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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In eukaryotes, what are cilia and flagella made of?
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microtubules
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Identify the function of microtubules within the cell (2).
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Maintain structure
Move organelles within the cell |
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Identify the 3 components of the cytoskeleton.
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Microtubules
Intermediate filaments Microfilaments (actin filaments) |
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microtubules
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thick, hollow tube running through cytoplasm
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intermediate filaments
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connects microtubules together
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microfilaments (actin filaments)
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on the inside surface of plasma membrane
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Identify where the flagella gets its energy from.
Prokaryote Eukaryote |
Prokaryote - Proton motive force
Eukaryote - ATP |
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Identify where the flagella is located.
Prokaryote Eukaryote |
Prokaryote - Extracellular
Eukaryote - Intracellular |
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Identify how the flagella moves.
Prokaryote Eukaryote |
Prokaryote - 360 degrees, circular
Eukaryote - Whip-like |
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Describe the ribosome in eukaryotes.
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Two parts (large and small subunit) that come together to make a mature subunit when ready to be utilized
[Same as in prokaryotes.] |
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What is the largest organelle in the eukaryotic cell?
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Nucleus
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How many membranes does the nucleus have?
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2, inner and outer
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What structure contains the DNA of the cell?
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Nucleus
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Describe the structure that makes rRNA and ribosomes.
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nucleolus, dark-stained body
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nuclear pores
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allow nucleus to communicate with outside cytoplasm; lets things in/out
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histome
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protein that packages DNA into units called nucleosomes
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nucleosome
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packaged DNA
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What structure of the eukaryote is considered as the powerhouse and why?
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Mitochondria b/c it makes ATP
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Describe the mitrochondria.
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Smooth outer membrane that is highly folded (more surface area)
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Mitochondria are like a cell on their own b/c they have their own _______ and _______.
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Mitochondria are like a cell on their own b/c they have their own DNA (circular) and RIBOSOMES.
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What is the endosymbiotic theory?
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It states that long ago, the mitochondria was a cell of its own, until it was engulfed by another cell.
But. the cell that engulfed it didn't break it down for food. It used it and the two became a working relationship. |
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What 4 statements support endosymbiotic theory?
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as bacteria.
Each has their own DNA. DNA is circular. They have their own ribosomes, which allows protein synthesis. |
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Why isn't the endoplasmic reticulum actually an organelle?
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It's part of the outer membrane of the nucleus that has folded outward.
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Why is it called the "rough" ER?
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Dotted with ribosomes
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Identify the function of the rough ER.
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Proteins go inside lumen to be:
1. Folded 2. Modified w/ carbs and lipids |
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Identify the function of the smooth ER. (5)
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Makes
-Lipids -Steroids -Hormones, sex Calcium storage Detox center |
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Identify the 3 proteins that go through the rough ER.
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Digestive proteins
Secreted proteins Membrane-bound proteins |
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Foods are preserved with _____ and _____.
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Foods are preserved with SALT and SUGAR.
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Where can major elements usually be obtained from?
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From inorganic cells
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Major elements are required to make what important component?
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Biological macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids)
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Where are trace elements usually found?
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Dissolved in H2O
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What are trace elements needed for?
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Proper functioning of enzymes
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Identify the energy and carbon use of a photoautotroph.
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Energy - Sunlight
Carbon - CO2 |
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Identify the energy and carbon use of a photoheterotroph.
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Energy - Sunlight
Carbon - Organic compounds |
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Identify the energy and carbon use of a chemolithotroph.
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Energy - Inorganic compounds
Carbon - CO2 |
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Identify the energy and carbon use of a chemoorganoheterotroph.
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Energy - Organic compounds
Carbon - Organic compounds |
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After a protein leaves the rough ER, where does it go?
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Golgi apparatus
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What process does a protein go through in the Golgi apparatus?
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1. Enter through "cis"
2. Folded 3. Modified (basically continuation of rough ER process) 4. Exit through "trans" |
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What happens to each of these proteins after they have been processed?
Digestive protein Secreted protein Membrane-bound protein |
Digestive protein - lysosome
Secreted protein - to membrane for excretion (via exocytosis) Membrane-bound protein - become part of membrane |
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aseptic technique
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minimize chances of contaminating your sample w/ other microbes
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agar
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solid medium of polysaccharides derived from algae used to grow microbes
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What process do bacteria use to duplicate?
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Binary fission
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Simply describe the process of binary fission.
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Double the amount of DNA.
Split in two. |
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doubling time
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time it takes an organism to double its numbers
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What process do eukaryotes use to duplicate?
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Mitosis
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Identify the ideal temperature for the growth of psychrophiles.
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-5°-15°
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Identify the ideal temperature for the growth of psychrotrophs.
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20°-30° (spoil food)
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Identify the ideal temperature for the growth of mesophiles.
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25°-45° (human disease)
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Identify the ideal temperature for the growth of thermophiles.
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45°-75°
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Identify the ideal temperature for the growth of hyperthermophiles.
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°70-110°
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Identify the 5 classifications of organisms in regards to oxygen content.
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Obligate aerobes
Obligate anaerobes Faculative anaerobes Microaerophiles Aerotolerant anaerobes |
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obligate aerobes
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require oxygen for energy
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obligate anaerobes
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don't want oxygen at all, energy from fermentation or anaerobic resp.
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faculative anaerobes
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like it when oxygen is present, but not required
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microaerophiles
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requires oxygen in small amounts
Tip: micro = small |
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aerotolerant anaerobes
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don't care about oxygen, so it does not matter if it's there
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Identify the two enzymes that allow oxygen-hating bacteria to live where there is oxygen.
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Superoxide dismutase
Catalase |
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Identify the 3 classifications of organisms according to pH level.
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Neutrophiles
Acidophiles Alkalophiles |
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neutrophiles
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pH 5-8
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acidophiles
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grows best below pH 5.5, pumps H+ out
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alkalophiles
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grows best above pH 8.5, pumps H+ in
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What were the first organisms to use photosynthesis (without oxygen)?
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anoxygenic phototrophs
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Identify the 2 types of anoxygenic phototrophs.
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Purple bacteria
Green bacteria |
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Where is the photosynthetic machinery in purple bacteria?
Is it gram (-) or (+)? |
Plasma membrane, gram (-)
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Where is the photosynthetic machinery in green bacteria?
Is it gram (-) or (+)? |
Cytoplasm in chromosomes, gram (-)
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propionibacteria
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gram (+) rods that produce propionic acid
Tip: Produces the flavor and holes in Swiss cheese when CO2 is released |
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thermus aquaticus
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gram (-) thermophile growing in high temps
We use their DNA polymerase in PCR due to its heat stability. |
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PCR
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polymerase chain reaction: technique used to amplify, or make many copies of, small segments of DNA
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The growth curve of bacteria only happens in a ____.
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The growth curve of bacteria only happens in a LAB.
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Identify the 4 phases of the growth curve of bacteria.
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Lag phase
Exponential growth phase Stationery phase Death phase |
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lag phase (2)
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Bacteria getting ready to grow
Recognize optimal environment |
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exponential growth phase (log phase)
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Cells dividing at constant rate (doubling rate)
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stationery phase (3)
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Growth not increasing/decreasing
Growth/death equal Happens b/c food is running out |
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death phase (2)
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More death than growth
Prolonged phase b/c living bacteria will use dead bacteria as food |
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sterilization
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removing or destroying all microorganisms, endospores, and viruses.
DOES NOT effect viroids and prions. |
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disinfection
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eliminates most microorganisms and viruses
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What are 2 substances we can use to disinfect? Compare them.
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Disinfectants
-Strong, harsh -Used on non-living matter Antiseptics -Milk -Used on living tissue |
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pasteurization
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brief heat treatment to REDUCE the # of spoilage organisms and kill disease-causing organisms
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decontamination
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reduce the # of disease causing organisms to a # that is safe to handle
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sanitation
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reduced microbial population to meet accepted health standards
Tip: Sanitation Dept. |
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preservation
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process of delaying food spoilage or preventing spoilage of perishable products
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aseptic techniques
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specific use of procedures to exclude contaminating microorganisms from an environment
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bacteriostatic vs. bacteriocidal
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bacteriostatic - slows down bacteria growth
bacteriocidal - actually kills bacteria growth |
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D-value
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time to kill 90% of bacteria population
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Identify the 3 types of high-level disinfectants.
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Aldehyde
Ethylene oxide Peroxygens |
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aldehyde
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inactive proteins and nucleic acids
-clean dental/surgical equipment -preserve bodies |
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ethylene oxide
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gaseous agent
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peroxygens
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acts as oxidizing agent removing electrons
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What can't high-level disinfectants destroy?
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Endospores
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What can't intermediate/low-level disinfectants destroy?
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Viruses and endospores
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Identify the 6 types of intermediate/low-level disinfectants.
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Alcohols
Chlorhexidine Halogens Metal compounds Ozone Phenols (carbolic acid) |
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What can't sterilants destroy?
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It will kill just about everything.
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What do alcohols destroy?
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At 80%, bacteria and fungi
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What does chlorhexidine destroy?
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An antiseptic, that destroys...
Fungi Bacteria Virus |
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What do halogens destroy?
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Proteins
Iodine Chlorine |
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What do metal compounds destroy?
Name two types. |
interact with sulfhydryl groups in proteins destroying their 3D structure
silver and mercurochrome |
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What does ozone (O3) destroy?
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disinfect drinking water, but chlorine is still the most widely used
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What do phenols destroy?
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Proteins and membranes
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What membrane filter can be used to make sure most bacteria won't go through?
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0.2-0.4 micron filter
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What is the smallest membrane filter and what is it used for?
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0.01 micron filter for the smallest viruses
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gamma radiation
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creates superoxide radicals (unless it has superoxide dismutase) that destroys proteins
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UV radiation
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destroys DNA
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peroxisomes
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utilized by the breakdown of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
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QUATS
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charged detergents used to clean table tops and food areas
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