Ex. Phys Ch. 10

Front 1

Loss of size, or mass, of body tissue with disuse.

Back 1

Atrophy

Front 2

Increase in the size or mass of an organ or body tissue.

Back 2

Hypertrophy

Front 3

Types of reflex inhibition of a motor neuron in response to excessive tension in the muscle fibers it supplies, as monitored by the Golgi tendon organs.

Back 3

Autogenic

Front 4

The ability of a muscle to exert force.

Back 4

Strength

Front 5

Muscle soreness that develops a day or two after a heavy bout of exercise.

Back 5

Delay-onset muscle soreness

Front 6

The “pumping up” (hypertrophy) of a muscle during a single exercise bout, resulting mainly from fluid accumulation in the interstitial and intracellular spaces of the muscle.

Back 6

Transient hypertrophy

Front 7

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.

Back 7

Hyperplasia

Front 8

An increase in muscle size that results from repeated long-term resistance training. (two words)

Back 8

Chronic hypertrophy

Front 9

Muscle soreness felt during and immediately after an exercise bout.

Back 9

Acute muscle soreness

Front 10

Changes in the connections between motor neurons located in the spinal cord, allowing motor units to act more __________, which facilitates contraction and increases the muscle's ability to generate force.

Back 10

Synchronously

Front 11

Recruitment of additional __________, though not necessarily synchronously.

Back 11

Motor units

Front 12

Gradual __________ or counteraction of the inhibitory impulses of the Golgi tendon organs.

Back 12

Reduction

Front 13

Reduction in the coactivation of __________ muscles.

Back 13

Anatagonist

Front 14

Increase in the rate coding of __________.

Back 14

Motor units

Front 15

Changes in morphology of neuromuscular junctions that might relate to a muscles's __________-producing capacity.

Back 15

Force

Front 16

Though the hypertrophy might not have been significant enough for Samantha to observe, she might have experienced slight hypertrophy because of an increase in the __________ of muscle fibers (fiber hyperplasia).

Back 16

Number

Front 17

It is postulated that individual __________ have the capacity to divide and split into two daughter cells, each of which can then develop into a functional muscle fiber.

Back 17

Muscle fibers

Front 18

__________ cells, which are the myogenic stem cells involved in skeletal muscle regeneration, are likely involved in the generation of new muscle fibers. These cells are typically activated by muscle stretching an injury, which might occur during intense resistance training.

Back 18

Satellite

Front 19

Fiber hypertrophy is an increase in the __________ of existing individual muscle fibers and could be caused by more myofibrils, more actin and myosin filaments, more sarcoplasm, more connective tissue, or any combination of these.

Back 19

Size

Front 20

Individual fiber hypertrophy appears to result from a net increase in muscle protein synthesis and might be related to levels of __________.

Back 20

Testosterone

Front 21

EAMC is an acronym for ____________.

a. exercise-associated muscle condition

b. exercise-associated muscle cramps

c. exercise-accentuated muscle condition

d. excessive-activity muscle cramps

Back 21

b. exercise-associated muscle cramps

Front 22

T/F: Muscles can completely recover from atrophy once activity resumes.

Back 22

True

Front 23

A treadmill test, in which subjects ran on a treadmill for 45 min on two separate days, clearly demonstrated that eccentric action is the primary initiator of DOMS. It was found that muscle soreness was associated with ____________.

a. level running

b. uphill running

c. downhill running

d. none of the above; the test was actually done on a bicycle ergometer

Back 23

c. downhill running

Front 24

T/F: Muscle strength is related only to muscle size.

Back 24

False

Front 25

Which of these is NOT a neural adaptation that may cause gains in strength?

a. changes in the firing frequency or discharge rates of motor units

b. additional motor unit recruitment, perhaps with synchronization

c. reduction in coactivation of antagonist muscles

d. gradually increased neurological inhibition of such mechanisms as the Golgi tendon organ

Back 25

d. gradually increased neurological inhibition of such mechanisms as the Golgi tendon organ

Front 26

T/F: Early gains in strength appear to be more influenced by hypertrophy, but later long-term gains are largely the result of neural factors.

Back 26

False

Front 27

Which of these statements is NOT true of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

a. In the short term, DOMS reduces the force-generating capacity of the affected muscles.

b. DOMS is likely necessary to maximize the training response.

c. Intense concentric exercise is the most likely cause of DOMS.

d. DOMS may actually result from structural damage in the muscle.

Back 27

c. Intense concentric exercise is the most likely cause of DOMS.

Front 28

T/F: Left-hand dominance is known to lead to greater hypertrophy of the left leg.

Back 28

False

Front 29

Recent studies of women have shown that a combination of high-intensity resistance training and short-interval speed work can lead to a conversion of ____________.

a. type I to type IIx fibers

b. type I to type IIa fibers

c. type IIa to type IIc fibers

d. type IIx to type IIa fibers

Back 29

b. type I to type IIa fibers

Front 30

T/F: Detraining has little effect on fiber cross-sectional area.

Back 30

True

Front 31

To prevent EAMCs, the athlete should do all of these EXCEPT ____________.

a. maintain electrolyte balance

b. stretch every four or five workouts

c. hydrate properly

d. reduce exercise intensity and duration

Back 31

b. stretch every four or five workouts

Front 32

T/F: Immobilization has little effect on fiber cross-sectional area.

Back 32

False

Front 33

What is NOT thought to be associated with DOMS?

a. Intracellular calcium level increases and activates enzymes that destroy the z-lines.

b. The by-products of cell breakdown and the inflammatory response stimulate free nerve endings.

c. High tension in the contractile-elastic component of muscle results in structural damage.

d. Loss of spinal-reflex control of alpha motor neurons during eccentric exercise over-stimulates muscle fibers, resulting in damage.

Back 33

d. Loss of spinal-reflex control of alpha motor neurons during eccentric exercise over-stimulates muscle fibers, resulting in damage.

Front 34

T/F: Women and men have the same ability to develop strength and some women are able to develop peak strength values that are greater than those achieved by comparably sized men.

Back 34

True