Chapter 3 Ex Phys

Front 1

Bioenergetics

Back 1

Transfer of energy from foodstuffs into biologically usable form

Energy transfer in the cell occurs as a result of chemical reactions

Front 2

Oxidation

Back 2

The process of removing an electron from an atom or molecule

Molecule can't be oxidized unless it donates electrons to another atoms

Oxygen tends to accept electrons and is an important property used by cells to produce a usable form of energy

Front 3

NAD AND FAD

Back 3

vitamin b3

Vitamin riboflavin b2

Nad+= oxidized form

Front 4

Enzymes

How do they lower activation energy?

Back 4

Regulate the rate of speed at which the reaction takes place

By forming an enzyme -substrate complex

Front 5

Name factors that alter enzyme activity

Back 5

: temperature- have an optimum temperature at which they are active. When temperature increases so does the activity of enzymes, but an increase or decrease from the optimal temperature results in disassociate of the enzyme

2. Similar to ph. I.g accumulated hydrogen ions produced during heavy exercise decreases pH , therefore reducing enzyme activity

Front 6

Carbohydrates fuel for exercise. What are they composed of?

What are their forms?

Back 6

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Cells store glycogen, because if there was individual glucose molecules inside cells osmotic pressure between the inside of cell and outside fluid would change causing more water to come into cell

Front 7

Fats

Back 7

Have a higher ratio of carbon to oxygen. Contain large quantities of energy per unit of weight

Front 8

Four groups of fats

Back 8

Fatty acids---primary type of fat used by muscle cells for energy

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Steroids

Front 9

High energy phosphates

ATP

name the 3 parts:

Back 9

Adenine portion

Ribosome portion

3 linked phosphates

Front 10

Bioenergetics: muscle cells produce ATP three ways

Back 10

Formation of ATP by PC breakdown

Degradation of glucose or glycogen

Oxidative formation of ATP

Front 11

PC to ADP forms ATP by:

Back 11

Donating phosphocreatine's phosphate group to ADP( aDiphosphate = 2 phosphates)

Front 12

Glycolysis

Back 12

Breakdown of glucose or glycogen to form two molecules of pyruvate or lactate

Occurs in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cells

Front 13

NAD+

Back 13

Transport hydrogen

In order for glycolysis to continue , two hydrogens must be removed from g3p and combines with inorganic phosphate to form 1,3 bpg. The hydrogen acceptor is NAD+.

Front 14

How is NAD+ reformed from NADH?

Back 14

If enough oxygen is available, the hydrogen from NADH can be shuttled into the mitochondria of the cell contributing to ATP production. 2. Pyruvate can accept the h+ to form lactate if there is no oxygen available to accept them

Front 15

Citric acid cycle-- Krebs cycle. What's the purpose of this cycle?

Back 15

Complete the oxidation of acetyl CoA using NAD+ and FAD as electron carriers

The electron energy can be used in the ETC chain to combine AD + P to reform ATP

Front 16

GTP

Back 16

Formed in the citric acid cycle

Energy rich compound that can transfer its terminal phosphate group to ADP TO FORM Atp

Small amount

Front 17

How do fats and proteins undergo aerobic metabolism?

Back 17

Fats ( Triglycerides) are broken down to form fatty acids and glycerol.

They undergo beta-oxidation to form acetyl coA and thus enter the citric acid cycle

Front 18

ETC chain

Back 18

Occurs in the mitochondria

Cytoxhrome chain

Electrons removed from hydrogen atoms carried by transporter molecules are passed down the chain and energy is released to reform ATP

Front 19

Why is oxygen necessary for the aerobic production of ATP?

Back 19

Allows the etc chain to continue working because of its ability to oxidize the last cytochrome in the chain.

Front 20

Products of glycolysis

Back 20

2 ATP

2 NADH

Front 21

Products of Krebs cycle

Back 21

2 GTP

6 NADH

2 FADH

Front 22

Rate limiting enzymes

Back 22

They determine the speed of the particular metabolic pathway involved

Front 23

Allosteric enzymes

Back 23

Enzymes regulated by modulators

Front 24

Control of ATP-PC system

"Negative feedback system"

Back 24

Phosphocreatine breakdown is regulated by creatine kinase

Activated when there is an increase of ADP

TRIGGERS THE breakdown of PC to resynthesize ATP

Front 25

Primary role of the Krebs cycle

Back 25

Complete oxidation of substrates NADH and FADH to enter the ETC. the end result of the ETC Is the formation of ATP and water

Front 26

Oxidation reduction reactions in cells often involve the transfer of ----- -‐---- ( with their electrons) rather than free electrons alone

Back 26

Hydrogen atoms

Front 27

Enzyme substrate

Back 27

The shape of the enzymes active site must always fit for the binding substrates

Front 28

List the four elements that make up 95% of the body

Back 28

Oxygen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Front 29

Total of all cellular reactions and in ludes chemical pathways that result in the synthesis of molecules as well as the breakdown of molecules

Back 29

Metabolism

Front 30

Glycogenolysis

Back 30

During exercise, individual muscle cells break down glycogen into glucose

Front 31

T/f. Stored body fat is an ideal fuel for prolonged exercise because fat molecules contain large amounts of energy per unit of weight

Back 31

True

Front 32

ATPase

Back 32

The enzyme that breaks the bond of ATP

Front 33

The biochemical pathways that result in the production of ATP are regulated by precise control systems

Back 33

Each pathway contains a number of reactions that are catalyzed by specific enzymes. If ample substrate ( fats, carbohydrates. Proteins) is available, an increase in the number of enzymes present results in an increased rate of chemical reactions

Front 34

Rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis pathway

Back 34

Phosphofructokinase

Front 35

Phosphorylase

Back 35

Enzyme that degrades glycogen to glucose. Important for providing the glycolytic pathway with the necessary glucose at the origin of the pathway

Front 36

Calcium importance:

Back 36

Each muscle contraction releases Ca+ is released from the sarcoplamic reticulum in the muscle. This indirectly activates enzymes to break down glycogen to glucose

Front 37

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Back 37

Rate limiting enzyme in the citric acid cycle, inhibited by ATP and stimulated by high levels of ADP + Pi

Front 38

High levels of ATP inhibit further ATP production, and high levels of ADP +Pi stimulate ATP production

Back 38

True