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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Resistance to blood being ejected from the left ventricle.
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Afterload
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A relative (not absolute) increase in the cellular content per unit of blood volume, resulting from a reduction in plasma volume.
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Hemoconcentration
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The highest heart rate value attainable during an all out effect to the point of exhaustion.
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Maximum heart rate
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The resistance to the flow of blood through the entire systemic circulation.
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Total peripheral resistance
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The process of holding the breath and attempting to compress the contents of the abdominal and thoracic cavities, causing increased intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure.
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Valsalva maneuver
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A decline in arterial PO2 and arterial oxygen saturation during maximal or near-maximal exercise.
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Exercise-inducedaertial hypoxemia
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The heart rate at rest, averaging 60 to 80 bpm.
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Resting heart rate
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The degree to which the myocardium is stretched before it contracts, determined by factors such as central blood volume.
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Preload
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The mechanism by which an increased amount of blood in the ventricle causes a stronger ventricular contraction to increase the amount of blood ejected.
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Frank-Starling Mechanism
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A breathing rate or tidal volume greater than necessary for normal function.
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Hyperventilation
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An increase in heart rate during exercise to compensate for a decrease in stroke volume.
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Cardiovascular drift
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Information originating in the brain that is transmitted to the cardiovascular, muscular, or pulmonary systems.
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Central command
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Labored or difficult breathing.
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Dyspnea
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Increases with increased exercise intensity until exhaustion, when it begins to level off. Plateaus with constant work rate at sub maximal exercise levels.
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Heart Rate
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Increases during exercise. Probably plateaus at exercise intensities between 40-60% of maximal capacity, and remains unchanged up to exhaustion.
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Stroke Volume
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Increases with increased exercise intensity to ensure adequate oxygen and nutrients reach muscles and waste products are cleared away. Probably plateaus when cardiac output approaches maximal exercise intensities.
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Cardiac output
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Increases with increased exercise, though systolic and diastolic pressure measures do not both increase to a similar degree.
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Blood pressure
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Increases during exercise to active muscles and decreases to kidneys, live, stomach, and intestines.
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Blood flow
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The ratio between the volume of air expired or ventilated (VE) and the amount of oxygen consumed by the tissues (VO2) in a given amount of time is the __________.
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Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen
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The point at which blood lactate production exceeds lactate clearance during a graded exercise test is the __________.
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Lactate threshold
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The increased VCO2 thought to result from excess carbon dioxide being released from bicarbonate buffering of lactic acid is the __________. (A number of scientists objected to the use of this term to describe this respiratory phenomenon.)
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Anaerobic threshold
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Up to a certain point, ventilation increases during exercise in direct proportion to the rate of work being performed. Beyond this point, ventilation increases disproportionately as the body tries to clear excess CO2. This point is the __________
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Ventilatory threshold
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The ratio of the volume of air expired (VE) to the volume of carbon dioxide produced (VCO2 ) is the __________.
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Ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide
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What statement is supported by scientific research?
a. During exercise, stroke volume increases above resting values. b. Stroke volume continues to increase beyond 50% of VO2max, even up to maximal exercise intensity. c. There is no clear pattern of stroke volume increases beyond the 40 to 60% work rate range. d. All of these statements are supported by scientific research. |
d. All of these statements are supported by scientific research.
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What is NOT a normal response to exercise?
a. Venous return decreases. b. Ventricular contractility increases. c. Heart rate increases in proportion to the increase in exercise intensity until you are near the point of exhaustion, at which point it levels off. d. Cardiac output increases to meet the muscles’ increased demand for oxygen. |
a. Venous return decreases.
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What equation more accurately estimates maximum heart rate (HRmax)?
a. 220 – age in years b. 207 – (0.8 x age in years) c. 208 – (0.7 x age in years) d. 210 – age in years |
c. 208 – (0.7 x age in years)
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T/F: During whole-body endurance exercise, mean arterial blood pressure increases by an increase in systolic blood pressure, with only small changes in diastolic pressure.
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True
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What contaminants can reach concentrations that can significantly impair athletic performance if exercising is done outside in a city?
a. carbon monoxide b. ozone c. sulfur oxides d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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The Valsalva maneuver is a potentially dangerous respiratory procedure that frequently accompanies certain types of exercise, in particular lifting of heavy objects. One step in the Valsalva maneuver is when a person ________________.
a. closes the glottis (the opening between the vocal cords) b. decreases her intra-abdominal pressure by forcibly contracting the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles c. decreases her intrathoracic pressure by forcibly contracting the respiratory muscles |
a. closes the glottis (the opening between the vocal cords)
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An explanation of what causes the cardiovascular system to be “turned on” at the onset of exercise and involves parallel activation of both the motor and the cardiovascular control centers of the brain is called the _______________.
a. Frank-Starling mechanism b. myocortical synchronization effect c. cortex command theory d. none of the above |
d. none of the above
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T/F: During exercise, the initial, immediate rise in ventilation is caused by chemical stimulation and not neural stimulation.
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False
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Stroke volume is determined by all of these EXCEPT _______________.
a. the volume of venous blood pumped from the heart b. the capacity to enlarge the ventricle for maximal filling c. the inherent capacity of the ventricle to contract d. the pressure against which the ventricles must contract |
a. the volume of venous blood pumped from the heart
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Altered breathing patterns and sensations associated with exercise include ____________.
a. dyspnea b. hyperventilation c. performance of the Valsalva maneuver d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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About 10% of the body’s total oxygen consumption during heavy exercise can occur in the _________ muscle(s).
a. thoracic b. respiratory c. leg d. heart |
b. respiratory
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T/F: Resting heart rates (RHR) as low as 28 to 40 beats/min reported in highly conditioned, endurance- trained athletes are mainly due to an increase in vagal tone that accompanies endurance exercise training.
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True
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The limits of pulmonary ventilation and gas diffusion will affect ____________.
a. normal, healthy people during submaximal exercise b. highly trained endurance athletes during maximal exercise c. both a and b d. neither a or b |
b. highly trained endurance athletes during maximal exercise
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The limits of airway resistance will affect ______________.
a. normal, healthy people during submaximal exercise b. highly trained endurance athletes during maximal exercise c. both a and b d. neither a nor b |
b. highly trained endurance athletes during maximal exercise
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