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Module 1 Review

1. 1-1 – How did the science of psychology develop?

Beginning with the first psychological laboratory, founded in 1879 by ______ philosopher and physiologist _______ _____, psychology’s modern roots can be found in many disciplines and countries.
1-1 – How did the science of psychology develop?

Beginning with the first psychological laboratory, founded in 1879 by (GERMAN) philosopher and physiologist (WILHELM WUNDT), psychology’s modern roots can be found in many disciplines and countries.
Module 1 Review

2. 1-2 – What is psychology’s historic big issue?

Psychology’s long-standing issue concerns that relative _____________ of nature and nurture (genes and experience). Today’s science emphasizes the ____________ of genes and experience, as genetic influences are expressed in specific environments.
1-2 – What is psychology’s historic big issue?

Psychology’s long-standing issue concerns that relative (CONTRIBUTIONS) of nature and nurture (genes and experience). Today’s science emphasizes the (INTERACTIONS) of genes and experience, as genetic influences are expressed in specific environments.
Module 1 Review

3. 1-3 – What theoretical perspectives do psychologists take, and how does the biopsychosocial approach help integrate these perspectives?

Psychologists view behavior and mental processes from various ____________, including neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-________. The biopsychosocial approach integrates information from the biological, psychological, and social-________ levels of analysis. By melding information gathered from many lines of research, this approach offers a more complete understanding than would usually be available from any single viewpoint.
1-3 – What theoretical perspectives do psychologists take, and how does the biopsychosocial approach help integrate these perspectives?

Psychologists view behavior and mental processes from various (PERSPECTIVES), including neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-(CULTURAL). The biopsychosocial approach integrates information from the biological, psychological, and social-(CULTURAL) levels of analysis. By melding information gathered from many lines of research, this approach offers a more complete understanding than would usually be available from any single viewpoint.
Module 1 Review

4. 1-4 – What is psychology’s specialized subfields?

Psychology’s subfields encompass _____ research (often done by biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychologists), _______ research (sometimes conducted by organizational/industrial psychologists), and ________ applications (the work of counseling and ________ psychologists).
1-4 – What is psychology’s specialized subfields?

Psychology’s subfields encompass (BASIC) research (often done by biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychologists), (APPLIED) research (sometimes conducted by organizational/industrial psychologists), and (CLINICAL) applications (the work of counseling and (CLINICAL) psychologists).
Module 1 Review

5. 1-5 – How can psychological principles help you as a student?

Experiments have shown that learning and memory are enhanced by ______ study. The ____ study method – survey, question, read, rehearse, and review – applies the __________ derived from these experiments.
1-5 – How can psychological principles help you as a student?

Experiments have shown that learning and memory are enhanced by (ACTIVE) study. The (SQ3R) study method – survey, question, read, rehearse, and review – applies the (PRINCIPLES) derived from these experiments.
Rehearse It - Module 1 Multiple Choice

1. The science of psychology was born in December 1879, when a psychologyist and his students measured the time lag between people’s hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a key. The psychologist who ran this experiment and established the first psychology lab was.
a. Charles Darwin
b. William James
c. Edward Bradfor Titchener
d. Wilhelm Wundt
The science of psychology was born in December 1879, when a psychologyist and his students measured the time lag between people’s hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a key. The psychologist who ran this experiment and established the first psychology lab was.

d. Wilhelm Wundt
Rehearse It - Module 1 Multiple Choice

2. A prominent psychology text was published in 1890. It’s author was:
a. Wilhelm Wundt
b. Mary Whiton Calkins
c. Charles Darwin
d. William James
A prominent psychology text was published in 1890. It’s author was:

d. William James
Rehearse It - Module 1 Multiple Choice

3. The definition of psychology has changed several times since the late 1800’s. In the early twentieth century, ______ redefined psychology as “the science of observable behavior.”
a. John B. Watson
b. Sigmund Freud
c. William James
d. Jean Piaget
The definition of psychology has changed several times since the late 1800’s. In the early twentieth century, ______ redefined psychology as “the science of observable behavior.”

a. John B. Watson
Rehearse It - Module 1 Multiple Choice

4. Psychology is now defined as “the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.” The perspective in psychology that focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture is the:
a. Cognitive Perspective
b. Behavioral Perspective
c. Social-Cultural Perspective
d. Neuroscience Perspective
Psychology is now defined as “the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.” The perspective in psychology that focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture is the:

c. Social-Cultural Perspective
Rehearse It - Module 1 Multiple Choice

5. In the history of psychology, a major topic has been the relative influence of nature and nurture. Nature is to nurture as:
a. Personality is to Intelligence
b. Biology is to Experience
c. Intelligence is to Biology
d. Psychological Traits are to Behaviors
In the history of psychology, a major topic has been the relative influence of nature and nurture. Nature is to nurture as:

b. Biology is to Experience
Rehearse It - Module 1 Multiple Choice

6. The behavioral perspective in psychology emphasizes observable responses and how they are acquired and modified. A behavioral psychologist would be most likely to study:
a. The effect of school uniforms on classroom behaviors.
b. The hidden meaning in children’s themes and drawings.
c. The age at which children can learn algebra.
d. Whether certain mathematical abilities appear to be inherited.
The behavioral perspective in psychology emphasizes observable responses and how they are acquired and modified. A behavioral psychologist would be most likely to study:

a. The effect of school uniforms on classroom behaviors.
Rehearse It - Module 1 Multiple Choice

7. A psychologist who treats emotionally troubled adolescents at the local mental health agency is most likely to be a/an:
a. Research Psychologist.
b. Psychiatrist
c. Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
d. Clinical Psychologist
A psychologist who treats emotionally troubled adolescents at the local mental health agency is most likely to be a/an:

d. Clinical Psychologist
Rehearse It - Module 1 Multiple Choice

8. A psychologist who conducts basic research to expand psychology’s knowledge base would be most likely to:
a. Design a computer screen with limited glare and assess the effect on computer operators’ eyes after a day’s work.
b. Treat older people who are overcome by depression.
c. Observe 3- and 6-year-old children solving puzzles and analyze differences in their abilities.
d. Interview children with behavioral problems and suggest treatments.
A psychologist who conducts basic research to expand psychology’s knowledge base would be most likely to:

c. Observe 3- and 6-year-old children solving puzzles and analyze differences in their abilities.
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

1. Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth.
a. Clinical Psychology
b. Counseling Psychology
c. Humanistic Psychology
d. Biopsychosocial Approach
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth.

c. Humanistic Psychology (pg. 4)
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

2. The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
a. Levels of Analysis
b. Behaviorism
c. Biopsychosocial Approach
d. Counseling Psychology
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

b. Behaviorism (pg. 5, 235)
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

3. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
a. Psychology
b. Psychiatry
c. Basic Research
d. Humanistic Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

a. Psychology (pg. 5)
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

4. The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of:
a. Levels of Analysis
b. SQ3R
c. Humanistic Psychology
d. Nature-Nurture Issue
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of:

d. Nature-Nurture Issue (pg. 6)
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

5. The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
a. Levels of Analysis
b. Behaviorism
c. Psychiatry
d. Counseling Psychology
The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

a. Levels of Analysis (pg. 6)
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

6. An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
a. Clinical Psychology
b. Counseling Psychology
c. Humanistic Psychology
d. Biopsychosocial Approach
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

d. Biopsychosocial Approach (pg. 6)
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

7. Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
a. Applied Research
b. Psychology
c. Psychiatry
d. Basic Research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

d. Basic Research (pg. 8)
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

8. Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
a. Applied Research
b. Psychology
c. Psychiatry
d. Basic Research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

a. Applied Research (pg. 8)
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

9. A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
a. Clinical Psychology
b. Counseling Psychology
c. Humanistic Psychology
d. Biopsychosocial Approach
A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

b. Counseling Psychology (pg. 9)
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

10. A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
a. Clinical Psychology
b. Counseling Psychology
c. Humanistic Psychology
d. Biopsychosocial Approach
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

a. Clinical Psychology (pg. 9)
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

11. A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
a. Applied Research
b. Psychology
c. Psychiatry
d. Basic Research
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

c. Psychiatry (pg. 9)
Module 1 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

12. A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.
a. Psychology
b. SQ3R
c. Psychiatry
d. Basic Research
A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.

b. SQ3R (pg. 10)
Module 1 Test Yourself

1. What events defined the founding of scientific psychology?

The most outstanding event defining the founding of scientific psychology was Wilhelm Wundt’s opening of the University of Leipzig psychology __________ in 1879. Wundt and others, including William James (the father of American Psychology), used ______________ – self-examination of one’s own emotional states and mental processes – to explore the ____. James also wrote an important psychology textbook, completed in 1890.
What events defined the founding of scientific psychology?

The most outstanding event defining the founding of scientific psychology was Wilhelm Wundt’s opening of the University of Leipzig psychology (LABORATORY) in 1879. Wundt and others, including William James (the father of American Psychology), used (INTROSPECTION) – self-examination of one’s own emotional states and mental processes – to explore the (MIND). James also wrote an important psychology textbook, completed in 1890.
Module 1 Test Yourself

2. What are psychology’s major levels of analysis?

Psychology’s three major levels of analysis are the __________, psychological, and social-________. The complementary insights of psychologists studying behavior and mental processes from the neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-________ perspectives offer a richer understanding than could usually be gained from any one viewpoint alone.
What are psychology’s major levels of analysis?

Psychology’s three major levels of analysis are the (BIOLOGICAL), psychological, and social-(CULTURAL). The complementary insights of psychologists studying behavior and mental processes from the neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-(CULTURAL) perspectives offer a richer understanding than could usually be gained from any one viewpoint alone.
Module 2 Review

1. 2-1 – Why are the answers that flow from the scientific approach more reliable than those based on intuition and common sense?

Intuition and common sense are not always trustworthy, and without scientific _______ and critical thinking, we would readily succumb to _________ bias (also called the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon), the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it. We also are routinely _____________ of our judgments, thanks partly to our bias to seek information that confirms them. Although limited by the testable questions it can address, a scientific approach can help us sift reality from illusion, taking us beyond the limits of our intuition and common sense.
2-1 – Why are the answers that flow from the scientific approach more reliable than those based on intuition and common sense?

Intuition and common sense are not always trustworthy, and without scientific (INQUIRY) and critical thinking, we would readily succumb to (HINDSIGHT) bias (also called the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon), the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it. We also are routinely (OVERCONFIDENT) of our judgments, thanks partly to our bias to seek information that confirms them. Although limited by the testable questions it can address, a scientific approach can help us sift reality from illusion, taking us beyond the limits of our intuition and common sense.
Module 2 Review

2. 2-2 – What attitudes characterize scientific inquiry?

Scientific inquiry begins with an ________ – a curious eagerness to skeptically scrutinize competing ideas and an open-minded humility before nature. This attitude carries into everyday life as ________ thinking, which examines assumptions, searches for hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses ________. Putting ideas, even crazy-sounding ideas, to the test helps us winnow sense from nonsense.
2-2 – What attitudes characterize scientific inquiry?

Scientific inquiry begins with an (ATTITUDE) – a curious eagerness to skeptically scrutinize competing ideas and an open-minded humility before nature. This attitude carries into everyday life as (CRITICAL) thinking, which examines assumptions, searches for hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses (OUTCOMES). Putting ideas, even crazy-sounding ideas, to the test helps us winnow sense from nonsense.
Module 2 Review

3. 2-3 – How do psychologists use the scientific method to construct theories?

Research stimulates the construction of theories, which organize observations and imply predictive hypotheses. After constructing precise ___________ definitions of their procedures, researchers test their hypotheses (predictions), validate and refine the ______, and, sometimes, suggest practical applications. If other researchers can replicate the study with similar results, we can then place greater confidence in the conclusion.
How do psychologists use the scientific method to construct theories?

Research stimulates the construction of theories, which organize observations and imply predictive hypotheses. After constructing precise (OPERATIONAL) definitions of their procedures, researchers test their hypotheses (predictions), validate and refine the (THEORY), and, sometimes, suggest practical applications. If other researchers can replicate the study with similar results, we can then place greater confidence in the conclusion.
Module 2 Review

4. 2-4 – How do psychologists observe and describe behavior?

Psychologists observe and describe behavior using __________ case studies, surveys among random samples of a population, and naturalistic ___________. In generalizing from observations, remember: Representative samples are a better guide than _____ examples.
How do psychologists observe and describe behavior?

Psychologists observe and describe behavior using (INDIVIDUAL) case studies, surveys among random samples of a population, and naturalistic (OBSERVATION). In generalizing from observations, remember: Representative samples are a better guide than (VIVID) examples.
Module 2 Review

5. 2-5 – Why do correlations permit prediction but not explanation?

The strength of the ____________ between one factor and another is expressed in their correlation coefficient. Knowing how _______ two things are positively or negatively correlated tells us how much one predicts the other. But a correlation is only a measure of the strength of a ____________. It does not tell us whether either factor causes the other, or whether both are caused by some third factor.
Why do correlations permit prediction but not explanation?

The strength of the (RELATIONSHIP) between one factor and another is expressed in their correlation coefficient. Knowing how (CLOSELY) two things are positively or negatively correlated tells us how much one predicts the other. But a correlation is only a measure of the strength of a (RELATIONSHIP). It does not tell us whether either factor causes the other, or whether both are caused by some third factor.
Module 2 Review

6. 2-6 – How accurately does the naked eye detect correlations?

Correlations help us to see relationships that the naked eye might miss and to discount ________ correlations and ______ events that might otherwise look significant.
2-6 – How accurately does the naked eye detect correlations?

Correlations help us to see relationships that the naked eye might miss and to discount (ILLUSORY) correlations and (RANDOM) events that might otherwise look significant.
Module 2 Review

7. 2-7 – How do experiments clarify or reveal cause-effect relationships?

To discover cause-effect relationships, psychologists construct a __________ reality in an experiment. They can manipulate one or more factors, ___________ variables, and discover how these affect a particular behavior, the _________ variable. Random assignment minimizes preexisting differences between people chosen for the experimental group or the control group.
2-7 – How do experiments clarify or reveal cause-effect relationships?

To discover cause-effect relationships, psychologists construct a (CONTROLLED) reality in an experiment. They can manipulate one or more factors, (INDEPENDENT) variables, and discover how these affect a particular behavior, the (DEPENDENT) variable. Random assignment minimizes preexisting differences between people chosen for the experimental group or the control group.
Module 2 Review

8. 2-8 – Can laboratory experiments illuminate everyday life?

Researchers test theoretical principles by creating a controlled, simplified ___________ in the lab. Their concern is not the particular behavior being studied, but rather the underlying __________ that help explain many behaviors.
2-8 – Can laboratory experiments illuminate everyday life?

Researchers test theoretical principles by creating a controlled, simplified (ENVIRONMENT) in the lab. Their concern is not the particular behavior being studied, but rather the underlying (PRINCIPLES) that help explain many behaviors.
Module 2 Review

9. 2-9 – Does behavior depend on one’s culture and gender?

Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions vary across ________, but the principles that underlie them vary much less. Cross-cultural psychology explores both our cultural differences and the universal ____________ that define our human kinship. Although gender ___________ tend to capture attention, males and females are biologically and psychologically much more alike than different.
2-9 – Does behavior depend on one’s culture and gender?

Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions vary across (CULTURES), but the principles that underlie them vary much less. Cross-cultural psychology explores both our cultural differences and the universal (SIMILARITIES) that define our human kinship. Although gender (DIFFERENCES) tend to capture attention, males and females are biologically and psychologically much more alike than different.
Module 2 Review

10. 2-10 – Why do psychologists study animals, and is it ethical to experiment on animals?

Some psychologists study animals out of an interest in animal behavior. Others do so because knowledge of other animals’ physiological and psychological processes helps them understand similar human _________. Under ethical and legal guidelines, animals used in psychological experiments rarely experience pain. Nevertheless, animal rights groups raise an important issue: Even if it leads to the relief of _____ suffering, is an animal’s temporary suffering justified?
2-10 – Why do psychologists study animals, and is it ethical to experiment on animals?

Some psychologists study animals out of an interest in animal behavior. Others do so because knowledge of other animals’ physiological and psychological processes helps them understand similar human (PROCESSES). Under ethical and legal guidelines, animals used in psychological experiments rarely experience pain. Nevertheless, animal rights groups raise an important issue: Even if it leads to the relief of (HUMAN) suffering, is an animal’s temporary suffering justified?
Module 2 Review

11. 2-11 – Is it ethical to experiment on people?

Occasionally researchers temporarily stress or deceive people to learn something important. Professional ethical _________, enforced by university ethics committees, safeguard research ____________ well-being.
2-11 – Is it ethical to experiment on people?

Occasionally researchers temporarily stress or deceive people to learn something important. Professional ethical (STANDARDS), enforced by university ethics committees, safeguard research (PARTICIPANTS’) well-being.
Module 2 Review

12. 2-12 – Is psychology free of value judgments?

Psychologists’ own values _________ their choice of research topics, their theories and observations, their labels for ________, and their professional advice.
2-12 – Is psychology free of value judgments?

Psychologists’ own values (INFLUENCE) their choice of research topics, their theories and observations, their labels for (BEHAVIOR), and their professional advice.
Module 2 Review

13. 2-13 – Is psychology potentially dangerous?

Psychology has the power to _______, but so far, applications of psychology’s principles have been overwhelmingly for the good. Psychology addresses some of humanity’s greatest ________ and deepest longings.
2-13 – Is psychology potentially dangerous?

Psychology has the power to (DECEIVE), but so far, applications of psychology’s principles have been overwhelmingly for the good. Psychology addresses some of humanity’s greatest (PROBLEMS) and deepest longings.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

1. Psychology tells us what we already know from common sense, say some skeptics. Hindsight bias refers to our tendency to:
a. Perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact.
b. Assume that two events happened because we wished them to happen.
c. Overestimate our abilities to predict the future.
d. Make judgements that fly in the face of common sense.
Psychology tells us what we already know from common sense, say some skeptics. Hindsight bias refers to our tendency to:

a. Perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

2. As scientists, psychologists view theories with skepticism, humility, and curiosity. This means that they:
a. Approach research with a negative cynicism.
b. Assume that an article published in a reputable journal must be true.
c. Realize that some issues should not be studied.
d. Persistently ask questions, and are willing to reject ideas that cannot be verified by research.
As scientists, psychologists view theories with skepticism, humility, and curiosity. This means that they:

d. Persistently ask questions, and are willing to reject ideas that cannot be verified by research.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

3. A newspaper article describes how a “cure for cancer has been found.” A critical thinker probably will:
a. Immediately dismiss the article as untrue because there is no evidence to back up the facts.
b. Accept the information as a wonderful breakthrough.
c. Question the article, evaluate the evidence, and assess the conclusions.
d. Question the article but quickly accept it as true due to the author’s excellent reputation.
A newspaper article describes how a “cure for cancer has been found.” A critical thinker probably will:

c. Question the article, evaluate the evidence, and assess the conclusions.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

4. In psychology, a good theory implies hypotheses, or predictions that can be tested. When hypotheses are tested, the result is typically:
a. Increased skepticism.
b. Rejection of the merely theoretical.
c. Confirmation or revision of the theory.
d. Personal bias on the part of the investigator.
In psychology, a good theory implies hypotheses, or predictions that can be tested. When hypotheses are tested, the result is typically:

c. Confirmation or revision of the theory.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

5. Psychologists use various research methods to observe and describe behaviors and mental processes. Which of the following would you use in an attempt to predict college grades from high school grades?
a. A case study.
b. Naturalistic observation.
c. Correlational Research.
d. A phone survey.
Psychologists use various research methods to observe and describe behaviors and mental processes. Which of the following would you use in an attempt to predict college grades from high school grades?

c. Correlational Research.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

6. You wish to take an accurate poll in a certain country by questioning people who truly represent the country’s adult population. Therefore, you need to make sure the people are:
a. At least 50% males and 50% females.
b. A small but intelligent sample of the population.
c. A very large sample of the population.
d. A random sample of the population.
You wish to take an accurate poll in a certain country by questioning people who truly represent the country’s adult population. Therefore, you need to make sure the people are:

d. A random sample of the population.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

7. Suppose a psychologist finds that the more natural childbirth training classes a woman attends, the less pain medication she requires during childbirth. The relationship between the number of training sessions and the amount of pain medication required is a/an:
a. Positive correlation (direct relationship).
b. Negative correlation (inverse relationship).
c. Cause-effect relationship.
d. Illusory correlation.
Suppose a psychologist finds that the more natural childbirth training classes a woman attends, the less pain medication she requires during childbirth. The relationship between the number of training sessions and the amount of pain medication required is a/an:

b. Negative correlation (inverse relationship).
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

8. Knowing that two events are correlated does not tell us what is the cause and what is the effect. However, it does provide:
a. A basis for prediction.
b. An explanation of events.
c. Proof that as one increases, the other also increases.
d. An indication that an underlying third factor is at work.
Knowing that two events are correlated does not tell us what is the cause and what is the effect. However, it does provide:

a. A basis for prediction.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

9. Some people wrongly perceive that their dreams predict future events. This is an example of a/an:
a. Negative correlation.
b. Positive correlation.
c. Illusory correlation.
d. Naturalistic correlation.
Some people wrongly perceive that their dreams predict future events. This is an example of a/an:

c. Illusory correlation.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

10. A researcher wants to determine whether noise level affects the blood pressure of elderly people. For one group she varies the level of noise in the environment and records participants’ blood pressure. In this experiment, the level of noise is the:
a. Control condition.
b. Experimental condition.
c. Dependent variable (the factor being measured).
d. Independent variable (the factor being manipulated).
A researcher wants to determine whether noise level affects the blood pressure of elderly people. For one group she varies the level of noise in the environment and records participants’ blood pressure. In this experiment, the level of noise is the:

d. Independent variable (the factor being manipulated).
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

11. To test the effect of a new drug on depression, we randomly assign people to control and experimental groups. Those in the experimental group take a pink pill containing the new medication; those in the control group take a pink pill that contains no medication. Which statement is true?
a. The medication is the dependent variable.
b. Depression is the independent variable.
c. Participants in the control group take a placebo.
d. Neither the experimental nor the control group is told the purpose of the experiment.
To test the effect of a new drug on depression, we randomly assign people to control and experimental groups. Those in the experimental group take a pink pill containing the new medication; those in the control group take a pink pill that contains no medication. Which statement is true?

c. Participants in the control group take a placebo.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

12. To eliminate the biasing effect of a researcher’s positive expectations on the outcome of a health clinic’s research experiment,
a. Patients are randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups (random assignment).
b. Members of the experimental group are carefully matched for age, sex, income, and level of education with members of the control group.
c. Neither the patients nor the researcher will know whether a given person has been assigned to the experimental or control condition.
d. People in the experimental group are chosen by selecting every tenth person in an alphabetical listing of all the clinic’s patients.
To eliminate the biasing effect of a researcher’s positive expectations on the outcome of a health clinic’s research experiment,

c. Neither the patients nor the researcher will know whether a given person has been assigned to the experimental or control condition.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

13. Descriptive and correlational studies describe behavior, detect relationships, and predict behavior. But in order to begin to explain that behavior, psychologists use:
a. Naturalistic observation.
b. Experimentation.
c. Surveys.
d. Case studies.
Descriptive and correlational studies describe behavior, detect relationships, and predict behavior. But in order to begin to explain that behavior, psychologists use:

b. Experimentation.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

14. In a laboratory experiment, features of everyday life can be simulated, manipulated, and controlled. The laboratory environment is designed to:
a. Exactly re-create the events of everyday life.
b. Re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions.
c. Create opportunities for naturalistic observation.
d. Minimize the use of animals and humans in psychological research.
In a laboratory experiment, features of everyday life can be simulated, manipulated, and controlled. The laboratory environment is designed to:

b. Re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

15. Which of the following is true regarding gender differences and similarities?
a. Differences between the genders outweigh any similarities.
b. Despite some gender differences, the underlying processes of human behavior are the same.
c. Both similarities and differences between the genders depend more on biology than on environment.
d. Gender differences are so numerous, it is difficult to make meaningful comparisons.
Which of the following is true regarding gender differences and similarities?

b. Despite some gender differences, the underlying processes of human behavior are the same.
Rehearse It - Module 2 Multiple Choice

16. The animal protection movement has protested the use of animals in all fields of scientific research. In defending their experimental research with animals, psychologists have noted that:
a. Animals’ physiology and behavior can tell us much about our own.
b. They do not torture or needlessly exploit animals.
c. Advancing the well-being of humans justifies animal experimentation.
d. All of the above are true.
The animal protection movement has protested the use of animals in all fields of scientific research. In defending their experimental research with animals, psychologists have noted that:

d. All of the above are true.
Animals’ physiology and behavior can tell us much about our own.
They do not torture or needlessly exploit animals.
Advancing the well-being of humans justifies animal experimentation.
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

1. The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)
a. Critical Thinking
b. Confirmation Bias
c. Overconfidence Bias
d. Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)

d. Hindsight Bias (pg. 13)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

2. Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assess conclusions.
a. Critical Thinking
b. Naturalistic Observation
c. Case Study
d. Hindsight Bias
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assess conclusions.

a. Critical Thinking (pg. 16)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

3. An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
a. Theory
b. Hypothesis
c. Operational Definition
d. Experiment
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

a. Theory (pg. 17)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

4. A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
a. Theory
b. Hypothesis
c. Operational Definition
d. Experiment
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

b. Hypothesis (pg. 17)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

5. A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.
a. Theory
b. Hypothesis
c. Operational Definition
d. Experiment
A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.

c. Operational Definition (pg. 18)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

6. Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.
a. Random Sample
b. Replication
c. Correlation
d. Random Assignment
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

b. Replication (pg. 18)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

7. An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
a. Survey
b. Random Sample
c. Naturalistic Observation
d. Case Study
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

d. Case Study (pg. 19)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

8. A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.
a. Survey
b. Random Sample
c. Naturalistic Observation
d. Case Study
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.

a. Survey (pg. 19)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

9. All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population.)
a. Random Sample
b. Naturalistic Observation
c. Experiment
d. Population
All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population.)

d. Population (pg. 20)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

10. A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
a. Survey
b. Random Sample
c. Naturalistic Observation
d. Case Study
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

b. Random Sample (pg. 20)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

11. Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
a. Survey
b. Random Sample
c. Naturalistic Observation
d. Case Study
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

c. Naturalistic Observation (pg. 20)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

12. A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The ___________ coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1.
a. Double-Blind Procedure
b. Placebo Effect
c. Correlation
d. Illusory Correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The ___________ coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1.

c. Correlation (pg. 21)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

13. The perception of a relationship where none exist.
a. Double-Blind Procedure
b. Placebo Effect
c. Correlation
d. Illusory Correlation
The perception of a relationship where none exist.

d. Illusory Correlation (pg. 23)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

14. A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.
a. Theory
b. Hypothesis
c. Operational Definition
d. Experiment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.

d. Experiment (pg. 25)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

15. Assigning research participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.
a. Experimental Group
b. Random Assignment
c. Double-Blind Procedure
d. Control Group
Assigning research participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.

b. Random Assignment (pg. 25)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

16. An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.
a. Experimental Group
b. Random Assignment
c. Double-Blind Procedure
d. Control Group
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

c. Double-Blind Procedure (pg. 25)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

17. Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.
a. Double-Blind Procedure
b. Placebo Effect
c. Correlation
d. Illusory Correlation
Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.

b. Placebo Effect (pg. 25) –
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

18. The group in an experiment that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
a. Experimental Group
b. Control Group
c. Independent Variable
d. Dependent Variable
The group in an experiment that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

a. Experimental Group (pg. 25)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

19. The group in an experiment that contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
a. Experimental Group
b. Control Group
c. Independent Variable
d. Dependent Variable
The group in an experiment that contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

b. Control Group (pg. 25)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

20. The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
a. Experimental Group
b. Control Group
c. Independent Variable
d. Dependent Variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

c. Independent Variable (pg. 26)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

21. The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
a. Experimental Group
b. Control Group
c. Independent Variable
d. Dependent Variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

d. Dependent Variable (pg. 26)
Module 2 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

22. The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
a. Population
b. Culture
c. Case Study
d. Survey
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

b. Culture (pg. 28, 82)
Module 2 Test Yourself

1. What is the scientific attitude, and why is it important for critical thinking?

The scientific attitude ________ curiosity, skeptical testing of various claims and ideas, and humility about one’s own unexamined ____________. Examining assumptions, searching for hidden values, evaluating evidence, and assessing ___________ are essential parts of critical thinking.
What is the scientific attitude, and why is it important for critical thinking?

The scientific attitude (COMBINES) curiosity, skeptical testing of various claims and ideas, and humility about one’s own unexamined (PRESUMPTIONS). Examining assumptions, searching for hidden values, evaluating evidence, and assessing (CONCLUSIONS) are essential parts of critical thinking.
Module 2 Test Yourself

2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the three different methods psychologists use to describe behavior – case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation?

Case studies offer in-depth ________ that may provide clues to what’s true of others – or may, if the case is atypical, mislead. Surveys can accurately reveal the __________ of large populations. But if the questions are leading, or if nonrandom samples are queried, the results can again mislead us. Naturalistic observation enables study of behavior undisturbed by ___________. But the lack of control may leave cause and effect ambiguous.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the three different methods psychologists use to describe behavior – case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation?

Case studies offer in-depth (INSIGHTS) that may provide clues to what’s true of others – or may, if the case is atypical, mislead. Surveys can accurately reveal the (TENDENCIES) of large populations. But if the questions are leading, or if nonrandom samples are queried, the results can again mislead us. Naturalistic observation enables study of behavior undisturbed by (RESEARCHERS). But the lack of control may leave cause and effect ambiguous.
Module 2 Test Yourself

3. Here are some recently reported correlations, with interpretations drawn by journalists. Further research, often including experiments, has clarified cause and effect in each case. Knowing just these correlations, can your come up with other possible explanations for each of these?

a. Alcohol use is associated with ________. (One interpretation: Drinking triggers or unleashes aggressive behavior.)
b. Educated people live ______, on average, than less-educated people. (One interpretation: Education lengthens life and enhances health.)
c. Teens engaged in ____ ______ are less likely to use drugs, smoke, have sex, carry weapons, and eat junk food than are teens who do not engage in ____ ______. (One interpretation: Team sports encourage healthy living.)
d. Adolescents who frequently see smoking in ______ are more likely to smoke. (One interpretation: Movie stars’ behavior influences impressionable teens.)
Here are some recently reported correlations, with interpretations drawn by journalists. Further research, often including experiments, has clarified cause and effect in each Case. Knowing just these correlations, can your come up with other possible explanations for each of these?

a. Alcohol use is associated with (VIOLENCE). (One interpretation: Drinking triggers or unleashes aggressive behavior.)
b. Educated people live (LONGER), on average, than less-educated people. (One interpretation: Education lengthens life and enhances health.)
c. Teens engaged in (TEAM SPORTS) are less likely to use drugs, smoke, have sex, carry weapons, and eat junk food than are teens who do not engage in (TEAM SPORTS). (One interpretation: Team sports encourage healthy living.)
d. Adolescents who frequently see smoking in (MOVIES) are more likely to smoke. (One interpretation: Movie stars’ behavior influences impressionable teens.)
Module 2 Test Yourself

4. Why, when testing a new drug for blood pressure, would we learn more about its effectiveness from giving it to half of the participants in a group of 1000 than to all 1000 participants?

To determine whether this drug is medically _________, we must compare its effect on those randomly assigned to receive it (the ____________ group) with those who receive a placebo (the _______ group). The only difference between the groups is whether they received the actual drug. So, if blood pressure is lower in the experimental group, then we know that the drug itself has produced this effect, not just the participants’ knowledge that they are being treated (placebo effect).
Why, when testing a new drug for blood pressure, would we learn more about its effectiveness from giving it to half of the participants in a group of 1000 than to all 1000 participants?

To determine whether this drug is medically (EFFECTIVE), we must compare its effect on those randomly assigned to receive it (the (EXPERIMENTAL) group) with those who receive a placebo (the (CONTROL) group). The only difference between the groups is whether they received the actual drug. So, if blood pressure is lower in the experimental group, then we know that the drug itself has produced this effect, not just the participants’ knowledge that they are being treated (placebo effect).
Module 2 Test Yourself

5. How are human and animal research participants protected?

Legislation, laboratory regulation and inspection, and local ethics __________ serve to protect human and animal welfare.
How are human and animal research participants protected?

Legislation, laboratory regulation and inspection, and local ethics (COMMITTEES) serve to protect human and animal welfare.
Module 2 - Answer to Question Within the Module

1. Can you unscramble this anagram? OCHSA
CHAOS
Module 3 Review

1. 3-1 – Why do psychologists study biology?

Biological psychologists study the links between our biology and our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, because everything psychological is ______________ biological.
3-1 – Why do psychologists study biology?

Biological psychologists study the links between our biology and our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, because everything psychological is (SIMULTANEOUSLY) biological.
Module 3 Review

2. 3-2 – What are neurons, and how do they transmit information?

Neurons are the elementary components of the _______ system, the body’s speedy electrochemical information system. The billions of neurons in this system send _______ through their axons, and they receive _______ from other cells through their branching dendrites and their cell body. If the combined _______ are strong enough, the neuron fires, transmitting an electrical impulse (the action potential) down its axon by means of a chemistry-to-electricity process. The neuron’s reaction is an all-or-none process.
3-2 – What are neurons, and how do they transmit information?

Neurons are the elementary components of the (NERVOUS) system, the body’s speedy electrochemical information system. The billions of neurons in this system send (SIGNALS) through their axons, and they receive (SIGNALS) from other cells through their branching dendrites and their cell body. If the combined (SIGNALS) are strong enough, the neuron fires, transmitting an electrical impulse (the action potential) down its axon by means of a chemistry-to-electricity process. The neuron’s reaction is an all-or-none process.
Module 3 Review

3. 3-3 – How do nerve cells communicate?

When action potentials reach the end of an axon, they stimulate the release of _________________. These chemical messengers pass on their excitatory or inhibitory ________ as they traverse the tiny gap (synapse) between neurons and bind to receptor sites on neighboring neurons.
3-3 – How do nerve cells communicate?

When action potentials reach the end of an axon, they stimulate the release of (NEUROTRANSMITTERS). These chemical messengers pass on their excitatory or inhibitory (MESSAGES) as they traverse the tiny gap (synapse) between neurons and bind to receptor sites on neighboring neurons.
Module 3 Review

4. 3-4 – How do neurotransmitters influence human behavior?

Neurotransmitters travel designated _____ in the brain and have particular effects on behavior. Acetycholine affects muscle action, learning, and ______. The endorphins are natural opiates released in response to pain and exercise. Some drugs (agonists) mimic particular neurotransmitters or block their reuptake; others (antagonists) block their _______ or effects.
3-4 – How do neurotransmitters influence human behavior?

Neurotransmitters travel designated (PATHS) in the brain and have particular effects on behavior. Acetycholine affects muscle action, learning, and (MEMORY). The endorphins are natural opiates released in response to pain and exercise. Some drugs (agonists) mimic particular neurotransmitters or block their reuptake; others (antagonists) block their (RELEASE) or effects.
Module 3 Review

5. 3-5 – What are the major divisions of the nervous system, and what are their basic functions?

One major division is the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the _____ and spinal cord. The other is the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The interneurons in the _____ and spinal cord (the CNS) communicate with the sensory neurons and motor neurons that form nerves in the PNS. The PNS has two main _________. The somatic nervous system enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous system, through its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, controls the involuntary muscles and the glands.
3-5 – What are the major divisions of the nervous system, and what are their basic functions?

One major division is the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the (BRAIN) and spinal cord. The other is the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The interneurons in the (BRAIN) and spinal cord (the CNS) communicate with the sensory neurons and motor neurons that form nerves in the PNS. The PNS has two main (DIVISIONS). The somatic nervous system enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous system, through its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, controls the involuntary muscles and the glands.
Module 3 Review

6. 3-6 – How does the endocrine system – the body’s slower information system – transmit its messages?

Hormones released by the endocrine system glands travel through the ___________ and affect other tissues, including the brain. During stressful or dangerous times, the autonomic nervous system activates the adrenal glands. The endocrine system’s ______ gland, the pituitary, influences hormone release by other glands.
3-6 – How does the endocrine system – the body’s slower information system – transmit its messages?

Hormones released by the endocrine system glands travel through the (BLOODSTREAM) and affect other tissues, including the brain. During stressful or dangerous times, the autonomic nervous system activates the adrenal glands. The endocrine system’s (MASTER) gland, the pituitary, influences hormone release by other glands.
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

1. The neuron fiber that carries messages to other neurons is the:
a. Dendrite.
b. Axon.
c. Cell Body.
d. Myelin.
The neuron fiber that carries messages to other neurons is the:

b. Axon.
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

2. The neuron’s response to stimulation is an all-or-none response, meaning that the intensity of the stimulus determines:
a. Whether or not an impulse is generated.
b. How fast an impulse is transmitted.
c. How intense an impulse will be.
d. Whether the stimulus is excitatory or inhibitory.
The neuron’s response to stimulation is an all-or-none response, meaning that the intensity of the stimulus determines:

a. Whether or not an impulse is generated.
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

3. There is a minuscule space between the axon of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron. This small space is called the:
a. Axon Terminal.
b. Sac or Vesicle.
c. Synaptic Gap.
d. Threshold.
There is a minuscule space between the axon of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron. This small space is called the:

c. Synaptic Gap.
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

4. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, it triggers the release of chemical messengers called:
a. Dendrites.
b. Synapses.
c. Neural Impulses.
d. Neurotransmitters.
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, it triggers the release of chemical messengers called:

d. Neurotransmitters.
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

5. Endorphins are released in the brain in response to:
a. Morphine or Heroin.
b. Pain or Vigorous Exercise.
c. Antagonists.
d. All of the Above.
Endorphins are released in the brain in response to:

b. Pain or Vigorous Exercise.
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

6. The autonomic nervous system controls internal functions, such as heart rate and glandular activity. The word autonomic means:
a. Peripheral.
b. Voluntary.
c. Self-Regulating.
d. Arousing.
The autonomic nervous system controls internal functions, such as heart rate and glandular activity. The word autonomic means:

c. Self-Regulating.
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

7. Usually, the sympathetic nervous system arouses us for action and the parasympathetic nervous system calms us down. Together, the two systems make up the:
a. Autonomic Nervous System.
b. Somatic Nervous System.
c. Central Nervous System.
d. Peripheral Nervous System
Usually, the sympathetic nervous system arouses us for action and the parasympathetic nervous system calms us down. Together, the two systems make up the:

a. Autonomic Nervous System.
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

8. The neurons of the spinal cord are part of the:
a. Somatic Nervous System.
b. Central Nervous System.
c. Autonomic Nervous System.
d. Peripheral Nervous System.
The neurons of the spinal cord are part of the:

b. Central Nervous System.
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

9. The endocrine system, the body’s second and slower communication system, produces chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues. These chemical substances are:
a. Hormones.
b. Neurotransmitters.
c. Endorphins.
d. Glands.
The endocrine system, the body’s second and slower communication system, produces chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues. These chemical substances are:

a. Hormones.
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

10. The pituitary gland releases hormones that influence growth and the activity of other glands. The pituitary gland is part of the:
a. Endocrine System.
b. Peripheral Nervous System.
c. Sympathetic Nervous System.
d. Central Nervous System.
The pituitary gland releases hormones that influence growth and the activity of other glands. The pituitary gland is part of the:

a. Endocrine System.
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

1. A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.)
a. Reflex
b. Hormones
c. Biological Psychology
d. Parasympathetic Nervous System
A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.)

c. Biological Psychology (pg. 37)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

2. A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
a. Axon
b. Dendrite
c. Neuron
d. Synapse
A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

c. Neuron (pg. 37)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

3. The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
a. Axon
b. Dendrite
c. Neuron
d. Synapse
The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

b. Dendrite (pg. 37)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

4. The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
a. Axon
b. Dendrite
c. Neuron
d. Synapse
The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

a. Axon (pg. 37)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

5. A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
a. Endorphins
b. Threshold
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Action Potential
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

d. Action Potential (pg. 38)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

6. The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
a. Endorphins
b. Threshold
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Action Potential
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

b. Threshold (pg. 38)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

7. The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
a. Axon
b. Dendrite
c. Neuron
d. Synapse
The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft.

d. Synapse (pg. 38)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

8. Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, these travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
a. Endorphins
b. Threshold
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Action Potential
Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, these travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

c. Neurotransmitters (pg. 38)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

9. “Morphine within” – natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.
a. Endorphins
b. Threshold
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Action Potential
“Morphine within” – natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

a. Endorphins (pg. 40)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

10. The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
a. Nerves
b. Central Nervous System (CNS)
c. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
d. Nervous System
The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

d. Nervous System (pg. 41)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

11. The brain and spinal cord.
a. Nerves
b. Central Nervous System (CNS)
c. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
d. Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord.

b. Central Nervous System (CNS) (pg. 41)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

12. The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
a. Nerves
b. Central Nervous System (CNS)
c. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
d. Nervous System
The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

c. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (pg. 42)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

13. Neural “cables” containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
a. Nerves
b. Central Nervous System (CNS)
c. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
d. Nervous System
Neural “cables” containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

a. Nerves (pg. 42)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

14. Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.
a. Nervous System
b. Interneurons
c. Sensory Neurons
d. Motor Neurons
Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.

c. Sensory Neurons (pg. 42)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

15. Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.
a. Nervous System
b. Interneurons
c. Sensory Neurons
d. Motor Neurons
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.

d. Motor Neurons (pg. 42)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

16. Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
a. Nervous System
b. Interneurons
c. Sensory Neurons
d. Motor Neurons
Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

b. Interneurons (pg. 42)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

17. The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.
a. Sympathetic Nervous System
b. Parasympathetic Nervous System
c. Somatic Nervous System
d. Autonomic Nervous System
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.

c. Somatic Nervous System (pg. 42)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

18. The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
a. Sympathetic Nervous System
b. Parasympathetic Nervous System
c. Somatic Nervous System
d. Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

d. Autonomic Nervous System (pg. 42)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

19. The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
a. Sympathetic Nervous System
b. Parasympathetic Nervous System
c. Somatic Nervous System
d. Autonomic Nervous System
The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

a. Sympathetic Nervous System (pg. 42)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

20. The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.
a. Sympathetic Nervous System
b. Parasympathetic Nervous System
c. Somatic Nervous System
d. Autonomic Nervous System
The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

b. Parasympathetic Nervous System (pg. 42)
Module 3 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

21. A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
a. Nerves
b. Synapse
c. Threshold
d. Reflex
A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.

d. Reflex (pg. 43)
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

22. The body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
a. Pituitary Glands
b. Adrenal Glands
c. Endocrine System
d. Hormones
The body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

c. Endocrine System (pg. 44)
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

23. Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.
a. Pituitary Glands
b. Adrenal Glands
c. Endocrine System
d. Hormones
Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.

d. Hormones (pg. 44)
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

24. A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.
a. Pituitary Glands
b. Adrenal Glands
c. Endocrine System
d. Hormones
A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.

b. Adrenal Glands (pg. 45)
Rehearse It - Module 3 Multiple Choice

25. The endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
a. Pituitary Glands
b. Adrenal Glands
c. Endocrine System
d. Hormones
The endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

a. Pituitary Gland (pg. 45)
Module 3 Test Yourself

1. How do neurons communicate with one another?

A neuron fires when excitatory inputs ______ inhibitory inputs by a sufficient threshold. When the resulting impulse reaches the axon’s end, it triggers the release of ________ neurotransmitters. After crossing a tiny gap, these molecules activate receptor sites on neighboring neurons. So, the brief answer to how neurons communicate with one another is __________.
How do neurons communicate with one another?

A neuron fires when excitatory inputs (EXCEED) inhibitory inputs by a sufficient threshold. When the resulting impulse reaches the axon’s end, it triggers the release of (CHEMICAL) neurotransmitters. After crossing a tiny gap, these molecules activate receptor sites on neighboring neurons. So, the brief answer to how neurons communicate with one another is (CHEMICALLY).
Module 3 Test Yourself

2. How does information flow through your nervous system as you pick up a fork? Can you summarize this process?

Your central nervous system’s hungry brain activates and guides the muscles of your arm and hand via your peripheral nervous system’s motor _______. As you pick up the fork, your brain processes the information from your sensory nervous system, enabling it to continue to _____ the fork to your mouth. The functional circle starts with sensory input, continues with interneuron processing by the central nervous system, and finishes with motor ______.
How does information flow through your nervous system as you pick up a fork? Can you summarize this process?

Your central nervous system’s hungry brain activates and guides the muscles of your arm and hand via your peripheral nervous system’s motor (NEURONS). As you pick up the fork, your brain processes the information from your sensory nervous system, enabling it to continue to (GUIDE) the fork to your mouth. The functional circle starts with sensory input, continues with interneuron processing by the central nervous system, and finishes with motor (OUTPUT).
Module 3 Test Yourself

3. Why is the pituitary gland called the “master gland”?

The pituitary gland, responding to signals from the hypothalamus, releases ________ that act as triggers. In response, other endocrine glands release their own ________, which in turn influence brain and ________.
Why is the pituitary gland called the “master gland”?

The pituitary gland, responding to signals from the hypothalamus, releases (HORMONES) that act as triggers. In response, other endocrine glands release their own (HORMONES), which in turn influence brain and (BEHAVIOR).
Module 4 Review (pg. 64)

Clinical observations have long revealed the general effects of damage to various areas of the brain. But MRI scans now reveal brain __________, and EEG, PET, and fMRI (functional MRI) recordings reveal brain ________.
Module Review (pg. 64)

Clinical observations have long revealed the general effects of damage to various areas of the brain. But MRI scans now reveal brain (STRUCTURES), and EEG, PET, and fMRI (functional MRI) recordings reveal brain (ACTIVITY).
Module 4 Review

1. 4-1 – What are the functions of the brainstem and its associated structures?

Within the brainstem, the _______ controls heartbeat and breathing, and the reticular formation controls arousal and attention. On top of the brainstem is the thalamus, the brain’s sensory switchboard. The __________, attached to the rear of the brainstem, coordinates muscle movement.
4-1 – What are the functions of the brainstem and its associated structures?

Within the brainstem, the (MEDULLA) controls heartbeat and breathing, and the reticular formation controls arousal and attention. On top of the brainstem is the thalamus, the brain’s sensory switchboard. The (CEREBELLUM), attached to the rear of the brainstem, coordinates muscle movement.
Module 4 Review

2. 4-2 – What are the functions of limbic system structures?

The limbic system is linked to memory, emotions, and drives. One of its neural centers, the amygdale, is involved in aggressive and fearful _________. Another, the hypothalamus, is involved in various bodily maintenance functions, pleasurable rewards, and control of the endocrine system. A third, the hippocampus, processes ______.
4-2 – What are the functions of limbic system structures?

The limbic system is linked to memory, emotions, and drives. One of its neural centers, the amygdale, is involved in aggressive and fearful (RESPONSES). Another, the hypothalamus, is involved in various bodily maintenance functions, pleasurable rewards, and control of the endocrine system. A third, the hippocampus, processes (MEMORY).
Module 4 Review

3. 4-3 – How is the cerebral cortex organized?

The cerebral cortex is the thin layer of interconnected neurons covering the brain’s ___________. Prominent folds divide each ___________ into four _____ – the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
4-3 – How is the cerebral cortex organized?

The cerebral cortex is the thin layer of interconnected neurons covering the brain’s (HEMISPHERES). Prominent folds divide each (HEMISPHERES) into four (LOBES) – the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
Module 4 Review

4. 4-4 – What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

Some brain regions serve specific functions. One is the _____ cortex (at the rear of the frontal lobes), which controls muscle movement. Another is the _______ cortex (at the front of the parietal lobes), which receives information from our senses. However, most of the cortex is devoted to uncommitted association areas, which integrate information involved in learning, remembering, thinking, and other higher-level functions, In general, these functions result from the intricate coordination of many brain areas. Language, for example, depends on a chain of events in several brain regions, particularly Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and the angular gyrus. Damage to any of these regions may cause one of several types of _______.
4-4 – What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

Some brain regions serve specific functions. One is the (MOTOR) cortex (at the rear of the frontal lobes), which controls muscle movement. Another is the (SENSORY) cortex (at the front of the parietal lobes), which receives information from our senses. However, most of the cortex is devoted to uncommitted association areas, which integrate information involved in learning, remembering, thinking, and other higher-level functions, In general, these functions result from the intricate coordination of many brain areas. Language, for example, depends on a chain of events in several brain regions, particularly Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and the angular gyrus. Damage to any of these regions may cause one of several types of (APHASIA).
Module 4 Review

5. 4-5 – Is the brain capable of reorganizing itself if damaged?

If one hemisphere is damaged early in life, the other will pick up many of its functions. This __________ diminishes later in life, although nearby _______ may partially compensate for damaged ones after a stroke or other brain injury.
4-5 – Is the brain capable of reorganizing itself if damaged?

If one hemisphere is damaged early in life, the other will pick up many of its functions. This (PLASTICITY) diminishes later in life, although nearby (NEURONS) may partially compensate for damaged ones after a stroke or other brain injury.
Module 4 Review

6. 4-6 – What is a split brain, and what does it reveal about brain functioning?

A split brain is one whose corpus callosum, the large band of nerve fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres, has been _______. Split-brain research has demonstrated that in most people the left hemisphere is the more verbal, and the right hemisphere excels in visual perception and the recognition of emotion. Studies of healthy people with intact brains confirm that each hemisphere makes unique contributions to the ___________ functioning of the brain.
4-6 – What is a split brain, and what does it reveal about brain functioning?

A split brain is one whose corpus callosum, the large band of nerve fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres, has been (SEVERED). Split-brain research has demonstrated that in most people the left hemisphere is the more verbal, and the right hemisphere excels in visual perception and the recognition of emotion. Studies of healthy people with intact brains confirm that each hemisphere makes unique contributions to the (INTERGRATED) functioning of the brain.
Rehearse It! (pg. 64 – 65) – Module 4 Multiple Choice

1. The brainstem is the oldest and innermost region of the brain. The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is the:
a. Cerebellum.
b. Medulla.
c. Cortex.
d. Thalamus.
The brainstem is the oldest and innermost region of the brain. The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is the:

b. Medulla.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

2. The nerve network that governs arousal is the:
a. Spinal Cord.
b. Cerebellum.
c. Reticular Formation.
d. Medulla.
The nerve network that governs arousal is the:

c. Reticular Formation.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

3. The thalamus receives information from the sensory neurons and routes it to the higher brain regions that control the senses. The thalamus functions like a:
a. Memory Bank.
b. Pleasure Center.
c. Breathing Regulator.
d. Switchboard.
The thalamus receives information from the sensory neurons and routes it to the higher brain regions that control the senses. The thalamus functions like a:

d. Switchboard.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

4. The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement is the:
a. Cerebellum.
b. Medulla.
c. Thalamus.
d. Reticular Formation.
The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement is the:

a. Cerebellum.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

5. The limbic system, a doughnut-shaped structure at the border of the brain’s older parts and the cerebral hemispheres, is associated with basic motives, emotions, and memory functions. Two parts of the limbic system are the amygdale and the:
a. Reticular Formation.
b. Hippocampus.
c. Thalamus.
d. Medulla.
The limbic system, a doughnut-shaped structure at the border of the brain’s older parts and the cerebral hemispheres, is associated with basic motives, emotions, and memory functions. Two parts of the limbic system are the amygdale and the:

b. Hippocampus.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

6. A cat’s ferocious response to electrical brain stimulation would lead you to suppose that the electrode had been touching the:
a. Medulla.
b. Pituitary.
c. Hypothalamus.
d. Amygdala.
A cat’s ferocious response to electrical brain stimulation would lead you to suppose that the electrode had been touching the:

d. Amygdala.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

7. The neural structure that most directly regulates eating, drinking, and body temperature is the:
a. Cerebellum.
b. Hypothalamus.
c. Thalamus.
d. Amygdala.
The neural structure that most directly regulates eating, drinking, and body temperature is the:

b. Hypothalamus.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

8. The reward centers discovered by Olds and Milner were located in regions of the:
a. Cerebral Cortex.
b. Brainstem.
c. Hypothalamus.
d. Spinal Cord.
The reward centers discovered by Olds and Milner were located in regions of the:

c. Hypothalamus.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

9. The motor cortex is the brain region that controls voluntary muscle movement. If a neurosurgeon stimulated your right motor cortex, you would most likely:
a. See Light.
b. Hear a Sound.
c. Feel a touch on the right arm.
d. Move your left leg.
The motor cortex is the brain region that controls voluntary muscle movement. If a neurosurgeon stimulated your right motor cortex, you would most likely:

d. Move your left leg.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

10. The sensory cortex registers and processes body sensations, with the more sensitive body regions having the greatest representation. Which of the following has the greatest representation?
a. Knee
b. Toes
c. Forehead
d. Thumb
The sensory cortex registers and processes body sensations, with the more sensitive body regions having the greatest representation. Which of the following has the greatest representation?

d. Thumb
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

11. About ¾’s of the cerebral cortex is not committed to any specific sensory or motor function. The “uncommitted” areas are called:
a. Occipital Lobes.
b. Fissures.
c. Association Areas.
d. Wernicke’s Area.
About ¾’s of the cerebral cortex is not committed to any specific sensory or motor function. The “uncommitted” areas are called:

c. Association Areas.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

12. Judging and planning are enabled by the:
a. Occipital Lobes.
b. Parietal Lobes.
c. Frontal Lobes.
d. Temporal Lobes.
Judging and planning are enabled by the:

c. Frontal Lobes.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

13. The area in the brain that, if damaged, might impair your ability to form words is:
a. Wernicke’s Area.
b. Broca’s Area.
c. The Left Occipital Lobe.
d. The Angular Gyrus.
The area in the brain that, if damaged, might impair your ability to form words is:

b. Broca’s Area.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

14. Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize itself after damage. Especially plastic are the brains of:
a. Split-Brain Patients.
b. Young Adults.
c. Young Children.
d. Right-Handed People.
Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize itself after damage. Especially plastic are the brains of:

c. Young Children.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

15. The brain structure that enables the right and left hemispheres to communicate is:
a. The Medulla.
b. Broca’s Area.
c. Wernicke’s Area.
d. The Corpus Callosum.
The brain structure that enables the right and left hemispheres to communicate is:

d. The Corpus Callosum.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

16. An experimenter flashes the word HERON across the visual field of a split-brain patient. HER is transmitted to his right hemisphere and ON to his left hemisphere. When asked to indicate what he saw, the patient:
a. Says he saw HER but points to ON.
b. Says he saw ON but points to HER.
c. Says he saw HERON but points to HER.
d. Says he saw HERON but points to ON.
An experimenter flashes the word HERON across the visual field of a split-brain patient. HER is transmitted to his right hemisphere and ON to his left hemisphere. When asked to indicate what he saw, the patient:

b. Says he saw ON but points to HER.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

17. The study of split-brain patients has allowed us to observe the special functions of each hemisphere of the brain. The left hemisphere excels in:
a. Processing Language.
b. Visual Perceptions.
c. Recognition of Emotion.
d. Recognition of Faces.
The study of split-brain patients has allowed us to observe the special functions of each hemisphere of the brain. The left hemisphere excels in:

a. Processing Language.
Rehearse It! – Module 4 Multiple Choice

18. Damage to the brain’s right hemisphere is most likely to reduce a person’s ability to:
a. Recite the alphabet rapidly.
b. Recognize the emotional content of facial expressions.
c. Understand verbal instructions.
d. Solve arithmetic problems.
Damage to the brain’s right hemisphere is most likely to reduce a person’s ability to:

b. Recognize the emotional content of facial expressions.
Module 4 Vocabulary (pg. 65) (In Multiple Choice Format)

1. The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the _________ is responsible for automatic survival functions.
a. Medulla
b. Brainstem
c. Thalamus
d. Cerebellum
The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the (BRAINSTEM) is responsible for automatic survival functions.

b. Brainstem (pg. 48)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

2. The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.
a. Medulla
b. Amygdala
c. Thalamus
d. Cerebellum
The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.

a. Medulla (pg. 48)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

3. The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
a. Amygdala
b. Cerebral Cortex
c. Limbic System
d. Thalamus
The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

d. Thalamus (pg. 49)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

4. A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.
a. Cerebellum
b. Limbic System
c. Amygdala
d. Reticular Formation
A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

d. Reticular Formation (pg. 49)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

5. The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.
a. Medulla
b. Amygdala
c. Thalamus
d. Cerebellum
The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.

d. Cerebellum (pg. 49)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

6. Tissue destruction. A brain ______ is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.
a. Amygdala
b. Aphasia
c. Lesion
d. Frontal Lobe
Tissue destruction. A brain (LESION) is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

c. Lesion (pg. 50)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

7. An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
a. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
b. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
c. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
d. fMRI (Functional MRI)
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

b. Electroencephalogram (EEG) (pg. 50)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

8. A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdale, and hypothalamus.
a. Cerebellum
b. Limbic System
c. Amygdala
d. Reticular Formation
A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdale, and hypothalamus.

b. Limbic System (pg. 50)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

9. A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
a. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
b. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
c. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
d. fMRI (Functional MRI)
A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

a. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan (pg. 50)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

10. A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain.
a. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
b. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
c. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
d. fMRI (Functional MRI)
A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain.

c. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) (pg. 51)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

11. A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive ___ scans. ___ scans show brain anatomy; ____ scans show brain function.
a. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
b. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
c. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
d. fMRI (Functional MRI)
A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive (MRI) scans. (MRI) scans show brain anatomy; (fMRI) scans show brain function.

d. fMRI (Functional MRI) (pg. 51)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

12. Two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion.
a. Amygdala
b. Aphasia
c. Thalamus
d. Frontal Lobe
Two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion.

a. Amygdala (pg. 52)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

13. A neural structure lying below the ________; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.
a. Association Area
b. Aphasia
c. Hypothalamus
d. Plasticity
A neural structure lying below the (THALAMUS); it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.

c. Hypothalamus (pg. 52)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

14. The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.
a. Cerebral Cortex
b. Motor Cortex
c. Sensory Cortex
d. Association Areas
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.

a. Cerebral Cortex (pg. 53)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

15. The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
a. Occipital Lobes
b. Temporal Lobes
c. Frontal Lobes
d. Parietal Lobes
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.

c. Frontal Lobes (pg. 54)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

16. The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.
a. Occipital Lobes
b. Temporal Lobes
c. Frontal Lobes
d. Parietal Lobes
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

d. Parietal Lobes (pg. 54)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

17. The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, each receiving information from the opposite visual field.
a. Occipital Lobes
b. Temporal Lobes
c. Frontal Lobes
d. Parietal Lobes
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, each receiving information from the opposite visual field.

a. Occipital Lobes (pg. 54)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

18. The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.
a. Occipital Lobes
b. Temporal Lobes
c. Frontal Lobes
d. Parietal Lobes
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

b. Temporal Lobes (pg. 54)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

19. An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
a. Cerebral Cortex
b. Motor Cortex
c. Sensory Cortex
d. Association Areas
An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.

b. Motor Cortex (pg. 55)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

20. The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
a. Cerebral Cortex
b. Motor Cortex
c. Sensory Cortex
d. Association Areas
The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

c. Sensory Cortex (pg. 56)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

21. Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
a. Aphasia
b. Association Areas
c. Broca’s Area
d. Wernicke’s Area
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

b. Association Areas (pg. 57)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

22. Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).
a. Aphasia
b. Split Brain
c. Plasticity
d. Corpus Callosum
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).

a. Aphasia (pg. 58)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

23. Controls language expression – an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
a. Aphasia
b. Association Areas
c. Broca’s Area
d. Wernicke’s Area
Controls language expression – an area of the frontal lobe, usually n the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

c. Broca’s Area (pg. 58)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

24. Controls language reception – a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
a. Aphasia
b. Association Areas
c. Broca’s Area
d. Wernicke’s Area
Controls language reception – a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

d. Wernicke’s Area (pg. 58)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

25. The brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development.
a. Aphasia
b. Split Brain
c. Plasticity
d. Corpus Callosum
The brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development.

c. Plasticity (pg. 59)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

26. The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
a. Aphasia
b. Split Brain
c. Plasticity
d. Corpus Callosum
The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

d. Corpus Callosum (pg. 60)
Module 4 Vocabulary (In Multiple Choice Format)

27. A condition in which the brain’s two hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.
a. Aphasia
b. Split Brain
c. Plasticity
d. Corpus Callosum
A condition in which the brain’s two hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.

b. Split Brain (pg. 61)
Module 4 Test Yourself (pg. 65)

1. Within what brain region would damage be most likely to disrupt your ability to skip rope? Your ability to sense tastes or sounds? In what brain region would damage perhaps leave you in a coma? Without the very breath and heartbeat of life?

These regions are, respectively, the __________, the thalamus, the reticular formation, and the _______. These questions assess your understanding of the essential functions of the lower-level brain areas.
Within what brain region would damage be most likely to disrupt your ability to skip rope? Your ability to sense tastes or sounds? In what brain region would damage perhaps leave you in a coma? Without the very breath and heartbeat of life?

These regions are, respectively, the (CEREBELLUM), the thalamus, the reticular formation, and the (MEDULLA). These questions assess your understanding of the essential functions of the lower-level brain areas.
Module 4 – Answers to Questions Within the Module (pg. 65)

1. If you electrically stimulated a cat’s amygdala, which division of the cat’s nervous system would be aroused?
If you electrically stimulated a cat’s amygdala, which division of the cat’s nervous system would be aroused?

Its sympathetic Nervous System
Module 4 – Answers to Questions Within the Module

2. If we flashed a red light to the right hemisphere of a splitbrain patient, and flashed a green light to the left hemisphere, would each observe its own color? Would the person be aware that the colors differ? What would the person verbally report seeing?
If we flashed a red light to the right hemisphere of a splitbrain patient, and flashed a green light to the left hemisphere, would each observe its own color? Would the person be aware that the colors differ? What would the person verbally report seeing?

Yes; No; Green
Module 1 PP Notes

1. Module 1 – Many early philosophers postulated (to ask, demand, or claim) about the relationship between the mind and the body, who were they? (Name 4)
Module 1 – Many early philosophers postulated (to ask, demand, or claim) about the relationship between the mind and the body, who were they? (Name 4)

Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, and the Four Humours
Module 1 PP Notes

3. Module 1 – As a part of the four humours, what is Sanguine?
Module 1 – As a part of the four humours, what is Sanguine?

From liver; amorous, happy, generous, optimistic, irresponsible.
Module 1 PP Notes

4. Module 1 – As a part of the four humours, what is Choleric?
Module 1 – As a part of the four humours, what is Choleric?

From spleen; violent, vengeful, short-tempered, ambitious.
Module 1 PP Notes

5. Module 1 – As a part of the four humours, what is Phlegmatic?
Module 1 – As a part of the four humours, what is Phlegmatic?

From lungs; sluggish, pallid, cowardly.
Module 1 PP Notes

6. Module 1 – As a part of the four humours, what is Melancholoy?
Module 1 – As a part of the four humours, what is Melancholoy?

From gall bladder; introspective, sentimental, gluttonous.
Module 1 PP Notes

7. Evolution of Psychology – There is a large gap in records of Psychology when? Scholars believe the rise in power of the church to be responsible for lack of what? What were mental illnesses thought to be caused from and what was the treatment?
Evolution of Psychology – There is a large gap in records of Psychology when? Scholars believe the rise in power of the church to be responsible for lack of what? What were mental illnesses thought to be caused from and what was the treatment?

Psychological Discourse; Demonic Possessions; Drive out the demons in barbaric and sometimes fatal methods
Module 1 PP Notes

8. Insane Asylums – During the late middle ages, why were insane asylums created? How were they (the occupants) treated? What happened in Paris in 1792?
Insane Asylums – During the late middle ages, why were insane asylums created? How were they (the occupants) treated? What happened in Paris in 1792?

Taking the mentally ill off the streets and out of society
They were treated like inmates in prison (sanitary conditions were unheard of, inmates were often chained together [preventing them from moving], given very little nourishment, and poor oversight, treatment often consisted of torture)

Paris – experiment conducted to determine if the asylums prevented recovery, inmates were unchained, given sanitary conditions, taken out of dungeons, treated with kindness, and given social interaction, the mentally ill recovered at a much higher rate than expected.
Module 1 PP Notes

9. Psychology as a Science – What is science? Does psychology use empirical evidence? Science changes based on the introduction of new empirical evidence, theories are updated and old hypothesis’ are disproved or reworked, does Psychology do this also?
Psychology as a Science – What is science? Does psychology use empirical evidence? Science changes based on the introduction of new empirical evidence, theories are updated and old hypothesis’ are disproved or reworked, does Psychology do this also?

The goal of science is to create reasonable explanations to describe reality, which relies on empirical evidence; Yes; Yes
Module 1 PP Notes

10. Psychology as a Science – Scientists use what settings and real world observations to test the credibility of their hypothesis, does Psychology do this?
Psychology as a Science – Scientists use what settings and real world observations to test the credibility of their hypothesis, does Psychology do this?

Laboratory Settings, Naturalistic Observations, and Case Studies of Rare Phenomena; Yes, Psychology uses all of these also.
Module 1 PP Notes

11. Psychology as a Science – Psychology, like any other discipline, is not without what? Confirmation bias in researchers may prevent new psychology from being what? Many cling to outdated what and what? Psychoanalysis vs. the world is what?
Psychology as a Science – Psychology, like any other discipline, is not without what? Confirmation bias in researchers may prevent new psychology from being what? Many cling to outdated what and what? Psychoanalysis vs. the world is what?

Subjectivity; Exposed; Theories or Ideas; Flat
Module 1 PP Notes

12. First Recorded Psychological Experiment – Where did the 1st Psychological Experiment occur? What was the experiment?
First Recorded Psychological Experiment – Where did the 1st Psychological Experiment occur? What was the experiment?

7th Century B.C. Psamtick I, king of Egypt

Kidnapped two children and had them raised by a herdsman away from civilization – Hypothesis, that Egypt was the oldest civilization, and that the children, if taken away and never spoken to, would develop a language resembling Earth’s earliest culture – Experiment, children were never spoken to, children were to develop a language on their own, the Children’s first word was “Becos”, a Phrygian word for bread – Conclusion, Psamtick concluded that Pgrygian’s were older
Module 1 PP Notes

13. Early Psychology – Who was this? He is the father of psychology – a German professor of physiology at the University of Leipzig; in December 1879, he and 2 graduate students gathered data for his students dissertation, testing the delay between the students recognition of sound and the pressing of a telegraph key.
Early Psychology – Who was this? He is the father of psychology – a German professor of physiology at the University of Leipzig; in December 1879, he and 2 graduate students gathered data for his students dissertation, testing the delay between the students recognition of sound and the pressing of a telegraph key.

Wilham Wundt
Module 1 PP Notes

14. Structuralism vs. Functionalism – Which one of Wundt’s students advocated structuralism in the U.S.? What where his goals and main method of study?

_ _ _________; His goal – study consciousness by breaking it down into its 3 components (perception, sensation, and affection); His main method of study was introspection – careful and systematic observation of one’s own conscious experience.
Structuralism vs. Functionalism – Which one of Wundt’s students advocated Structuralism in the U.S.? What where his goals and main method of study?

(E.B. Titchener); His goal – study consciousness by breaking it down into its 3 components (perception, sensation, and affection); His main method of study was introspection – careful and systematic observation of one’s own conscious experience.
Module 1 PP Notes

15. Structuralism vs. Functionalism – What 2 people advocated Functionalism and what was their goal? How did they study this?
Structuralism vs. Functionalism – What 2 people advocated Functionalism and what was their goal? How did they study this?

William James (1st professor of psychology at an American University) and John Dewey, their goal was to study the purpose, or function of the consciousness; Studies how a mental process operates, streams of conscious thought, consciousness cannot be broken down into components but must be studied as a whole.
Module 1 PP Notes

16. Structuralism vs. Functionalism – Both of these contributed a great deal to the study of modern psychology, how?
Structuralism vs. Functionalism – Both of these contributed a great deal to the study of modern psychology, how?

Ideas planted for future theories of psychology, the study of both structure and function are important in modern day experimentation.
Module 1 PP Notes

17. Other Schools of Psychology, Gestalt Psychologists – What 3 psychologists revolted against Wundt and why?
Other Schools of Psychology, Gestalt Psychologists– What 3 psychologists revolted against Wundt and why?

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler; The idea that apparent movement could not be reduced to simpler sensations, view psychology as the study of the immediate experience of the whole organism.
Module 1 PP Notes

18. Other Schools of Psychology, Psychoanalysis – Who is associated with psychoanalysis? Where was psychoanalysis developed? What did psychoanalysis focus on?
Other Schools of Psychology, Psychoanalysis – Who is associated with psychoanalysis? Where was psychoanalysis developed? What did psychoanalysis focus on?

Sigmund Freud

Developed outside a university setting

Focused on: Etiology (the study of the causes of diseases) and development of psychological disorders, internal conflicts of the id, ego and superego, subconscious and dream analysis, defense mechanisms, “sometimes a cigar is just a cigar.”
Module 1 PP Notes

19. Other Schools of Psychology, Behaviorism – Who revolted against introspection? What did he want to study, but why couldn’t he? He wanted to study empirical observations, but you can’t observe introspection because psychology is the scientific study of observable behavior.
Other Schools of Psychology, Behaviorism – Who revolted against introspection? What did he want to study, but why couldn’t he? He wanted to study empirical observations, but you can’t observe introspection because psychology is the scientific study of observable behavior.

John Watson
Module 1 PP Notes

20. Other Schools of Psychology, Behaviorism – Who studied modern behaviorism?
Other Schools of Psychology, Behaviorism – Who studied modern behaviorism?

B. F. Skinner
Module 1 PP Notes

21. Father of American Psychology – Who is the father of American Psychology? Where did he begin teaching in 1875? What did he introduce to “his” America? How long did his 1st textbook take to finish, and what is it known as?
Father of American Psychology – Who is the father of American Psychology? Where did he begin teaching in 1875? What did he introduce to “his” America? How long did his 1st textbook take to finish?

William James; Harvard University; He introduced experimental psychology (he only spent 2 days a week in the lab because he felt it boring, yet acknowledged that it was sometimes the only way to gather appropriate information); His textbook took 12 years to finish – 1400 pages in 2 volumes, known as James, made an abridged version known as Jimmy.
Module 1 PP Notes

22. William James – He made no school of psychology, avoided a theoretical system, trained few graduate students, and had no followers. What were 2 of his major Ideas and describe them?
William James – He made no school of psychology, avoided a theoretical system, trained few graduate students, and had no followers. What were 2 of his major Ideas?

Functionalism – introspective analysis of the study of the mind. The mind evolved based on necessity for survival. Important to know what the mind does.

Nature of the Mind – Could not find satisfactory answer to the mind-body problem. Psychology not able or ready to examine the connection between body and mind.
Module 1 PP Notes

23. William James – What are 3 more of his major ideas? Name and describe them:
William James – What are 3 more of his major ideas? Name and describe them:

Stream of Thought – unbroken flow of consciousness and thought. Saw it as a continuum, not a series of linked experiences or thoughts. Even though perceptions are separate, our mind forms a stream of thought.

The self – the belief in a distinct principle of selfhood essential to the common sense of mankind. Thoughts belong to the individual. They are your experiences.

Will – conscious process that directs voluntary movement. Did not believe in complete determination. Free will lead to alternatives.
Module 1 PP Notes

24. William James – In addition to the 5 major ideas already described, name 2 more and describe them?
William James – In addition to the 5 major ideas already described, name 2 more and describe them?

The Unconscious – distinguished between actions we perform by conscious command of muscular movements and other actions that are automatic. Consciousness deserts all processes where it can no longer be of use. We do better without thinking of the movements required.

Emotion – James-Lange theory of emotion (discussed later). Emotion we feel is not caused by bodily sensations but the nervous system reacting to outside stimulus and emotion is our interpretation or perception of the sensation.
Module 1 PP Notes

25. ______ __ _______ – Scientists have that nature provides the framework of our what? _______ determines what? ______ the framework of our capabilities (or a set scale); _______ determines where we fit on that scale. (Insane Asylums vs. Modern Treatment Facilities)
______ __ _______ – Scientists have that nature provides the framework of our what? Nurture determines what? Nature provides the framework of our capabilities (or a set scale); Nurture determines where we fit on that scale. (Insane Asylums vs. Modern Treatment Facilities)

Nature vs. Nurture
Module 1 PP Notes

26. The Biopsychosocial Approach – What are psychologies 3 main levels of analysis?
The Biopsychosocial Approach – What are psychologies 3 main levels of analysis?

Biological – the biology of the individual, genetic disorders and physical characteristics.

Psychological – the mental processes of the individual, psychological disorders, etc.

Social – the ideas embraced by the individuals’ culture.

Think about it – How do these 3 levels integrate together to form one holistic (any psychologic system postulating that the human mind must be studied as a unit rather than as a sum of its individual parts) view of an individual?
Module 1 PP Notes

27. The Case of Andrea Yates – June 20, 2001 she drowned her children in a bathtub in order to save their souls from burning in hell. A jury rejected her insanity plea and sentenced her to life in a psychiatric prison. January 2005, Texas appeals court overruled her conviction due to a psychiatrist falsely testifying that he was a consultant for a Law and Order episode relating to the disorder she was diagnosed with. July 26, 2006 a jury accepted her plea of not guilty by reason of insanity, she is now under the jurisdiction of District Judge Belinda Hill during her treatment in a hospital for the rest of her life. What are 4 factors to consider about this case?
The Case of Andrea Yates – June 20, 2001 she drowned her children in a bathtub in order to save their souls from burning in hell. A jury rejected her insanity plea and sentenced her to life in a psychiatric prison. January 2005, Texas appeals court overruled her conviction due to a psychiatrist falsely testifying that he was a consultant for a Law and Order episode relating to the disorder she was diagnosed with. July 26, 2006 a jury accepted her plea of not guilty by reason of insanity, she is now under the jurisdiction of District Judge Belinda Hill during her treatment in a hospital for the rest of her life. What are 4 factors to consider about this case?

She was diagnosed with postpartum depression with psychosis and had a family history of mood disorders.

Doctors took her off of Haldol, an antipsychotic medication, her husband pleaded to have her put back on the medication.

Doctors told her husband and her not to have any more children, he later impregnated her with another child.

Husband left her in charge of the children.
Module 1 PP Notes

28. ______ _________ ____________ – Interdisciplinary field attempting to understand phenomena in terms of interactions between what 3 levels of analysis?
Social Level of Analysis – social and environmental factors that influence behavior.
Cognitive Level of Analysis – concerned with the information processing mechanisms that give rise to social level phenomena.
Neuroscience Level of Analysis – concerned with brain mechanisms that underlie cognitive-level processes.
(Social Cognitive Neuroscience) – Interdisciplinary field attempting to understand phenomena in terms of interactions between what 3 levels of analysis?
Social Level of Analysis – social and environmental factors that influence behavior.
Cognitive Level of Analysis – concerned with the information processing mechanisms that give rise to social level phenomena.
Neuroscience Level of Analysis – concerned with brain mechanisms that underlie cognitive-level processes.

Social Cognitive Neuroscience
Module 1 PP Notes

29. _______ __________ – How does a 3rd break light help on vehicles? Does money increase happiness, why? How does playing make-believe help children? How does writing about traumatic events help? Putting a 3rd break light on cars helps reduce car crashes. More money, after basic needs are taken care of, does not increase happiness, if anything it has been correlated with lower levels of happiness. Playing make-believe with children prepares them for school. Writing about traumatic events has been shown to help with coping and reduce anxiety associated with the events.
_______ __________ – How does a 3rd break light help on vehicles? Does money increase happiness, why? How does playing make-believe help children? How does writing about traumatic events help? Putting a 3rd break light on cars helps reduce car crashes. More money, after basic needs are taken care of, does not increase happiness, if anything it has been correlated with lower levels of happiness. Playing make-believe with children prepares them for school. Writing about traumatic events has been shown to help with coping and reduce anxiety associated with the events.

Applied Psychology
Module 1 PP Notes

30. _______ __________ – Do violent video games increase aggressive behavior in children? Are Polygraph tests reliable? Violent video games can increase aggressive behavior in children. Polygraph tests are unreliable and should be relabeled “fear tests”.
(Applied Psychology) – Do violent video games increase aggressive behavior in children? Are Polygraph tests reliable? Violent video games can increase aggressive behavior in children. Polygraph tests are unreliable and should be relabeled “fear tests”.

Applied Psychology
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

1. _________ ____ - What belief is it that we knew something all along, which causes problems in eye witness testimonies?
_________ ____ - What belief is it that we knew something all along, which causes problems in eye witness testimonies?

Hindsight Bias
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

2. ____________ ____ - An overconfidence in opinions resulting from our desire to seek out information that confirms our view (watching fox news or msnbc):
____________ ____ - An overconfidence in opinions resulting from our desire to seek out information that confirms our view (watching fox news or msnbc):

Confirmation Bias
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

3. ______________ ____ - Thinking that we know more than we do, there is no need to study that, we already know it:
______________ ____ - Thinking that we know more than we do, there is no need to study that, we already know it:

Overconfidence Bias
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

4. ________ ________ - This is vastly important to the study of psychology; it helps avoid pitfalls that not only undermine your findings, but unnecessarily complicates matters and keeps your studies ethical; and helps you construct a viable experiment that will properly address your hypothesis in a way that is both comprehensive and controlled. Name it:
________ ________ - This is vastly important to the study of psychology; it helps avoid pitfalls that not only undermine your findings, but unnecessarily complicates matters and keeps your studies ethical; and helps you construct a viable experiment that will properly address your hypothesis in a way that is both comprehensive and controlled. Name it:

Critical Thinkers
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

5. Critical thinkers are… Don’t ____________. Recognize the world is complex and there are multiple causes for behavior. Use the processes of _______ _________. Carefully examine the information given and recognize inconsistencies in statements and conclusions. Review all the available evidence before reaching a conclusion. Consult diverse sources of ___________ and consider a variety of positions before making judgment.
Critical thinkers are… Don’t (OVERSIMPLIFY). Recognize the world is complex and there are multiple causes for behavior. Use the processes of (LOGICAL INFERENCE). Carefully examine the information given and recognize inconsistencies in statements and conclusions. Review all the available evidence before reaching a conclusion. Consult diverse sources of (INFORMATION) and consider a variety of positions before making judgment.
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

6. Critical thinkers are… Open Minded. They can live with ___________ and ambiguity. Resist black and white analysis, and able to identify inherent biases and assumptions; beliefs and experiences shape their view of the world. OR. Inherent practitioners of __________. They question statements and claims of even people they respect, are able to distinguish facts from opinions; rely on scientific ________ rather than personal experience. (They spent money studying what?)
Critical thinkers are… Open Minded. They can live with (UNCERTAINTY) and ambiguity. Resist black and white analysis, and able to identify inherent biases and assumptions; beliefs and experiences shape their view of the world. OR. Inherent practitioners of (SKEPTICISM). They question statements and claims of even people they respect, are able to distinguish facts from opinions; rely on scientific (EVIDENCE) rather than personal experience. (They spent money studying what?)
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

7. Studies may have results that seem to be common sense: There is a negative correlation between the amount of time college students watch television and their gpa; and children who watch more violent television shows are more likely to model violent behavior in play. Why study things like this? Why do psychologists study?
Studies may have results that seem to be common sense: There is a negative correlation between the amount of time college students watch television and their gpa; and children who watch more violent television shows are more likely to model violent behavior in play. Why study things like this? Why do psychologists study?

There are many answers to this question: To gather even more information about a known phenomena; To learn about which factor affects it the most; To determine the direction of a correlation; People cannot rely on common sense to determine fact – birds of a feather flock together/opposites attract, absence makes the heart grow fonder/out of sight out of mind.
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

8. Psychology uses the scientific method to address inquiries, what is its process? (Name all steps, in order)
Psychology uses the scientific method to address inquiries, what is its process? (Name all steps, in order)

The Scientific Method:
Ask Question
Do Background Research
Construct Hypothesis – Think, Try Again (from Hypothesis is False or Partially True)
Test with an Experiment
Analyze Results/Draw Conclusion
Hypothesis is True – Hypothesis is False or Partially True go to Think, Try Again (Repeat until you get it correct if necessary)
Report Results
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

9. Psychology Study – There are three main types of psychological research, name and define them:

___________ Research – Determine characteristics about a population being studied, more interested in who what where when and how.

_____________ Research – Study statistical relationships between two or more random variables or observed data values, used when doing an actual experiment might be unethical, cannot make causal statements in results.

____________ Research – Use the scientific method to measure phenomena in question, control over extraneous variables and random assignment/random selection are essential, can make causal statements in the results, “our results indicate that modeling aggressive behavior by people in authority causes a statistically significant increase in aggression in children.”
Psychology Study – There are three main types of psychological research, name and define them:

(Descriptive) Research – Determine characteristics about a population being studied, more interested in who what where when and how.

(Correlational) Research – Study statistical relationships between two or more random variables or observed data values, used when doing an actual experiment might be unethical, cannot make causal statements in results.

(Experimental) Research – Use the scientific method to measure phenomena in question, control over extraneous variables and random assignment/random selection are essential, can make causal statements in the results, “our results indicate that modeling aggressive behavior by people in authority causes a statistically significant increase in aggression in children.”
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

10. Psychologists Study Methods – Name Them: (7)
Psychologists Study Methods – Name Them: (7)

Controlled Experiment
Field Experiment
Quasi Experiment
Case Study
Archival Research
Random Sample Survey
Interview
Etc.
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

11. What are Case Studies used for?
What are Case Studies used for?

Method to study incredibly rare phenomena.
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

12. Name Him ________ ____: Information gathered can be limited, very hard to generalize results to other people, not very likely to find others to replicate studies, while informative; case studies do not get published as often as other forms of research.
Name Him ________ ____: Information gathered can be limited, very hard to generalize results to other people, not very likely to find others to replicate studies, while informative; case studies do not get published as often as other forms of research.

Phineous Gage
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

13. __________ ___________ - Want to control for extraneous variables and limit their impact on the experiment, usually separate participants into control and treatment group.
__________ ___________ - Want to control for extraneous variables and limit their impact on the experiment, usually separate participants into control and treatment group.

Controlled Experiments
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

14. ***______ _____ - Gets no level of the independent variable (the variable getting manipulated), used to get a baseline of the dependent variable (variable being measured):
***______ _____ - Gets no level of the independent variable (the variable getting manipulated), used to get a baseline of the dependent variable (variable being measured):

Control Group
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

15. _________ _____ - Gets one of several possible levels of the independent variable, compare results to control group to see if a big enough difference occurred:
_________ _____ - Gets one of several possible levels of the independent variable, compare results to control group to see if a big enough difference occurred:

Treatment Group
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

16. _____ __________ - Uses the scientific method to examine how the real world affects the phenomena in question, clinical trials of drugs, testing prototypes of new products, very high level of generalizability, low level of control: Cannot limit anything that might complicate the experiment; Weather might affect it, that needs to happen outside.
_____ __________ - Uses the scientific method to examine how the real world affects the phenomena in question, clinical trials of drugs, testing prototypes of new products, very high level of generalizability, low level of control: Cannot limit anything that might complicate the experiment; Weather might affect it, that needs to happen outside.

Field Experiment
Module 2 PP Notes (1-26) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

17. _____ __________ - Sometimes it is unethical or impossible to use random assignment, study comparing reaction times between men and women, cannot control for participants gender, coping mechanisms for people who have been raped in the past, cannot ethically assign participants to be raped, cannot make causal statements. Can only make statements in regards to correlation; influenced by confounding variables.
_____ __________ - Sometimes it is unethical or impossible to use random assignment, study comparing reaction times between men and women, cannot control for participants gender, coping mechanisms for people who have been raped in the past, cannot ethically assign participants to be raped, cannot make causal statements. Can only make statements in regards to correlation; influenced by confounding variables.

Quasi Experiment
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

18. ________ ________ - Matters that are public records may be examined to determine if it has an impact on another variable of question: (Example: Determine if record high temperatures in a particular summer is related to the amount of physical assaults; the amount of motor boat accidents is positively correlated with the sales of ice cream) can gather a lot of information quickly difficult to determine the nature of relationship, no control.
________ ________ - Matters that are public records may be examined to determine if it has an impact on another variable of question: (Example: Determine if record high temperatures in a particular summer is related to the amount of physical assaults; the amount of motor boat accidents is positively correlated with the sales of ice cream) can gather a lot of information quickly difficult to determine the nature of relationship, no control.

Archival Research
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

19. ______ ______ ______ - Gather information by sending out surveys and gathering responses, useful for gathering opinions, very very very low response rate, getting 25% of your surveys back is incredibly good; not practical for many experimental designs and questions.
______ ______ ______ - Gather information by sending out surveys and gathering responses, useful for gathering opinions, very very very low response rate, getting 25% of your surveys back is incredibly good; not practical for many experimental designs and questions.

Random Sample Survey
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

20. Random Sample Survey – Be VERY careful about the _______ of your survey questions! “Do you think the senseless war in Iraq that President Bush insisted on starting is going to result in thousands of unnecessary deaths?”, “Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: the federal government has gotten totally out of control and threatens our basic liberties unless we clear house and commit to drastic change.”, “Generally speaking how would you rate the conditions of Delaware’s economy… excellent, good, not so good, or poor?” _________ responses “How much drugs have you done?” vs “Have you ever used recreational drugs?”
Random Sample Survey – Be VERY careful about the (WORDING) of your survey questions! “Do you think the senseless war in Iraq that President Bush insisted on starting is going to result in thousands of unnecessary deaths?”, “Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: the federal government has gotten totally out of control and threatens our basic liberties unless we clear house and commit to drastic change.”, “Generally speaking how would you rate the conditions of Delaware’s economy… excellent, good, not so good, or poor?” (AMBIGUOUS) responses “How much drugs have you done?” vs “Have you ever used recreational drugs?”
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

21. _________ - Can gather more in depth answers from participants than a survey, able to elaborate on answers, more time consuming than a survey, still very low response rate, not useful for many experimental designs and questions.
_________ - Can gather more in depth answers from participants than a survey, able to elaborate on answers, more time consuming than a survey, still very low response rate, not useful for many experimental designs and questions.

Interview
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

22. Psychology and the Presidential election – Politicians often want to see where they stand in the polls, these numbers vary depending on the source and method of gathering the information. Who do they sample? Why do these numbers differ so much? _________ _______
Psychology and the Presidential election – Politicians often want to see where they stand in the polls, these numbers vary depending on the source and method of gathering the information. Who do they sample? Why do these numbers differ so much? _________ _______

Differing Samples – cluster of samples from middle class or lower income areas, different accounts of variance/chance, people who feel strongly are more likely to respond to surveys.
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

23. Psychology and the Presidential election – Who to sample? Who do we want to know about?
Nonvoters? Republicans? Democrats? Independents? Children? Elderly?
Psychology and the Presidential election – Who to sample? Who do we want to know about?
Nonvoters? Republicans? Democrats? Independents? Children? Elderly?

Need a representative sample of people who will actually vote. 70% of people who could register to vote actually do so according to 2000 census, drawing from a pool of registered voters will be more representative and accurate than those who are able to register.
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

24. Which ______ of ________ will you use? Most common is phone interview; Those who do not have a landline phone or have a “do not call” number are automatically eliminated; What time of day do you poll? Bias towards friendly and social people; Less likely to hang up the phone; What if they say no? What does that tell you?
Which ______ of ________ will you use? Most common is phone interview; Those who do not have a landline phone or have a “do not call” number are automatically eliminated; What time of day do you poll? Bias towards friendly and social people; Less likely to hang up the phone; What if they say no? What does that tell you?

Method of sampling
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

25. ____ _____ _______ - 2004 Presidential election polls showed John Kerry was very likely to replace George Bush as President; Correlation between people who were more likely to respond to the survey favored John Kerry; Younger voters more likely to vote for Kerry; Also more likely to respond to surveys provided by peers on telephone.
____ _____ _______ - 2004 Presidential election polls showed John Kerry was very likely to replace George Bush as President; Correlation between people who were more likely to respond to the survey favored John Kerry; Younger voters more likely to vote for Kerry; Also more likely to respond to surveys provided by peers on telephone.

Bias Skews Results
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

26. _____________ ____________ - One of the biggest abuses of Psychology is confusing correlation with causation; There is a real positive correlation between the number of motor boat collisions and the sale of ice cream cones; Clearly, ice cream cones cause boat collisions. We must outlaw ice cream cones! People who ate frosted flakes as children for breakfast had half the cancer rate of those who never ate the cereal; People who ate oatmeal as children for breakfast often were four times more likely to develop cancer than those who did not.
_____________ ____________ - One of the biggest abuses of Psychology is confusing correlation with causation; There is a real positive correlation between the number of motor boat collisions and the sale of ice cream cones; Clearly, ice cream cones cause boat collisions. We must outlaw ice cream cones! People who ate frosted flakes as children for breakfast had half the cancer rate of those who never ate the cereal; People who ate oatmeal as children for breakfast often were four times more likely to develop cancer than those who did not.

Understanding Correlations
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

27. ____________ - Look out for 3rd variables, such as SES and self esteem/school performance; Media pays very little attention to 3rd variables; Movement to increase the self esteem of children in schools to increase their academic performance. Pay attention to the direction of the correlation; Many people misunderstand correlations because they assume ALL correlations are positive or negative; Pay attention to the strength of the correlations.
____________ - Look out for 3rd variables, such as SES and self esteem/school performance; Media pays very little attention to 3rd variables; Movement to increase the self esteem of children in schools to increase their academic performance. Pay attention to the direction of the correlation; Many people misunderstand correlations because they assume ALL correlations are positive or negative; Pay attention to the strength of the correlations.

Correlations
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

28. ________ ____________ – finding a correlation that does not exist; Observe participants interact and determine their level of emotionality; Instructed to pay special attention to the participants gender; Women rated as more emotional; More likely to pay attention to things you think will support the expected response; You are more likely to be sexually assaulted by someone you know that by complete strangers; You spend MUCH more time…
________ ____________ – finding a correlation that does not exist; Observe participants interact and determine their level of emotionality; Instructed to pay special attention to the participants gender; Women rated as more emotional; More likely to pay attention to things you think will support the expected response; You are more likely to be sexually assaulted by someone you know that by complete strangers; You spend MUCH more time…

Illusory Correlations
Module 2 PP Notes (1-28) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

29. ________ ____________ - 132 cats were brought into a specific animal medical center after falling from high heights (2 – 32 floors). Only 8 died from their injuries, vets assumed that cats were able to resist severe injury from falling due to the laws of physics, superior balance, and something called “the flying squirrel tactic”; vets published an article detailing their claims; readers sent in letters reporting that the cats that were obviously dead were not brought in to the animal medical center; the Vets renounced their claims.
________ ____________ - 132 cats were brought into a specific animal medical center after falling from high heights (2 – 32 floors). Only 8 died from their injuries, vets assumed that cats were able to resist severe injury from falling due to the laws of physics, superior balance, and something called “the flying squirrel tactic”; vets published an article detailing their claims; readers sent in letters reporting that the cats that were obviously dead were not brought in to the animal medical center; the Vets renounced their claims.

Illusory Correlations
Module 2 PP Notes (1-31) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

30. The ___ of _____ _______ - An event that happens to but one in a billion people every day occurs about six times a day, 2000 times a year. Up and about for 8 hours a day; see events at an average of once a second; thirty thousand per day or one million a month; chance of a miracle is one in a million theoretically; expect a miracle once a month; do NOT discredit research findings because of something that happened to you once.
The ___ of _____ _______ - An event that happens to but one in a billion people every day occurs about six times a day, 2000 times a year. Up and about for 8 hours a day; see events at an average of once a second; thirty thousand per day or one million a month; chance of a miracle is one in a million theoretically; expect a miracle once a month; do NOT discredit research findings because of something that happened to you once.

The Law of Large Numbers
Module 2 PP Notes (1-31) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

31. Description, Prediction, and Explanation – Name Him _____ _______ - In 1973 he studied “terminal values,” and asked participants to rate the value of items such as “a comfortable life” “an exciting life” “a world at peace” etc.
Description, Prediction, and Explanation – Name Him _____ _______ - In 1973 he studied “terminal values,” and asked participants to rate the value of items such as “a comfortable life” “an exciting life” “a world at peace” etc.

Milto Rokeach
Module 2 PP Notes (1-31) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

32. _______ of __________ ___________ - How are these ratings related to behavior? They found that these rankings were related to a series of behaviors and attitudes; if they know the persons rankings they could reasonably predict the person’s attitudes and behaviors.
_______ of __________ ___________ - How are these ratings related to behavior? They found that these rankings were related to a series of behaviors and attitudes; if they know the persons rankings they could reasonably predict the person’s attitudes and behaviors.

Example of Systematic Observation
Module 2 PP Notes (1-31) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

33. ___________, __________, and ___________ - Once people recognize inconsistencies in their value system they will experience dissatisfaction and try to change their attitudes/behavior or attitudes; Participants in the experimental group shown a 30 minute video depicting Americans as individuals who value their own freedom but not the freedom of others; Afterwards their rankings compared to those who did not see the video; Experimental group ranked equality higher and was more likely to respond positively to a follow-up solicitation of funds for an African American charity that the control group. The experiment wanted to explain the value change.
___________, __________, and ___________ - Once people recognize inconsistencies in their value system they will experience dissatisfaction and try to change their attitudes/behavior or attitudes; Participants in the experimental group shown a 30 minute video depicting Americans as individuals who value their own freedom but not the freedom of others; Afterwards their rankings compared to those who did not see the video; Experimental group ranked equality higher and was more likely to respond positively to a follow-up solicitation of funds for an African American charity that the control group. The experiment wanted to explain the value change.

Description, Prediction, and Explanation
Module 2 PP Notes (1-31) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

34. Important to consider ________ _____ if your experiment compares cultures; Hissing is a polite way to show respect in Japan; Face to face conflict is avoided at all cost in Thailand; If a man does not engage in homosexual behavior before marriage they are considered abnormal among the Karaki of New Guinea; Fat women are viewed as more attractive in cultures with high levels of hunger; PDA in Thailand is unacceptable but holding hands is a sign of friendship.
Important to consider ________ _____ if your experiment compares cultures; Hissing is a polite way to show respect in Japan; Face to face conflict is avoided at all cost in Thailand; If a man does not engage in homosexual behavior before marriage they are considered abnormal among the Karaki of New Guinea; Fat women are viewed as more attractive in cultures with high levels of hunger; PDA in Thailand is unacceptable but holding hands is a sign of friendship.

Cultural Norms
Module 2 PP Notes (1-31) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

35. ______ ___________ often play a role in how experiment results are interpreted; Mans hands are warmer; Women’s armpits have more bacteria causing an increase in smell (Why women have separate deodorants); A woman’s sense of smell is usually more acute than a males; Men are more likely to suffer from sleep apnea; Men are more likely to suffer from airborne allergies; Women are more likely to suffer from depression.
______ ___________ often play a role in how experiment results are interpreted; Mans hands are warmer; Women’s armpits have more bacteria causing an increase in smell (Why women have separate deodorants); A woman’s sense of smell is usually more acute than a males; Men are more likely to suffer from sleep apnea; Men are more likely to suffer from airborne allergies; Women are more likely to suffer from depression.

Gender Differences
Module 2 PP Notes (1-31) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

36. We value the life of an animal based on our perceived similarity to the animal; Experiments on lab rats versus experiments on chimpanzees; ______ ______ arguments; Utilitarian – Just like intelligence, beauty, race, and gender are not valid criteria to exploit other humans, a creatures species is equally irrelevant; Would people be upset if we exploited ugly/poor people for psychological gain; No animal capable of sentience should suffer; Animals that have values worth preserving should be protected (language, self-consciousness); Some human beings are not capable of language or consciousness.
We value the life of an animal based on our perceived similarity to the animal; Experiments on lab rats versus experiments on chimpanzees; ______ ______ arguments; Utilitarian – Just like intelligence, beauty, race, and gender are not valid criteria to exploit other humans, a creatures species is equally irrelevant; Would people be upset if we exploited ugly/poor people for psychological gain; No animal capable of sentience should suffer; Animals that have values worth preserving should be protected (language, self-consciousness); Some human beings are not capable of language or consciousness.

Animal Rights
Module 2 PP Notes (1-31) – How Psychologists Study and Why We Do It

37. Universities have ______ boards that review experiments that oversee studies that involve other people; Still, investigators should be cautious to balance the potential harm and the knowledge gathered. Is it alright to deceive the participant in order to get a more genuine reaction and better data? Under what circumstances? Under what limits?
Universities have ______ boards that review experiments that oversee studies that involve other people; Still, investigators should be cautious to balance the potential harm and the knowledge gathered. Is it alright to deceive the participant in order to get a more genuine reaction and better data? Under what circumstances? Under what limits?

Ethics
Module 3 PP Notes (1-31) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

1. Who was the first great comparative anatomist of brains (and "discovered" Phrenology)?
Who was the first great comparative anatomist of brains (and "discovered" Phrenology)?

Franz-Joseph Gall
Module 3 PP Notes (1-31) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

2. Franz-Joseph Gall (1758 – 1828) came up with this; Bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and character traits; 37 “organs” on the surface of the brain which affect the contour of the skull, including a “murder organ”; Use it or lose it! Parts of the brain not used shrank whereas pars that were often used grew; The rise and fall of __________; Concluded after studying a variety of species that size of the brain was positively correlated with intelligence.
Franz-Joseph Gall (1758 – 1828) came up with this; Bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and character traits; 37 “organs” on the surface of the brain which affect the contour of the skull, including a “murder organ”; Use it or lose it! Parts of the brain not used shrank whereas pars that were often used grew; The rise and fall of __________; Concluded after studying a variety of species that size of the brain was positively correlated with intelligence.

Phrenology – KNOW WHO CAME UP WITH THIS
Module 3 PP Notes (1-31) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

3. Animals with bigger brains displayed more complex behavior; Convinced scientists that the brain was the center of all higher mental activity; Influenced by early childhood experience; Upset that classmates that were “less intelligent” got better grades because they could memorize more than he could; They all had large and protruding eyeballs; As the “organs” of the brain would grow they would push against the skull and cause bumps to form; The more you use that part of the brain the bigger the bump would get; Gall would study people that exhibit certain characteristics and study their skull sizes; Boys that stole had bumps just above and in from of their ears. Organ of _______________; People with strong sexual desire had well developed necks and skull bases. Organ of ___________ in the cerebellum.
Animals with bigger brains displayed more complex behavior; Convinced scientists that the brain was the center of all higher mental activity; Influenced by early childhood experience; Upset that classmates that were “less intelligent” got better grades because they could memorize more than he could; They all had large and protruding eyeballs; As the “organs” of the brain would grow they would push against the skull and cause bumps to form; The more you use that part of the brain the bigger the bump would get; Gall would study people that exhibit certain characteristics and study their skull sizes; Boys that stole had bumps just above and in from of their ears. Organ of _______________; People with strong sexual desire had well developed necks and skull bases. Organ of ___________ in the cerebellum.

Inquisitiveness; Amativeness
Module 3 PP Notes (1-31) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

4. The rise and fall of Phrenology – 1904 Eastern Penitentiary studied phrenology of prison inmates; 70% of inmates suffered from an “overabundance of acquisitiveness” and 17% had an ________ growth of an area of destructiveness; Phrenology became a parlor game played by the well to do in Europe and the United States; _______ for self diagnosis were published; Phrenology was used to screen possible job applicants.
The rise and fall of Phrenology – 1904 Eastern Penitentiary studied phrenology of prison inmates; 70% of inmates suffered from an “overabundance of acquisitiveness” and 17% had an ________ growth of an area of destructiveness; Phrenology became a parlor game played by the well to do in Europe and the United States; _______ for self diagnosis were published; Phrenology was used to screen possible job applicants.

Abnormal; Manuals
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

5. Problems with Phrenology – Faulty assumption that the shape of the skull accurately reflected the shape of the brain; Inadequate classification of psychological characteristic that immediately doomed any attempt to localize these in the brain; Selective and arbitrary methods of observation; With 36 active organs Gall could explain away contradictions in his theory; A person with a large organ of acquisitiveness could also have a large organ of benevolence; IF YOU CANNOT DEFINE THE TERMS OF YOUR THEORY YOU DO NOT HAVE A THEORY. What is the difference between the Organ of Acquisitiveness and the Organ of Benevolence?
Problems with Phrenology – Faulty assumption that the shape of the skull accurately reflected the shape of the brain; Inadequate classification of psychological characteristic that immediately doomed any attempt to localize these in the brain; Selective and arbitrary methods of observation; With 36 active organs Gall could explain away contradictions in his theory; A person with a large organ of acquisitiveness could also have a large organ of benevolence; IF YOU CANNOT DEFINE THE TERMS OF YOUR THEORY YOU DO NOT HAVE A THEORY. What is the difference between the Organ of Acquisitiveness and the Organ of Benevolence?

Organ of Acquisitiveness – Stealing; Organ of Benevolence – Generous
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

6. Problems with Phrenology – As silly as the claims of Phrenology are, the impact of using the __________ of the body to judge ___________ is still prevalent; Beautiful people are considered to be more intelligent, social, kind, and generous than their unattractive counterparts; Overweight people are often considered sloppy, unintelligent, and lazy; What do you think about the use of physical characteristics to judge personality?
Problems with Phrenology – As silly as the claims of Phrenology are, the impact of using the __________ of the body to judge ___________ is still prevalent; Beautiful people are considered to be more intelligent, social, kind, and generous than their unattractive counterparts; Overweight people are often considered sloppy, unintelligent, and lazy; What do you think about the use of physical characteristics to judge personality?

Appearance; Personality
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

WE NEED TO KNOW WHAT IS BELOW!!!: Know how they are connected and interact with each other; be able to define each one. Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) questions 7 – 12.
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

WE NEED TO KNOW WHAT IS BELOW!!!: Know how they are connected and interact with each other; be able to define each one. Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) questions 7 – 12.
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

7. ____ ____/____ – Nucleus, cytoplasm, and axons.
____ ____/____ – Nucleus, cytoplasm, and axons.

Cell Body/Soma
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

8. _____ – cable like projection that moves nerve signals away from the cell body toward other neurons.
_____ – cable like projection that moves nerve signals away from the cell body toward other neurons.

Axons
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

9. ____ _________ – Specialized synapses that release neurotransmitters in order to communicate with other neurons.
____ _________ – Specialized synapses that release neurotransmitters in order to communicate with other neurons.

Axon Terminals
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

10. _________ – takes information into the cell.
_________ – takes information into the cell.

Dendrites
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

11. ______ ______ – facilitates the speed of impulses flowing across the neuron; Created by ______ provided by Schwann cells.
______ ______ – facilitates the speed of impulses flowing across the neuron; Created by myelin provided by Schwann cells.

Myelin Sheath
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

12. ____ of _______ – gaps between myelin sheaths that are capable of generating electrical activity. Action potential jumps from node to node.
____ of _______ – gaps between myelin sheaths that are capable of generating electrical activity. Action potential jumps from node to node.

Node of Ranvier
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

13. Basic Neuron Types - _______ _______ – carry signals from the outer parts of your body into the central nervous system.
Basic Neuron Types - _______ _______ – carry signals from the outer parts of your body into the central nervous system.

Sensory Neurons
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

14. _____ _______ – carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body.
_____ _______ – carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body.

Motor Neurons
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

15. _________ – sense the environment and encode this information into electrochemical messages that are transmitted by sensory neurons.
_________ – sense the environment and encode this information into electrochemical messages that are transmitted by sensory neurons.

Receptors
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

16. ____________ – connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord.
____________ – connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord.

Interneurons
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

17. ______ _________ - (bread and butter of neural communication). Normally the cell has a negative charge of 70mV. This state is called resting potential; In order for a cell to be stimulated, enough electrical charge is necessary along the axon to reach +40 mV. If this state is met then an ______ _________ takes place along the cell and the message is sent across the axon; This is done by an exchange of positively charged sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across the cell membrane.
______ _________ - (bread and butter of neural communication). Normally the cell has a negative charge of 70mV. This state is called resting potential; In order for a cell to be stimulated, enough electrical charge is necessary along the axon to reach +40 mV. If this state is met then an ______ _________ takes place along the cell and the message is sent across the axon; This is done by an exchange of positively charged sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across the cell membrane.

Action Potential
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

18. Action Potential – When stimulated, sodium channels open along the axon and allow a flow of positive-charged ions into the cell.

(result, cell is now ___________ charged on inside, __________ charged outside)
Action Potential – When stimulated, sodium channels open along the axon and allow a flow of positive-charged ions into the cell. What is the result?

(result, cell is now (positively) charged on inside, (negatively) charged outside)
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

19. Action Potential – When stimulated, sodium channels open along the axon and allow a flow of positive-charged ions into the cell (result, cell is now positively charged on inside, negatively charged outside). This causes potassium channels to open along the axon and allows the flow of potassium outside the cell.

(cell is now negatively charged on ______ and positively charged on _______)
Action Potential – When stimulated, sodium channels open along the axon and allow a flow of positive-charged ions into the cell (result, cell is now positively charged on inside, negatively charged outside). This causes potassium channels to open along the axon and allows the flow of potassium outside the cell.

(cell is now negatively charged on (inside) and positively charged on (outside)
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

20. Action Potential – When stimulated, sodium channels open along the axon and allow a flow of positive-charged ions into the cell (result, cell is now positively charged on inside, negatively charged outside). This causes potassium channels to open along the axon and allows the flow of potassium outside the cell (cell is now negatively charged on inside and positively charged on outside). This causes potassium channels to open along the axon and allows the flow of potassium outside the cell.

(cell is now negatively charged on ______ and positively charged on _______)
Action Potential – When stimulated, sodium channels open along the axon and allow a flow of positive-charged ions into the cell (result, cell is now positively charged on inside, negatively charged outside). This causes potassium channels to open along the axon and allows the flow of potassium outside the cell (cell is now negatively charged on inside and positively charged on outside). This causes potassium channels to open along the axon and allows the flow of potassium outside the cell.

(cell is now negatively charged on (inside) and positively charged on (outside)
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

21. Action Potential – When stimulated, sodium channels open along the axon and allow a flow of positive-charged ions into the cell (result, cell is now positively charged on inside, negatively charged outside). This causes potassium channels to open along the axon and allows the flow of potassium outside the cell (cell is now negatively charged on inside and positively charged on outside). This causes potassium channels to open along the axon and allows the flow of potassium outside the cell (cell is now negatively charged on inside and positively charged on outside). While this is going on, the sodium moves across the cell and the process repeats at the next channels until the message has reached the end of the ______.
Action Potential – When stimulated, sodium channels open along the axon and allow a flow of positive-charged ions into the cell (result, cell is now positively charged on inside, negatively charged outside). This causes potassium channels to open along the axon and allows the flow of potassium outside the cell (cell is now negatively charged on inside and positively charged on outside). This causes potassium channels to open along the axon and allows the flow of potassium outside the cell (cell is now negatively charged on inside and positively charged on outside). While this is going on, the sodium moves across the cell and the process repeats at the next channels until the message has reached the end of the ______.

Neuron
Module 3 PP Notes (2-2) – Neural and Hormonal Systems

Action Potential Video on You Tube: search action potential
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCasruJT-DU
Typical Neuron (diagram)
Structure of a typical neuron
Dendrites – receives information
Nucleus
Cell body
AxonMyelin sheath
Axon terminals – sends information
Schwann’s cells – produce the mylelination (the fatty insulation stuff)
Basic Neuron types – another diagram
Bipolar (interneuron)
Unipolar (sensory neuron)
Multipolar (motoneuron)
Pyrimidal Cell
Module 3 PP Notes (2-7) - Neural and Hormonal Systems

22. The brain’s natural painkillers/opiates; Discovered by ____ __________ and ____ _____ in 1975. Studied the brains of pigs and found enkephalin. Other brain opiates were found and group was classified as endorphins. Produced by the brain, pituitary gland, and other tissues in response to pain, stress or vigorous exercise; Pain is necessary to warn the body of danger to our physical well being; Constant pain becomes debilitating; endorphins help control the level of pain in our body.
The brain’s natural painkillers/opiates; Discovered by ____ __________ and ____ _____ in 1975. Studied the brains of pigs and found enkephalin. Other brain opiates were found and group was classified as endorphins. Produced by the brain, pituitary gland, and other tissues in response to pain, stress or vigorous exercise; Pain is necessary to warn the body of danger to our physical well being; Constant pain becomes debilitating; endorphins help control the level of pain in our body.

Hans Kosterlitz and John Hughs
Module 3 PP Notes (2-7) - Neural and Hormonal Systems

23. Endorphins – The ____________ of ____ causes the increase of endorphins; Shocked laboratory rats a week earlier; Studied their level of endorphins a week later as they were brought in the same chamber; The level of the brain’s opiates immediately increased. Psychological Stress also causes an increase in endorphins; Provided a warning sound two minutes before a shock possibly given to the participants (cont.)
Endorphins – The ____________ of ____ causes the increase of endorphins; Shocked laboratory rats a week earlier; Studied their level of endorphins a week later as they were brought in the same chamber; The level of the brain’s opiates immediately increased. Psychological Stress also causes an increase in endorphins; Provided a warning sound two minutes before a shock possibly given to the participants.

Anticipation of Pain
Module 3 PP Notes (2-7) - Neural and Hormonal Systems

24. Endorphins – Participants were given either a pain killer, an injection of naloxone, (suppresses endorphin activity) or nothing at all; _______ ____ ___________ was equal in all three conditions – ________ (a measurement taken against which future scores will be compared). With repeated stress, pain sensitivity decreased in both the no-injection and painkiller conditions. Participants in the no injection group produced natural opiates; Participants given the endorphin suppressant showed more sensitivity to pain and stress as testing continued.
Endorphins – Participants were given either a pain killer, an injection of naloxone, (suppresses endorphin activity) or nothing at all; _______ ____ ___________ was equal in all three conditions – ________ (a measurement taken against which future scores will be compared). With repeated stress, pain sensitivity decreased in both the no-injection and painkiller conditions. Participants in the no injection group produced natural opiates; Participants given the endorphin suppressant showed more sensitivity to pain and stress as testing continued.

Initial Pain Sensitivity; Baseline
Module 3 PP Notes (2-7) - Neural and Hormonal Systems

25. Parkinson’s Disease – Named after James Parkinson who first described the “___________ _________ ______” in 1817; Was thought to be an illness of the spinal cord, muscles, and motor regions of the cerebral cortex for more than a century. Later discovered that it is the result of death of nerve cells that produce dopamine (absence of dopamine causes Parkinson’s). ***First disorder attributed to a ________________ __________.
Parkinson’s Disease – Named after James Parkinson who first described the “___________ _________ ______” in 1817; Was thought to be an illness of the spinal cord, muscles, and motor regions of the cerebral cortex for more than a century. Later discovered that it is the result of death of nerve cells that produce dopamine (absence of dopamine causes Parkinson’s). ***First disorder attributed to a ________________ __________.

Involuntary Tremulous Motion; Neurotransmitter Deficiency
Module 3 PP Notes (2-7) - Neural and Hormonal Systems

26. Parkinson’s Disease – Since the nerve cells that produce dopamine were dead, the initial treatment was to give dopamine to patients. Proved ineffective since dopamine does not cross the _____-_____ _______; 1967 _-____ (precursor of dopamine) first used in the treatment of Parkinson’s; Can pass the blood-brain barrier; The brain then converts _-____ into dopamine.
Parkinson’s Disease – Since the nerve cells that produce dopamine were dead, the initial treatment was to give dopamine to patients. Proved ineffective since dopamine does not cross the _____-_____ _______; 1967 _-____ (precursor of dopamine) first used in the treatment of Parkinson’s; Can pass the blood-brain barrier; The brain then converts _-____ into dopamine.

Blood-Brain Barrier; L-dopa
Module 3 PP Notes (2-7) - Neural and Hormonal Systems

27. Parkinson’s Disease – Unfortunate side effects from L-dopa treatment; _______________ to L-dopa; Causes sensitivity to a number of unexpected circumstances and conditions that would normally not cause any problems; Nausea, anxiety, irritability, hyperactivity, danger clumsiness, uncontrollable movement, frightening hallucinations; Many patients are advised to stay away from L-dopa as long as they can (a practical inevitability) in order to avoid the _______________ to L-dopa.
Parkinson’s Disease – Unfortunate side effects from L-dopa treatment; _______________ to L-dopa; Causes sensitivity to a number of unexpected circumstances and conditions that would normally not cause any problems; Nausea, anxiety, irritability, hyperactivity, danger clumsiness, uncontrollable movement, frightening hallucinations; Many patients are advised to stay away from L-dopa as long as they can (a practical inevitability) in order to avoid the _______________ to L-dopa.

Oversensitivity
Module 3 PP Notes (2-7) - Neural and Hormonal Systems

28. Lou Gehrig’s Disease – Amotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) first described by ____-______ _______ in 1869. Renamed Lou Gehrig’s disease after he developed it. Affects 6/100,000 people usually at the ages of 60-75; Death usually within 5 years of diagnosis; General weakness, first in the throat/upper chest, then progresses to arms and legs. Difficulty walking, swallowing, and speaking; Caused by the death of _____ _______ that connect the rest of the nervous system to muscles enabling movement.
Lou Gehrig’s Disease – Amotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) first described by ____-______ _______ in 1869. Renamed Lou Gehrig’s disease after he developed it. Affects 6/100,000 people usually at the ages of 60-75; Death usually within 5 years of diagnosis; General weakness, first in the throat/upper chest, then progresses to arms and legs. Difficulty walking, swallowing, and speaking; Caused by the death of _____ _______ that connect the rest of the nervous system to muscles enabling movement.

Jean-Martin Charcot; Motor Neurons
Module 3 PP Notes (2-7) - Neural and Hormonal Systems

29. __________ Nervous System – Nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and the spinal cord; Main function is to connect the central nervous system to the limbs and organs; Divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

_______ Nervous System responsible for coordinating body movement and receiving external stimuli.

_________ Nervous System; ___________ Nervous System – fight or flight. Increase in heart rate/blood pressure, etc. (sympathy for someone in a fight).

_______________ Nervous System – Resting. Constriction of pupils, slowing of heart rate (parachute).

_______ ________ – manages every aspect of digestion.
Peripheral Nervous System – Nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and the spinal cord; Main function is to connect the central nervous system to the limbs and organs; Divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Somatic Nervous System responsible for coordinating body movement and receiving external stimuli.

Autonomic Nervous System; Sympathetic Nervous System – fight or flight. Increase in heart rate/blood pressure, etc. (sympathy for someone in a fight).

Parasympathetic Nervous System – Resting. Constriction of pupils, slowing of heart rate (parachute).

Enteric Division – manages every aspect of digestion.

Peripheral; Somatic; Autonomic; Sympathetic; Parasympathetic; Enteric Division
Module 3 PP Notes (2-7) - Neural and Hormonal Systems

30. The _______ Nervous System – Composed of the spinal cord and brain. The Spinal Cord – Conducts sensory information from the __________ Nervous System to the brain; Conducts motor information from the brain to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands; Serves as a minor reflex center. The Brain – Receives sensory input from the spinal cord as well as from its own nerves (olfactory and optic nerves); Devotes most of its volume and power to processing its various sensory inputs and initiating appropriate and coordinated _____ _______.
The _______ Nervous System – Composed of the spinal cord and brain. The Spinal Cord – Conducts sensory information from the __________ Nervous System to the brain; Conducts motor information from the brain to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands; Serves as a minor reflex center. The Brain – Receives sensory input from the spinal cord as well as from its own nerves (olfactory and optic nerves); Devotes most of its volume and power to processing its various sensory inputs and initiating appropriate and coordinated _____ _______.

Central; Peripheral; Motor Outputs
Module 3 PP Notes (2-7) - Neural and Hormonal Systems

31. _________ ______ – Exocrine glands secrete substances outside the body; Salivary glands, tear glands, sweat glands; Thus, the _________ ______ secrete substances from within the body into the ___________. _______ ________ ________; Hormone actions are VERY specific because only certain cells in the body can respond and often only at limited times; Oxytocin released by the posterior pituitary and carried through the bloodstream all over the body; Only acts on the breasts and uterus in females; Causes breasts to eject milk only if the female has recently given birth and is nursing; Uterine contractions at the end of pregnancy.
Endocrine System – Exocrine glands secrete substances outside the body; Salivary glands, tear glands, sweat glands; Thus, the Endocrine System secrete substances from within the body into the bloodstream. Hormone Receptor Molecule; Hormone actions are VERY specific because only certain cells in the body can respond and often only at limited times; Oxytocin released by the posterior pituitary and carried through the bloodstream all over the body; Only acts on the breasts and uterus in females; Causes breasts to eject milk only if the female has recently given birth and is nursing; Uterine contractions at the end of pregnancy.

Endocrine System; Bloodstream; Hormone Receptor Molecule
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

How Much of our Brain do we use?
__________ – Important for motor control. Involved with attention/language. Contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing. Receives input from the sensory systems and from other parts of the brain/spinal cord and integrates it to fine tune motor activity. Damage to the cerebellum causes problems with fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and motor learning.
How Much of our Brain do we use?
(Cerebellum) – Important for motor control. Involved with attention/language. Contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing. Receives input from the sensory systems and from other parts of the brain/spinal cord and integrates it to fine tune motor activity. Damage to the cerebellum causes problems with fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and motor learning.

Cerebellum
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

_______ – Controls autonomic functions such as respiration, sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system, vasomotor center which handles blood pressure, vomiting/ coughing/ sneezing/ swallowing.
(Medulla) – Controls autonomic functions such as respiration, sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system, vasomotor center which handles blood pressure, vomiting/coughing/sneezing/swallowing.

Medulla
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

How Much of our Brain do we use?
____ – Involved with motor control and sensory analysis. Involved with the regulation of consciousness and sleep. Involved with movement and posture.
_________ _________ – Awakening/sleeping cycle. Filtering incoming stimuli to determine background stimuli/habituation. Relays eyes and ears signals to the cerebellum. Pain modulation of the lower body to the cerebral cortex.
How Much of our Brain do we use?
(Pons) – Involved with motor control and sensory analysis. Involved with the regulation of consciousness and sleep. Involved with movement and posture.
(Reticular Formation) – Awakening/sleeping cycle. Filtering incoming stimuli to determine background stimuli/habituation. Relays eyes and ears signals to the cerebellum. Pain modulation of the lower body to the cerebral cortex.

Pons, Reticular Formation
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

How Much of our Brain do we use?
________ – Relays sensation, spatial sense, and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. Regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness.
____________ – Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles.
________ – Primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions.
How Much of our Brain do we use?
(Thalamus) – Relays sensation, spatial sense, and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. Regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness.
(Hypothalamus) – Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles.
(Amygdala) – Primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions.

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

How Much of our Brain do we use?
___________ – Important for learning and memory. Converting short term memory into long term memory. Recalling spatial relationships.
______ ________ – Connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Facilitates interhemispheric communication.
How Much of our Brain do we use?
(Hippocampus) – Important for learning and memory. Converting short term memory into long term memory. Recalling spatial relationships.
(Corpus Callosum) – Connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Facilitates interhemispheric communication.

Hippocampus, Corpus Callosum
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

How Much of our Brain do we use?
_______ Lobe:
_____ Cortex – Planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions.
______ ____ – Linked to speech production.
__________ Cortex – Implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. Organizing thoughts and actions according to internal goals.
How Much of our Brain do we use?
(Frontal) Lobe:
(Motor) Cortex – Planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions.
(Broca’s Area) – Linked to speech production.
(Prefrontal) Cortex – Implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. Organizing thoughts and actions according to internal goals.

Frontal, Motor, Broca’s Area, Prefrontal
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

________ Lobe:
Integrates sensory information from different sources or information, specifically spatial sense and navigation.
_____________ Cortex – Processes input from the various systems in the body which are sensitive to touch (sensitivity to pain, temperature, place in space.)
(Parietal) Lobe:
Integrates sensory information from different sources or information, specifically spatial sense and navigation.
(Somatosensory) Cortex – Processes input from the various systems in the body which are sensitive to touch (sensitivity to pain, temperature, place in space.)

Parietal, Somatosensory
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

How Much of our Brain do we use?
_________ Lobe:
______ Cortex – Highly specialized for processing information about static and moving objects.
Pattern Recognition.
How Much of our Brain do we use?
(Occipital) Lobe:
(Visual) Cortex – Highly specialized for processing information about static and moving objects.
Pattern Recognition.

Occipital, Visual
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

________ Lobe:
________ Cortex – Processing sound information. Pitch and volume.
_________ ____ – Understanding written and spoken language.
*Which 90% of your brain do you want removed while driving?
(Temporal) Lobe:
(Auditory) Cortex – Processing sound information. Pitch and volume.
(Wernicke’s Area) – Understanding written and spoken language.
*Which 90% of your brain do you want removed while driving? None, we want it all.

Temporal, Auditory, Wernicke’s Area
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

We Use 100% of our Brain! – Why do people think we use 10% of our brain? Lack of proof for a ________ is used to support a particular claim (I am wearing a sabertooth tiger repellant!)
Simple actions do only require a small percent of our brain; complex actions require more ______ brain activity; over the course of a day the vast ________ of your brain is used.
We Use 100% of our Brain! – Why do people think we use 10% of our brain? Lack of proof for a (position) is used to support a particular claim (I am wearing a sabertooth tiger repellant!)
Simple actions do only require a small percent of our brain; complex actions require more (global) brain activity; over the course of a day the vast (majority) of your brain is used.

Position, Global, Majority
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

We Use 100% of our Brain! – If we only used 10% of our brain, then brain damage and stroke should not be noticed; brain damage to even a small portion of the brain can have ____ term and serious consequences (“thankfully, the stroke only damaged the part of the brain responsible for keeping the skull from caving in”.) The _____ has used and abused this myth for financial gain; Marketing Campaigns; Psychics; Self Help Programs (“For just three payments of $89.95 we can unlock the potential of the 90% of your brain that you never use!”
We Use 100% of our Brain! – If we only used 10% of our brain, then brain damage and stroke should not be _______; brain damage to even a small portion of the brain can have (long) term and serious consequences (“thankfully, the stroke only damaged the part of the brain responsible for keeping the skull from caving in”.) The (media) has used and abused this myth for financial gain; Marketing Campaigns; Psychics; Self Help Programs (“For just three payments of $89.95 we can unlock the potential of the 90% of your brain that you never use!”

Long, Noticed, Media
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Why Can’t we Tickle Ourselves? – Sarah-Jayne Blakemore – 6 volunteers lie in a brain scanning machine with eyes closed. Rod with soft foam moved up and down, tickling the participant’s left palm. Experimenter and volunteer took turns moving the rod. 3rd condition, the foam was removed so the volunteers felt nothing when they moved the rod. ___ scans during all conditions. The cerebellum involved in __________ specific sensory consequences of movement. Cancels the tickling response to self stimulation (“it’s just you, don’t get excited.”)
Why Can’t we Tickle Ourselves? – Sarah-Jayne Blakemore – 6 volunteers lie in a brain scanning machine with eyes closed. Rod with soft foam moved up and down, tickling the participant’s left palm. Experimenter and volunteer took turns moving the rod. 3rd condition, the foam was removed so the volunteers felt nothing when they moved the rod. (MRI) scans during all conditions. The cerebellum involved in (predicting) specific sensory consequences of movement. Cancels the tickling response to self stimulation (“it’s just you, don’t get excited.”)

MRI, Predicting
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Clive Wearing – Hippocampus crucial to transferring new information from short term to long term. Clive Wearing – Hippocampus destroyed due to ____________. What do you think his existence is like? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lu9UY8Zqg-Q&feature=related
Clive Wearing – Hippocampus crucial to transferring new information from short term to long term. Clive Wearing – Hippocampus destroyed due to (encephalitis). What do you think his existence is like? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lu9UY8Zqg-Q&feature=related

Encephalitis
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Introvert-Extrovert Reticular Formation – Differences in introversion/extroversion linked to cortical arousal in the ascending reticular formation. Extraverts tend to have higher sensory __________ and less-arousable cortexes; Must constantly seek stimulation to maintain brain activity and avoid boredom; Introverts operate at an above-optimal cortical arousal level (so easily aroused that they tend to avoid ________ stimulation; a loud party can be too stimulating.)
Introvert-Extrovert Reticular Formation – Differences in introversion/extroversion linked to cortical arousal in the ascending reticular formation. Extraverts tend to have higher sensory (thresholds) and less-arousable cortexes; Must constantly seek stimulation to maintain brain activity and avoid boredom; Introverts operate at an above-optimal cortical arousal level (so easily aroused that they tend to avoid (external) stimulation; a loud party can be too stimulating.)

Thresholds, External
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Introvert-Extrovert Reticular Formation – Eysenck’s “Lemon Juice” demonstration – How strongly do you ________ to lemon juice? Due to increased activity of the reticular formation, introverts salivate more when exposed to lemon juice on average. Introverts also become more physiologically aroused than extroverts when exposed to stimuli. Extraverts optimal level of stimulation is much ______ than introverts.
Introvert-Extrovert Reticular Formation – Eysenck’s “Lemon Juice” demonstration – How strongly do you (salivate) to lemon juice? Due to increased activity of the reticular formation, introverts salivate more when exposed to lemon juice on average. Introverts also become more physiologically aroused than extroverts when exposed to stimuli. Extraverts optimal level of stimulation is much (higher) than introverts.

Salivate, Higher
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

More Differences – Extraverts are usually less inhibited by punishment. Extraverts also experience less ____. In response to new stimuli/changes in stimuli high sensation seekers demonstrate greater electrical activity than low sensation seekers; rise in sex hormones and lower levels of _________ _______ (MAO); in males testosterone and sensation seeking peak during the late teens and early 20’s; MAO serves as a dampening role (drugs that inhibit MAO can produce euphoria, excitement, and hallucinations). Lower levels of MAO in high sensation seekers explains greater activity level and sociability.
Extraverts are usually less inhibited by punishment. Extraverts also experience less (pain). In response to new stimuli/changes in stimuli high sensation seekers demonstrate greater electrical activity than low sensation seekers; rise in sex hormones and lower levels of (Monoamine Oxidase) (MAO); in males testosterone and sensation seeking peak during the late teens and early 20’s; MAO serves as a dampening role (drugs that inhibit MAO can produce euphoria, excitement, and hallucinations). Lower levels of MAO in high sensation seekers explains greater activity level and sociability.

Pain, Monoamine Oxidase
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Class Discussion – What implications do these findings have on your personality? Based on these findings, who do you think are more likely to use recreational drugs? Introverts or Extroverts? Why?
Class Discussion – What implications do these findings have on your personality? Based on these findings, who do you think are more likely to use recreational drugs? Introverts or Extroverts? Why?
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Neuroimaging Techniques – Neuroimaging techniques are used to analyze _________ brain injuries/trauma and often used during _____________ studies. Different techniques are better at finding different things.
Neuroimaging Techniques – Neuroimaging techniques are used to analyze (potential) brain injuries/trauma and often used during (psychological) studies. Different techniques are better at finding different things.

Potential, Psychological
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Neuroimaging Techniques – ________ _____ __________ (__/___) – Series of x-rays of the head taken at different directions. Quickly viewing brain injuries. Computer measures how much of the x-ray beam is absorbed in a small volume of the brain. Primarily used for evaluating swelling from damage in the brain. Reasonably good images in a matter of minutes.
Neuroimaging Techniques – (Computed Axial Tomography) (CT/CAT) – Series of x-rays of the head taken at different directions. Quickly viewing brain injuries. Computer measures how much of the x-ray beam is absorbed in a small volume of the brain. Primarily used for evaluating swelling from damage in the brain. Reasonably good images in a matter of minutes.

Computed Axial Tomography (CT/CAT)
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Neuroimaging Techniques – ________ _________ _______ (___) – Magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high quality 2d/3d images of brain structures without x-rays. Create images of both surface and subsurface structures with high detail. Able to provide detailed assessment of physical appearance, water content, inflammation/bleeding. Can’t provide information about active functioning at time of imaging.
Neuroimaging Techniques – (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) (MRI) – Magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high quality 2d/3d images of brain structures without x-rays. Create images of both surface and subsurface structures with high detail. Able to provide detailed assessment of physical appearance, water content, inflammation/bleeding. Can’t provide information about active functioning at time of imaging.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Neuroimaging Techniques – __________ ________ _________ _______ (____) – Measure blood flow in parts of the brain associated with neural activity. Used in medical diagnosis of disease. Extremely sensitive to early changes in the brain resulting from abnormal bloodflow. Useful in checking damage from stroke. Used in psychological research.
Neuroimaging Techniques – (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) (fMRI) – Measure blood flow in parts of the brain associated with neural activity. Used in medical diagnosis of disease. Extremely sensitive to early changes in the brain resulting from abnormal bloodflow. Useful in checking damage from stroke. Used in psychological research.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Neuroimaging Techniques – ______________________ (___) – Used to measure electric fields in the brain via electrodes. Very direct measurement of neural electrical activity. Very high temporal (over time) resolution. Very low spatial (physical) resolution.
Neuroimaging Techniques – (Electroencephalography) (EEG) – Used to measure electric fields in the brain via electrodes. Very direct measurement of neural electrical activity. Very high temporal (over time) resolution. Very low spatial (physical) resolution.

Electroencephalography (EEG)
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Neuroimaging Techniques – ________ ________ __________ (___) – Measures emissions from radioactively active chemicals injected in the bloodstream. Sensors detect the radioactivity as the chemicals enter the brain. Use that information to make 2d/3d images. Can show blood flow and oxygen/glucose metabolism. Due to quick metabolism, limited to only studying short tasks.
Neuroimaging Techniques – (Positron Emission Tomography) (PET) – Measures emissions from radioactively active chemicals injected in the bloodstream. Sensors detect the radioactivity as the chemicals enter the brain. Use that information to make 2d/3d images. Can show blood flow and oxygen/glucose metabolism. Due to quick metabolism, limited to only studying short tasks.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Neuroimaging Techniques – ______ ______ ________ ________ __________ (_____) – Injection of radioactive tracer rapidly taken up by the brain but does not redistribute. Reflects cerebral blood flow at the time of the injection. Well suited for epilepsy imaging. Provides a snapshot of cerebral blood flow. Poor resolution compared to MRI.
Neuroimaging Techniques – (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) (SPECT) – Injection of radioactive tracer rapidly taken up by the brain but does not redistribute. Reflects cerebral blood flow at the time of the injection. Well suited for epilepsy imaging. Provides a snapshot of cerebral blood flow. Poor resolution compared to MRI.

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Class Discussion – Neuroscience and Moral Judgments – It’s wartime and you are hiding in the basement with a group of townspeople. Enemy soldiers are outside. Your baby starts to cry loudly; if nothing is done the soldiers will find you and kill everyone, including the baby. The only way to prevent this loss of life is to cover the baby’s mouth; if you do, the baby will _______. What should you do? This type of question creates a strong conflict between a strong emotional response (never kill a baby) and a strong _________ response (if the baby isn’t killed, everybody dies). Anterior cingulated cortex shows increased activity (area of the brain associated with response conflict). Increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex activity in individuals who favor the death of the baby (areas of the brain associated with high level cognitive functioning). When a tough moral dilemma is posed, the reasoning processes of the brain ________ with the more automatic emotional response. Must overcome immediate emotional response in order to make the “better” decision for humanity. Do you think that knowing about how the internal conflict works would change your decision making process? Why or why not?
Class Discussion – Neuroscience and Moral Judgments – It’s wartime and you are hiding in the basement with a group of townspeople. Enemy soldiers are outside. Your baby starts to cry loudly; if nothing is done the soldiers will find you and kill everyone, including the baby. The only way to prevent this loss of life is to cover the baby’s mouth; if you do, the baby will (smother). What should you do? This type of question creates a strong conflict between a strong emotional response (never kill a baby) and a strong (cognitive) response (if the baby isn’t killed, everybody dies). Anterior cingulated cortex shows increased activity (area of the brain associated with response conflict). Increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex activity in individuals who favor the death of the baby (areas of the brain associated with high level cognitive functioning). When a tough moral dilemma is posed, the reasoning processes of the brain (conflict) with the more automatic emotional response. Must overcome immediate emotional response in order to make the “better” decision for humanity. Do you think that knowing about how the internal conflict works would change your decision making process? Why or why not?

Smother, Cognitive, Conflict
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Einstein’s Brain and Genius – Albert Einstein died 1955 and his brain was studied. Overall size was average; and 15% wider inferior ________ lobe (area responsible for visual-spatial cognition, mathematical thought, and imagery of movement). Einstein’s insights result of ______ images he translated into the language of mathematics (theory of relativity based on his reflections of riding through a beam of light). Einstein’s Sylvan fissure was _______ than average. Brain cells more compact, permitting more interconnections (easier cross-referencing of information). While Einstein’s brain may be different, the cause-effect relationship is not clear. May be the result of strenuous mental exercise. May be the result of predisposition toward these areas of study.
Einstein’s Brain and Genius – Albert Einstein died 1955 and his brain was studied. Overall size was average; and 15% wider inferior (parietal) lobe (area responsible for visual-spatial cognition, mathematical thought, and imagery of movement). Einstein’s insights result of (visual) images he translated into the language of mathematics (theory of relativity based on his reflections of riding through a beam of light). Einstein’s Sylvan fissure was (shorter) than average. Brain cells more compact, permitting more interconnections (easier cross-referencing of information). While Einstein’s brain may be different, the cause-effect relationship is not clear. May be the result of strenuous mental exercise. May be the result of predisposition toward these areas of study.

Parietal, Visual, Shorter
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

The Homunculus – Nerve fibers carries information about location and intensity of touch to an area in the sensory cortex. The areas in the brain and the amount of cells associated with it create the _______ homunculus. If our body size was relative to the amount of brain area associated with the area of touch our bodies would look like this.
The Homunculus – Nerve fibers carries information about location and intensity of touch to an area in the sensory cortex. The areas in the brain and the amount of cells associated with it create the (sensory) homunculus. If our body size was relative to the amount of brain area associated with the area of touch our bodies would look like this.

Sensory
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

_______________ – Surgical removal of one of the hemispheres of the brain. Used around 1928 to treat malignant brain tumors unsuccessfully; high morbidity rate, failed to cure the tumors. Used again in the 1940’s/1960’s and sometimes today to cure extreme seizure disorders. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSu9HGnlMV0
(Hemispherectomy) – Surgical removal of one of the hemispheres of the brain. Used around 1928 to treat malignant brain tumors unsuccessfully; high morbidity rate, failed to cure the tumors. Used again in the 1940’s/1960’s and sometimes today to cure extreme seizure disorders. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSu9HGnlMV0

Hemispherectomy
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Hemisphere Specialization – ____ Hemisphere – Express ourselves in language. Dominant for speech in over 95% of right handed people and 70% of left handed people. Better at recognizing sequences of words and letters. Controls our logic, reasoning, and analytical thought processes. Focus on _______ but not the whole picture.
Right Hemisphere – Analysis of space and geometrical shapes and forms. “The creative half.” Sees the whole out of the parts. Comprehension of emotion.
Hemisphere Specialization – (Left) Hemisphere – Express ourselves in language. Dominant for speech in over 95% of right handed people and 70% of left handed people. Better at recognizing sequences of words and letters. Controls our logic, reasoning, and analytical thought processes. Focus on (details) but not the whole picture.
Right Hemisphere – Analysis of space and geometrical shapes and forms. “The creative half.” Sees the whole out of the parts. Comprehension of emotion.

Left, Details
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Split Brain Operation – Cutting the corpus callosum in order to treat ________. A patient can see an image in the left visual field, but will be unable to vocally name it because the left hemisphere is associated with verbal communication; image is sent to the right hemisphere; no communication between hemispheres after surgery; they can still pick it up with the left hand since that is controlled by the right hemisphere.
Split Brain Operation – Cutting the corpus callosum in order to treat (epilepsy). A patient can see an image in the left visual field, but will be unable to vocally name it because the left hemisphere is associated with verbal communication; image is sent to the right hemisphere; no communication between hemispheres after surgery; they can still pick it up with the left hand since that is controlled by the right hemisphere.

Epilepsy
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Split Brain Operation – ______ _____ and _________ – See a picture of a chicken and snowy field in separate visual fields. Asked to choose from a list of words that best associate with the pictures. Patient would chose a chicken foot to associate with the chicken and shovel to associate with the snow. When asked why the patient chose the shovel, they would relate it to the chicken “the shovel is for cleaning out the chicken coup.”
Split Brain Operation – (Visual Pairs and Reasoning) – See a picture of a chicken and snowy field in separate visual fields. Asked to choose from a list of words that best associate with the pictures. Patient would chose a chicken foot to associate with the chicken and shovel to associate with the snow. When asked why the patient chose the shovel, they would relate it to the chicken “the shovel is for cleaning out the chicken coup.”

Visual Pairs and Reasoning
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Sodium Amobarbital Test – 1960 Jun Wada and Ted Rasmussen – Inject barbiturate sodium amobarbital into the _______ Artery. Briefly anesthetize the hemisphere affecting the same side of the body. Used to study functions of speech, memory, and movement that are localized. The other side is injected several days after to ensure there is no residual drug effect.
Sodium Amobarbital Test – 1960 Jun Wada and Ted Rasmussen – Inject barbiturate sodium amobarbital into the (Carotid) Artery. Briefly anesthetize the hemisphere affecting the same side of the body. Used to study functions of speech, memory, and movement that are localized. The other side is injected several days after to ensure there is no residual drug effect.

Carotid
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Case of Guy – 32 year old lawyer with vascular ____________ of the posterior speech zone. Beginning to produce epilepsy. Ideal surgical treatment was to remove the abnormal vessels. Removing the vessels from this area posed a very dangerous risk of permanent aphasia. Since he was left handed it was possible his speech was located in the right hemisphere. Surgery would be less dangerous if his speech was located in the right hemisphere. Given the sodium amobarbital test and asked to complete a series of simple tasks involving language, memory and object recognition; if the anesthetized hemisphere was ___-________ he would still be able to perform the verbal task, although slowly and with some difficulty (speech was, unfortunately, localized in the left hemisphere).
Case of Guy – 32 year old lawyer with vascular (Malformation) of the posterior speech zone. Beginning to produce epilepsy. Ideal surgical treatment was to remove the abnormal vessels. Removing the vessels from this area posed a very dangerous risk of permanent aphasia. Since he was left handed it was possible his speech was located in the right hemisphere. Surgery would be less dangerous if his speech was located in the right hemisphere. Given the sodium amobarbital test and asked to complete a series of simple tasks involving language, memory and object recognition; if the anesthetized hemisphere was (Non-Dominant) he would still be able to perform the verbal task, although slowly and with some difficulty (speech was, unfortunately, localized in the left hemisphere).

Malformation, Non-Dominant
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Class Exercise – Rotate your dominant hand in one direction while rotating the opposite foot in the opposite direction. Now rotate your dominant hand in one direction while rotating the same side foot in the opposite direction. Which one was more difficult? Why?
Class Exercise – Rotate your dominant hand in one direction while rotating the opposite foot in the opposite direction. Now rotate your dominant hand in one direction while rotating the same side foot in the opposite direction. Which one was more difficult? Why?
Module 4 PP Notes (2-11) – The Amazing Brain!

Language on two sides of the Brain? – Language is largely considered to be in the ____ hemisphere, even in left handed people. V. J. A left handed and divided brain woman presented a word in _____ visual field (could write it but not say it). Presented a word in the left visual field (could say it but not write it). First clear scientific evidence that in some people capacities for spoken and written language may be located in different hemispheres.

Implications – Most scientists argued that reading and writing are laid on top of speech in ____ hemisphere. Verbal skills tightly interconnected. Reading and writing may have rose separately from spoken language and may be wired into the brain wherever there are “spare areas.”
Most left handed people process everything in left hemisphere. Others fall into two groups; all language abilities in _____ hemisphere; mixed patterns in right and left hemisphere. More studies necessary to determine if VC case is unique or indicative of a larger phenomena.
Language on two sides of the Brain? – Language is largely considered to be in the (left) hemisphere, even in left handed people. V. J. A left handed and divided brain woman presented a word in (right) visual field (could write it but not say it). Presented a word in the left visual field (could say it but not write it). First clear scientific evidence that in some people capacities for spoken and written language may be located in different hemispheres.

Implications – Most scientists argued that reading and writing are laid on top of speech in (left) hemisphere. Verbal skills tightly interconnected. Reading and writing may have rose separately from spoken language and may be wired into the brain wherever there are “spare areas.”
Most left handed people process everything in left hemisphere. Others fall into two groups; all language abilities in (right) hemisphere; mixed patterns in right and left hemisphere. More studies necessary to determine if VC case is unique or indicative of a larger phenomena.

Left, Right, Left, Right
Name the image type:
MRI #1
Name the image type:
MRI #2
Name the image type:
PET
Name the image type:
CT/CAT
Name the image type:
fMRI
Name the image type:
EEG
Name the image type:
SPECT
Name the image type:
The Homunculus
Name the image type:
The Homunculus
Name the image type:
Split Brain Operation
Answer as many as you can:
Answer as many as you can:
Answer as many as you can:
a