The Rise of the Whig Party:

Conflict over deposit removal and related questions of presidential power united opposers to the Jacksonian Democrats and helped to create the Whig Party.

The Whigs felt that Jackson had become a power-mad executive, who used the presidential veto too often and on important issues.