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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Work |
Work is the product of force and the distance through which that force moves. (W = F x D) |
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Define Power |
Power is a rate of work; work per unit time. (P = W/t) |
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Define Percentage Grade |
Percentage grade is a measure of the elevation of a treadmill; calculated as the sine of the angle. |
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Define Relative VO2 |
Relative VO2 is oxygen uptake (consumption) expressed per unit body weight (e.g., ml * kg-1 * min-1) |
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Define Net Efficiency |
Net efficiency is the mathematical ratio of work output divided by the energy expended above rest. |
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Define Metric System |
The standard system of measurement for scientists. length = meter volume = liter mass = gram |
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Define SI Units |
System International Units are used for all exercise and sports medicine research data. *mass = kilogram (kg) *energy = joule (J) *distance = meter (m) *power = watt (W) *time = second (s) *velocity = meters per second (m * s-1_) *force = newton (N) *torque = newton meter (N * m) *work = joule (J) |
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What are the prefixes for the metric system? |
Mega = one million Kilo = one thousand Centi = one hundredth Milli = one thousandth Nano = one billionth Pico = one trillionth |
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Differentiate Ergometry & Ergometer |
Ergometry = measurement of work output Ergometer = device used to measure type of work |
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What is direct calorimetry? |
Direct calorimetry is the process of measuring a persons metabolic rate via the measurement of heat production. (heat production is directly proportional to metabolic rate, therefore measuring heat production (calorimetry) of a person gives a direct measurement of metabolic rate. |
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What is a calorie? |
A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. |
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What measurements are used for heat? |
joule and calories |
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What is indirect calorimetry? |
Indirect calorimetry is where oxygen consumption is measured to provide an estimate of metabolic rate. (open-circuit spirometry is the most common technique used to measure oxygen consumption) |
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What is exercise efficiency? |
Exercise efficiency describes the capacity to convert energy expenditure into work; expressed as the ratio of work done to the energy put in to do the work. **this is the goal for performance enhancement % efficiency = work output/energy expended above rest (VO2) x 100% (more efficient athletes use less energy to do the same amount of work) |
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What are the three factors that influence exercise efficiency? |
1. Exercise work rate (an increase in rate decreases efficiency) 2. Speed of movement (optimum speed of movement of body segments) 3. Fiber composition of muscles performing the exercise (higher efficiency in muscles w/greater % of slow twitch fibers) 4. Skill or training level (more skill = greater efficiency) |
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Define the term homeostasis. How does it differ from the term steady state? |
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment under normal internal environment during resting conditions (unstressed). Steady state is a steady & unchanging level of some physiological variable (bp, hr, etc) that is constant and unchanging. |
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Cite an example of a biological homeostasis control system. |
-Regulation of body temperature -Regulation of blood glucose -Regulation of blood pressure -Regulation of respiratory control |
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Briefly explain the role of the receptor, the integrating center, and the effector organ in a biological control system. |
-Receptor: (sensor- capable of detecting changes in the body) -Integrating center: (control center- center to integrate response) -Effector: (organs to produce desired effect) |
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Explain the term negative feedback. Give a biological example of negative feedback. |
Negative feedback is a control system that restores normal values of a variable to maintain homeostasis. High blood pressure due to intense exercise: N.F. system lowers (does the opposite) blood pressure to return to homeostasis. |
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Discuss the concept of gain association with a biological control system. |
Gain of a control system is the precision of a control system to maintain homeostasis. The system with a larger gain is more capable than a system with a smaller gain (important systems have larger gains: breathing, bp, hr, etc). |
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Define cell signaling and outline the 5 types of cell signaling mechanisms that participate in the regulation of homeostasis and cellular adaptation. |
Cell signaling is a system of communication between cells that coordinate cellular activities. 1.intracrine- internal message to same cell 2.juxtacrine- cell-to-cell thru a junction 3.autocrine-external message to same cell 4.paracrine- signals to act on local cells 5.endocrine- release of chemicals into blood |
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List the steps that lead to exercise-induced increases in protein synthesis in skeletal muscles. |
1-process begins with the "stress" of exercise stimulating a signal 2-the signal results in the activation of a molecule called transcriptional activator 3-the transcriptional activators turn on genes to synthesize new proteins (binds to promoter region of the gene) 4-transcription results in messenger RNA (mRNA) with amino acid sequence to site of protein synthesis |
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What is positive feedback? Give an example. |
Positive feedback increases the original stimulus. Ex: Labor- pressure on the cervix creates message to release oxytocin which then increases cx's to further delivery of baby. |
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Improved ______ is the direct result of a better maintenance of the body's ________. |
Improved performance is the direct result of the body's homeostasis. |
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Failure of a biological control system results in ______. |
Disease |
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Define adaptation. |
Adaptation is a change in the structure & function of a cell or organ system that results in an improved ability to maintain homeostasis during stressful conditions. |
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Define acclimation. |
Acclimation is the improved function of an existing homeostasis system after repeated exposure to stresses (ex: exposure to high temp, acclimation to higher temp). |
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What is cellular stress response? |
Cellular stress response is a biological control system in cells that battles homeostatic disturbances by manufacturing proteins designed to defend against stress. |
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What are stress proteins? |
Stress proteins are a family of proteins that are manufactured in cells in response to stresses. |
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What is the importance of proteins in the intracellular aspect? |
Proteins serve as intracellular transporters or as enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions. *damage to cell proteins by stress can result in cell damage and a disturbance in homeastasis |
