Biol 1306 Exam 2

Front 1

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Back 1

a condition caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in which the body’s T-helper cells are reduced, leaving the victim subject to opportunistic diseases.

Front 2

Aerobic respiration

Back 2

in the presence of oxygen; requiring oxygen.

Front 3

Alternation of generations

Back 3

the succession of multicellular haploid and diploid phases in some sexually reproducing organisms, notably plants.

Front 4

Antibody

Back 4

one of the myriad proteins produced by the immune system that specifically binds to a foreign substance in blood or other tissue fluids and initiates its removal from the body.

Front 5

Asexual reproduction

Back 5

reproduction without sex.

Front 6

Autotroph

Back 6

an organism that is capable of living exclusively on inorganic materials, water, and some energy source such as sunlight (photoautotrophs) or chemically reduced matter.

Front 7

Bacteriophage

Back 7

any of a groups of viruses that infects bacteria.

Front 8

Bioluminescence

Back 8

the production of light by biochemical processes in an organism.

Front 9

Bioremediation

Back 9

the use by humans of other organisms to remove contaminants from the environment.

Front 10

Blade

Back 10

the thin, flat portion of a leaf.

Front 11

Virus

Back 11

any of a group of ultramicroscopic particles constructed of nucleic acid and protein (and, sometimes, lipid) that require living cells in order to reproduce.

Front 12

Virulence

Back 12

the ability of a pathogen to cause disease and death.

Front 13

Virion

Back 13

the virus particle, the minimum unit capable of infecting a cell.

Front 14

Transposable element

Back 14

a segment of DNA that can move to, or give rise to copies at, another locus on the same or a different chromosome.

Front 15

Thermophile

Back 15

an organism that lives exclusively in hot environments.

Front 16

Synapomorphy

Back 16

a trait that arose in the ancestor of a phylogenetic group and is present (sometimes in modified form) in all of its members, thus helping to delimit and identify that group.

Front 17

Synapomorphy

Back 17

Also called a shared derived trait.

Front 18

Symbiosis

Back 18

living together of two or more species in a prolonged and intimate relationship.

Front 19

Sporophyte

Back 19

in plants and protists with alternation of generations, the diploid phase that produces the spores.

Front 20

Sexual reproduction

Back 20

reproduction involving the union of gametes.

Front 21

Sessile

Back 21

permanently attached; not able to move from one place to another.

Front 22

Seeding

Back 22

a plant that has just completed the process of germination.

Front 23

Sedimentary Rocks

Back 23

rock formed by the accumulation of sediment grains on the bottom of a body of water.

Front 24

Secondary endosymbiosis

Back 24

the engulfment of a photosynthetic eukaryote by another eukaryotic cell that gives rise to certain groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes.

Front 25

Reverse transcriptase

Back 25

an enzyme that catalyzes the production of DNA (cDNA), using RNA as a template; essentials to the reproduction of retroviruses.

Front 26

Retrovirus

Back 26

an RNA virus that contains reverse transcriptase. Its RNA serves as a template for cDNA production, and the cDNA is integrated into a chromosome of the host cell.

Front 27

Primary producer

Back 27

a photosynthetic or chemosynthetic organism that synthesizes complex organic molecules from simple inorganic ones.

Front 28

Primary endosymbiosis

Back 28

the engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a larger eukaryotic cell that gave rise to the first photosynthetic eukaryotes with chloroplasts.

Front 29

Plasmid

Back 29

a DNA molecule distinct from the chromosome(s); that is, an extrachromosomal element; found in many bacteria. May replicate independently of the chromosome.

Front 30

Plankton

Back 30

free-floating small aquatic organism. Photosynthetic members of the plankton are referred to as phytoplankton.

Front 31

Peptidoglycan

Back 31

the cell wall material of many bacteria, consisting of a single enormous molecule that surrounds the entire cell.

Front 32

Pathogen

Back 32

an organism that causes disease.

Front 33

Parasite

Back 33

an organism that consumes parts of an organism much larger than itself.

Front 34

Paraphyletic

Back 34

pertaining to a group that consists of an ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

Front 35

Capsid

Back 35

the outer shell of a virus that encloses its nucleic acid.

Front 36

Cell wall.-

Back 36

a relatively rigid structure that encloses cells of plants, fungi, intracellular viruses, and foreign tissues.

Front 37

Chemolithotroph

Back 37

an organism that uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source and obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances from its environment; also called chemoautotroph.

Front 38

Cilium

Back 38

hairlike organelle used for locomotion by many unicellular organisms and for moving water and mucus by many multicellular organisms. Generally shorter than a flagellum.

Front 39

Complementary DNA (cDNA)

Back 39

DNA formed by reverse transcriptase acting with an RNA template; essential intermediate in the reproduction of retroviruses; used as a tool in recombinant DNA technology; lacks introns.

Front 40

Decomposer

Back 40

an organism that metabolizes organic compounds in debris and dead organisms, releasing inorganic material; found among the bacteria, protists, and fungi.

Front 41

Endomembrane system

Back 41

a system of intrecellular membranes that exchange material with one another, consisting of the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes when present.

Front 42

Endosymbiosis theory

Back 42

the theory that the eukaryotic cell evolved via the engulfing of one prokaryotic cell by another.