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87 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Our awareness of ourselves and our environments.
1. Consciousness (pg. 193)
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
2. Selective Attention (pg. 193)
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
3. Inattentional Blindness (pg. 194)
The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
4. Circadian Rhythm (pg. 196)
Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
5. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep (pg. 197)
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
6. Alpha Waves (pg. 198)
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
7. Sleep (pg. 198)
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
8. Hallucinations (pg. 198)
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
9. Delta Waves (pg. 198)
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
10. Insomnia (pg. 204)
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at in-opportune times.
11. Narcolepsy (pg. 205)
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
12. Sleep Apnea (pg. 205)
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
13. Night Terrors (pg. 205)
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
14. Dream (pg. 206)
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent or hidden, content).
15. Manifest Content (pg. 206)
According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).
16. Latent Content (pg. 207)
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).
17. REM Rebound (pg. 208)
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.
1. Psychoactive Drug (pg. 216)
The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.
2. Tolerance (pg. 216)
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
3. Withdrawal (pg. 216)
A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
4. Physical Dependence (pg. 216)
Compulsive drug craving and use.
5. Addiction (pg. 217)
Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
6. Depressants (pg. 218)
Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
7. Barbiturates (pg. 219)
Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
8. Opiates (pg. 219)
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
9. Stimulants (pg. 220)
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
10. Amphetamines (pg. 220)
A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.
11. Methamphetamine (pg. 220)
A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
12. Ecstasy (MDMA) (pg. 223)
Psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
13. Hallucinogens (pg. 223)
A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethyl-amide).
14. LSD (pg. 223)
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
15. Near-Death Experience (pg. 223)
The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
16. THC (pg. 224)
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
1. Associative Learning (pg. 235)
A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
2. Classical Conditioning (pg. 235)
A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
3. Learning (pg. 235)
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science; (2) that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
4. Behaviorism (pg. 235)
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
5. Unconditioned Response (UR) (pg. 236)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response.
6. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) (pg. 236)
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
7. Conditioned Response (CR) (pg. 236)
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
8. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) (pg. 236)
The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.
9. Acquisition (pg. 237)
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).
10. Extinction (pg. 238)
In classical conditioning, the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
11. Spontaneous Recovery (pg. 238)
In classical conditioning, the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
12. Generalization (pg. 239)
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
13. Discrimination (pg. 239)
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
1. Associative Learning (pg. 246)
A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
2. Classical Conditioning (pg. 235)
A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
3. Learning (pg. 235)
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science; (2) that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
4. Behaviorism (pg. 235)
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
5. Unconditioned Response (UR) (pg. 236)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response.
6. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) (pg. 236)
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
7. Conditioned Response (CR) (pg. 236)
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
8. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) (pg. 236)
The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.
9. Acquisition (pg. 237)
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).
10. Extinction (pg. 238)
In classical conditioning, the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
11. Spontaneous Recovery (pg. 238)
In classical conditioning, the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
12. Generalization (pg. 239)
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
13. Discrimination (pg. 239)
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
1. Associative Learning (pg. 246)
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
2. Respondent Behavior (pg. 246)
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
3. Operant Conditioning (pg. 246)
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
4. Operant Behavior (pg. 246)
A chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.
5. Operant Chamber (pg. 247)
A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
6. Learning (pg. 247)
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
7. Shaping (pg. 247)
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
8. Reinforcer (pg. 248)
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
9. Positive Reinforcement (pg. 249)
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: this is NOT a punishment)
10. Negative Reinforcement (pg. 249)
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
11. Primary Reinforcer (pg. 249)
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also knows as secondary reinforcer.
12. Conditioned Reinforcer (pg. 249)
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
13. Continuous Reinforcement (pg. 250)
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
14. Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement (pg. 250)
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
15. Fixed-Ratio Schedule (pg. 250)
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
16. Variable-Ratio Schedule (pg. 251)
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
17. Fixed-Interval Schedule (pg. 251)
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
18. Variable-Interval Schedule (pg. 251)
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
19. Punishment (pg. 251)
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
20. Cognitive Map (pg. 253)
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
21. Latent Learning (pg. 253)
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
22. Intrinsic Motivation (pg. 253)
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
23. Extrinsic Motivation (pg. 253)
A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
1. Learning (pg. 261)
Learning by observing others.
2. Observational Learning (pg. 261)
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
3. Modeling (pg. 261)
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.
4. Mirror Neurons (pg. 261)
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
5. Prosocial Behavior (pg. 263)