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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart.
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Arteries
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The amount of blood ejected form the left ventricle during contraction; the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
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Stroke volume
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An end organ that responds to changes in mechanical stress, such as stretch, compression, or distension.
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Mechanoreceptor
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Stretch receptor located within the cardiovascular system that senses changes in blood pressure.
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Baroreceptor
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Small vessels that transport blood from the capillaries to the veins and then back to the heart.
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Venules
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A resting heart rate lower than 60 beats/min.
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Bradycardia
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The dilation of blood vessels.
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Vasodilation
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The smallest arteries that transport blood from larger arteries to the capillaries.
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Arterioles
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The percentage of cells or formed elements in the total blood volume; more than 99% of cells or formed elements made up of red blood cells.
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Hematocrit
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The fibres that make up the terminal branches of the AV bundle and that transmit impulses through the ventricles six times faster than through the rest of the cardiac conduction system.
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Purkinje
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The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that binds oxygen.
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Hemoglobin
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Blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart.
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Veins
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Increased red blood cell concentration by increased production of cells.
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Hematopoiesis
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The muscle of the heart.
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Myocardium
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A double-layered outer covering of the heart.
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Pericardium
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A machine used to obtain an electrocardiogram.
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Electrocardiograph
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A resting heart rate greater than 100 bpm.
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Tachycardia
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The smallest vessels transporting blood from the heart to the tissues and the actual sites of exchange between the blood and tissue.
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Capillaries
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Order of Blood Flow through the heart.
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Vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta
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The right side of the heart is called the _________ side.
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Pulmonary
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The pulmonary side sends blood that has circulated throughout the body to the lungs for __________.
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Reoxygenation
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The left side of the heart is called the ________ side.
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Systemic
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Blood from the systemic side is ultimate send to all body parts and systems. It receives the ________ blood from the lungs and sends it out to supply all body tissues.
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Oxygenated
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The __________ must pump blood through the entire systemic route.
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Left ventricle
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When the body is sitting or standing, the heart must contract with enough force to overcome the effect of __________, which causes blood to pool in the lower extremities.
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Gravity
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During vigorous exercise, the demands on the __________ are very high.
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Left ventricle
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A relatively common condition that may affect myocardium functions is the heart __________, a condition in which abnormal heart sounds are detected with a stethoscope.
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Murmur
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The usual clicking of a heart valve snapping shut sounds instead like a _____________ noise. This can indicate the turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed or leaky valve, or it can indicate errant blood flow through a hole in the wall separating the right and left sides of the heart (a septal defect).
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Blowing
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The __________ node generates the impulse for normal heart contraction.
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Sinoatrial
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The SA node is also known as the heart's __________ because of the regular rhythm it establishes.
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Pacemaker
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The __________ node conducts the impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
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Atrioventricular
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The atrioventricular bundle is located along the __________ septum and has right and left bundle branches that extend into both ventricles.
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Ventricular
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Bundle branches send the electrical impulse toward the __________ of the heart and then outward.
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Apex
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The Purkinje fibers are the terminal branches of the __________. They transmit the impulse through the ventricles approximately six times faster than the impulse is conducted through the rest of the cardiac conduction system, allowing all parts of the ventricles to contract at about the same time.
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Atrioventricular bundle
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The heart initiates its own __________ impulses that cause rhythmic contractions.
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Electrical
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The conduction system is referred to as the heart’s __________ control.
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Intrinsic
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During physical activity, both heart rate and force of contraction have to be altered to meet the muscles' increased need for blood. This is accomplished primarily through three systems: sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and _____________.
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Endocrine system
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Without the influence of the __________ resting heart rate would be 100 bpm.
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Parasympathetic system
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As we improve our fitness level, resting heart rate typically drops due to increased __________.
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Vagal tone
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During exercise, the heart has to pump an increased volume of blood. The volume of blood pumped each minute is referred to as __________ and is the product of heart rate and stroke volume.
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Cardiac output
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Contraction of the left ventricle pushes blood into the vascular system with a force that exerts pressure on the walls of arteries throughout the body. The highest pressure in the arteries that occurs with each heart beat is termed __________ pressure.
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Systolic
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The lower pressure that occurs between heart beats (when the ventricles are filling) is called __________ pressure.
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Diastolic
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As resistance to blood flow increases, as it does during exercise, blood pressure has to increase to maintain the necessary blood flow. In mathematical terms, blood flow is equal to __________ .
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Pressure/resistance
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During exercise, muscles may receive 80% or more of total blood flow, up from only 15-20% of total flow at rest. To accommodate the muscles' increased need for blood, blood flow to organs such as the liver, kidneys, and intestines must __________.
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Decrease
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In the muscles, blood flow can be altered by intrinsic factors such as increased nitric oxide, increased lactic acid, and __________ .
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Decreased oxygen content
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Blood flow in muscles and other tissues is also under extrinsic control via the sympathetic nervous system which typically causes vessels to __________.
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Constrict
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During exercise, constriction of vessels has to __________ to allow for increased blood flow.
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Decrease
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In male athletes, blood hematocrit typically ranges between __________.
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41-50%
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In female athletes, blood hematocrit typically ranges between __________.
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36-44%
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As fitness improves, hematocrit typically __________.
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Decreases
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This change in hematocrit is because the change in plasma volume is __________ the change in red blood cell volume.
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Greater than
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What statement about the left ventricle is true?
a. The mechanisms for its adaptation and performance with disease are the same as those observed with aerobic training. b. It needs to generate only minimal force to pump blood to the cardiac system. c. Many sudden deaths among young athletes are due to left ventricular atrophy. d. It will hypertrophy in response to both aerobic training and resistance training. |
d. It will hypertrophy in response to both aerobic training and resistance training.
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What statement is true?
a. The heart is about the size of your fist and is located on the left side of the thoracic cavity. b. The superior and inferior vena cava return blood from the body to the left atria. c. The function of the cavity between the pericardium and the heart is to hold fluid that reduces friction between the sac and the beating heart. d. The two ventricles act as receiving chambers and the two atria act as sending chambers. |
c. The function of the cavity between the pericardium and the heart is to hold fluid that reduces friction between the sac and the beating heart.
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T/F: Low resting heart rate in endurance athletes is uncommon and could be an indication of pathological bradycardia.
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False
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During exercise, in addition to transporting oxygen and nutrients to active muscles and regulating temperature, blood also helps to:
a. lower mean arterial pressure b. maintain the proper body pH c. minimize swelling of active areas d. regulate heart rate |
b. maintain the proper body pH
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Heart muscle is collectively called
a. endocardium b. pericardium c. epicardium d. myocardium |
d. Myocardium
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T/F: Symptoms of both bradycardia and tachycardia include fatigue, dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting.
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True
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What is an example of external control of heart activity?
a. The SA node initiates the impulse. b. The impulse enters the AV bundle, then travels along the ventricular septum and branches into both ventricles. c. Norepinephrine and epinephrine both increase heart rate. d. The Purkinje fibers transmit the impulse extremely quickly through the ventricles, causing all parts of the ventricle to contract at about the same time. |
c. Norepinephrine and epinephrine both increase heart rate.
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T/F: In order for blood to flow in a vessel there must be a pressure difference from one end of the vessel to the other end of the vessel. Blood will flow from the region of the vessel with low pressure to the region of the vessel with high pressure.
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False
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The most powerful of the four heart chambers is the
a. left atrium b. left ventricle c. right atrium d. right ventricle |
b. Left ventricle
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What situation is optimal for physical performance?
a. a low hematocrit with an accompanying low plasma volume b. a low hematocrit with a decreased number of red blood cells c. a low hematocrit with a normal or slightly elevated number of red blood cells d. a high hematocrit with a very low plasma volume |
c. a low hematocrit with a normal or slightly elevated number of red blood cells
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The relaxation phase in one full cardiac cycle is called
a. diastole b. systole |
a. diastole
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The relaxation phase in one full cardiac cycle is called
a. diastole b. systole |
b. systole
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T/F: The diastolic phase is longer than the systolic phase.
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True
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T/F: The reason that there is a pressure differential from the arterial to the venous circulation is that the blood vessels themselves provide resistance or impedance to blood flow. The resistance that the vessel provides is largely dictated by the properties of the blood vessels and the blood itself.
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True
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What is NOT a role the sympathetic nervous system plays in regulating the distribution of blood?a. It causes muscle cells to contract, constricting vessels so that less blood can pass through.
b. Under normal conditions, it transmits impulses continuously to blood vessels, keeping the vessels in a state of moderate constriction to maintain adequate blood pressure. c. During a crisis and during exercise, it causes vasodilation directly through sympathetic fibers that supply some blood vessels in skeletal muscles and in the heart, increasing blood flow to the muscles and the heart. d. It sends CO2, K+, and oxygen to body tissues in response to the arteriole’s autoregulatory mechanisms. |
d. It sends CO2, K+, and oxygen to body tissues in response to the arteriole’s autoregulatory mechanisms.
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How does myocardium differ from skeletal muscle?
a. Cardiac muscle fibers are not interconnected like skeletal muscle is. b. Myocardial fibers are mosaic rather than homogenous. c. Myocardium contains mainly type II fibers. d. Cardiac muscle contraction occurs by “calcium-induced calcium release.” |
d. Cardiac muscle contraction occurs by “calcium-induced calcium release.”
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The active contraction of the atria that completes the process of blood moving passively from the atria to the ventricles is sometimes called a:
a. shove b. kick c. push d. jump start |
b. kick
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What statement is true?
a. EPO increases hematocrit without affecting blood viscosity. b. Athletes generally have a higher hematocrit than their sedentary counterparts. c. Hematocrit is generally higher in women than in men because of the estrogen effect. d. Redistribution of blood can result from local dilators, the vessel endothelium, and pressure changes. |
d. Redistribution of blood can result from local dilators, the vessel endothelium, and pressure changes.
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