Biol 1202 - Exam 2 - 2

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Echinoderms and chordates are:

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Deuterostomes

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One of two distinct evolutionary lines of coelomates, consisting of echinoderms and chordate and characterized by radial, indeterminate cleavage, enterocoelous formation of the coelom, and development of the anus from the blastospore

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Deuterostomes

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Echinoderms: Star-shaped body with multiple arms; mouth directed to substrate. (Sea stars)

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Asteroidea

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Echinoderms: Distinct central disk; long, flexible arms, tube feet lack suckers. (Brittle stars)

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Ophiuroidea

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Echinoderms: Roughly spherical or disk-shaped, no arms; five rows of tube feet enable slow movement; mouth ringed by complex, jawlike structure. (Sea urchins)

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Echinoidea

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Echinoderms: Feathered arms surrounding upward-pointing mouth. (Sea lilies, feather stars)

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Crinoidea

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Echinoderms: Cucumber-shaped body; five rows of tube feet; additional tube feet modified as feeding tentacles; reduced skeleton; no spines. (Sea cucumbers)

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Holothuroidea

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Enchinoderms: Disk-shaped body ringed with small spines; incomplete digestive system; live on submerged wood. (Sea daisies)

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Concentricycloidea

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May not look like chordate, which included the vertebrates, but they share a common developmental plant.

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Echinoderms

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Radial cleavage, coelom develops from archeteron, mouth forms opposite blastopore.

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Deuterstome

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Anthropod: body have one or two main parts; six parts of appendages; chelicera, pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs; mostly terrestrial or marine. (horseshoe, crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites)

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Cheliceriformes

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Anthropod: body divided into head, thorax, abdoment; antenna present; mouthparts modified for chewing, sucking, or lapping; three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings; mostly terrestrial. (insects, springtails)

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Hexapoda

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Anthropod: body of two or three parts; antennae present; chewing mouthparts; three or more parts of legs, mostly marine and freshwater. (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp)

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Crustacea

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Anthropod: distinct head bearing antennae and chewing mouthpart; terrestrial (millipedes/centipedes)

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Myriapoda

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Annelid: reduced head; no parapodia, but chaetae present. freshwater, marine, and terrestrial segmented worms (earthworms)

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Oligochaeta

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Annelid: well-develop[ed head; each segment usually has parapodia with chaetae; tube-dwelling and free-living. Mostly marine segmented worms.

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Polychaeta

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Annelid: body usually flatted, with reduced coelom and segmentation; chaetae absent; suckers at anterior and posterior ends; parasites, predators, and scavengers (leeches)

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Hirudinea

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Platyhelminthes: most marine, some freshwater, a few tererstrial, predators and scavengers, body surface ciliated (flatworms)

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Turbellaria

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Platyhelminthes: marine and freshwater parasites, most infect external surfaces of fishes; life history simple; ciliated larva starts infection on host.

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Monogenea

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Platyhel.: parasites, almost always vertebrates; two suckers attach to host; most life cycles include intermediate hosts. (flukes)

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Trematoda

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Platyhel: paraistes of vertebrates; scolex attaches to hose; proglottids produce eggs and break off after fertilization; no head or digestive system; life cycle with one or more intermediate hosts (tapeworms)

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Cestoda

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An extensive pouch that serves as the site of extracellular digestion and a passageway to disperse materials throughout most of an animal's body.

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Gastrovascular cavity

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A digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.

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Alimentary canal

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A solid bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall.

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Acoelomate

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An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm.

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Pseudocoelomate

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Animal that possesses a true coelom (fluid-filled body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm).

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Coelomate

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Cnidaria: most marine, a few freshwater; both polyp and medusa stages in most species; polyp stage often colonial.

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Hydrozoa

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Cnidaria: all marine; polyp stage reduced; free-swimming; medusa up to 2m in diameter.

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Scyphozoa

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Cnidaria: all marine; box-shaped medusa; complex eyes.

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Cubozoa

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Cnidaria: all marine, medusa stage absent; most sessile; many colonial.

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Anthozoa

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Unique cells that function in defense of the capture of prey in Cnidarians. Stimulus causes the cell to evert releasing thread.

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Cnidocytes

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A so called true coelom forms from tissue derived from:

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mesoderm

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some triploblastic whose body cavity formed from the blastocoels rather than mesoderm is

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pseudocoelomate

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some triploblastic (having three germ layers) animals that lack a coelom altogther.

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Acoelomate

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Fungi: sac fungi - defined by the production of sexual spores asci contained ascocarps.

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asomycota

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fungi: club fungi - defined by clubclike basidium; mycelium is usually long lived.

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basidiomycota

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fungi: zygosporangia develop a rough, thick coat that can withstand harsh conditions for months. when conditions improve, they undergo karyogamy then meiosis and produce a sporangium.

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zygomycota

Front 38

involves cell fusion

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plasmogamy

Front 39

involve nuclear fusion

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karyogamy

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most fungi are made of

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chitin

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fungi consists of mycelium made up of networks of

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hyphae

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a type of mycorrhiza in which the mycelium forms a dense sheat, or mantle, over the surface of the root. hyphae extend from the mantel into the soil, greatly increasing surface area and mineral absorption.

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ectomycorrhizae

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a type of mycorrhizae that does not have a dense mantle; instead, hyphae extend from the root into soil.

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endomycorrhizae

Front 44

fungi are decomposers known as

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saprotrophs

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Cnidaria: all marine, medusa stage absent; most sessile; many colonial.

Back 45

Anthozoa

Front 46

Unique cells that function in defense of the capture of prey in Cnidarians. Stimulus causes the cell to evert releasing thread.

Back 46

Cnidocytes

Front 47

A so called true coelom forms from tissue derived from:

Back 47

mesoderm

Front 48

some triploblastic whose body cavity formed from the blastocoels rather than mesoderm is

Back 48

pseudocoelomate

Front 49

some triploblastic (having three germ layers) animals that lack a coelom altogther.

Back 49

Acoelomate

Front 50

Fungi: sac fungi - defined by the production of sexual spores asci contained ascocarps.

Back 50

asomycota

Front 51

fungi: club fungi - defined by clubclike basidium; mycelium is usually long lived.

Back 51

basidiomycota

Front 52

fungi: zygosporangia develop a rough, thick coat that can withstand harsh conditions for months. when conditions improve, they undergo karyogamy then meiosis and produce a sporangium.

Back 52

zygomycota

Front 53

involves cell fusion

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plasmogamy

Front 54

involve nuclear fusion

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karyogamy

Front 55

most fungi are made of

Back 55

chitin

Front 56

fungi consists of mycelium made up of networks of

Back 56

hyphae

Front 57

a type of mycorrhiza in which the mycelium forms a dense sheat, or mantle, over the surface of the root. hyphae extend from the mantel into the soil, greatly increasing surface area and mineral absorption.

Back 57

ectomycorrhizae

Front 58

a type of mycorrhizae that does not have a dense mantle; instead, hyphae extend from the root into soil.

Back 58

endomycorrhizae

Front 59

fungi are decomposers known as

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saprotrophs

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a subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.

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monocot

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a clade consisting of the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledon.

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eudicot

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Bear naked seeds, typically cones

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gymnosperms

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Four phylums of gymnosperms

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Cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta

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Five adaptations of seed plants

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seeds, reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollens

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two clades of living seedless vascular

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lycophyta (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)

pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and relatives)

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four innovations of vascular plants:

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xylem - conducts most of the water and mineral

phoelem - distributes sugars, amino acids, and other org. products

roots - anchor and absorb water and nutrients

leaves - increase area for sunlight

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having one type of sporophyll producing one type of spore that typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte, in most ferns

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homosporous

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has two types of sporophylls and produces two kinds of spores

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heterospory

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three phyla of bryotphytes

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heptatophyta - liverworts

anthocerophyta - hornworts

bryophyta - mosses

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derived terrestrial adaptations of land plants - different from charophycean algae (green algae)

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apical meristem

alternation of generations

walled spores produced in sporangia

multicellular gametangia

multicellular dependent embryos

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four shared derived of land and green algae (charophycean)

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rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis

peroxisome enzymes

structure of flagellated sperm

formation of phramatoplasts

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red algae named for pigment

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phycoerythrin

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green algae named for green

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chloroplasts

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have lobe-shaped pseudopodia

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amoebozoans

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three amoebozoans

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gymamoebas, plasmodial slime molds, and cellular slime molds

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radiolarian pseudopodia known as

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axopodia

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Cercozoans

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Foraminiferans - named for their porous, generally multi-chambered tests made of calcium carbonate

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2 stramenophiles

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diatoms and brown algae (phaeophytins)

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3 alveolates

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dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates

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2 Eugelozoans

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Kinetoplastids and Euglenids

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Have one to two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of cell. store flucose - paramylan.

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euglenids

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single, large mitochondrion containing an organized mass of DNA

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kinetoplast

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groups of bacteria

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proteobacteria - gram-negative

chlamydia - parasite within animals cells

spirochetes - helical heterotrophs

gram-positive

cyanobacteria - photoautotrophs, only prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis

Front 84

have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of pepti. that traps violet dye in the cytoplasm.

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gram positive

Front 85

have less pepti., and is located in a layer between the plasma membrane and an outer membrane.

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gram negative