Biol 559: Endocrinology, Exam 2

Front 1

Thyroxine
(target, effect)

Back 1

(this hormone)
targets all tissues, Stimulates energy production and protein synthesis which leads to overall growth

Front 2

calcitonin
(target, effect)

Back 2

(this hormone)
targets bones, kidneys and intestine, decreases blood calcium levels

Front 3

PTH
(target, effect)

Back 3

(this hormone)
targets bones, kidneys and intestine, increases blood calcium levels

Front 4

clear cells in the thyroid follicles
(generate)

Back 4

calcitonin
(is generated by these cells in these functional unit)

Front 5

thyroid follicles
(are made up of)

Back 5

a basement membrane, C cells, colloid, cuboidal thyroid epithelial cells, lymphatic vessles and capillaries
(combine to form the)

Front 6

C cells
(originate from the)

Back 6

ectoderm
(is the tissue of origin for)

Front 7

endoderm
(generates most of the)

Back 7

thyroid
(is mostly generated from)

Front 8

(this side of the thyroid is often)
larger

Back 8

right
(side of the thyroid is often)

Front 9

(this gender has the)
larger thyroid

Back 9

females
(in comparison to males have a)

Front 10

season and weather
(can affect)

Back 10

the size of the thyroid
(can be affected by)

Front 11

numbers in T3 and T4
(represent)

Back 11

the number of iodines
(are represented by the)

Front 12

major sources of iodine
(include)

Back 12

iodated bread, iodated salt and dietary products
(are our)

Front 13

T3
(is also known as)

Back 13

3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine
(is also known as)

Front 14

T4
(is also known as)

Back 14

thyroxine
(is also known as)

Front 15

(these two hormones are)
the only substances in the body that contain iodine

Back 15

T3 and T4
(are special in composition because they are)

Front 16

Thyroid binding proteins
(include these three)

Back 16

Thyroid hormone-binding globulin (TBG), Transthyretin (TTR), serum albumin
(are all)

Front 17

(this protein)
transports iodine into thyroid follicle cells

Back 17

the sodium / iodine symporter (NIS)
(serves to)

Front 18

(this hormone)
stimulates NIS to pump iodine into thyroid cells

Back 18

TSH
(regarding the thyroid, serves to)

Front 19

(this mechanism)
serves to inhibit NIS function

Back 19

the granular concentration of iodine
(regarding the thyroid, serves to)

Front 20

(this molecule)
regulates activity of pendrin protein

Back 20

thyroglobulin
(in the thyroid, functions to)

Front 21

goiters
(can be caused by)

Back 21

hyper and hypo thyroidism
(can generate this physical abnormality)

Front 22

cretinism
(is)

Back 22

primary hypothyroidism in childhood
(is also called)

Front 23

myxedema
(is)

Back 23

primary hypothyroidism in adulthood
(is also called)

Front 24

The thyroid recepetor
(dimerizes with)

Back 24

RXR proteins
(dimerize with)

Front 25

TR-RXR dimers
(serve as)

Back 25

a txn factor
(involved in thyroid hormone response is made up of)

Front 26

brain and pituitary
(have this thyroid hormone receptor)

Back 26

TRbeta2
(is the thyroid receptor found in the)

Front 27

T3
(is not bound by this thyroid receptor)

Back 27

c-erb-Aalpha2
(does not bind)

Front 28

TRalpha1 and TRbeta1
(are found in)

Back 28

all tissues
(have these two thyroid receptors)

Front 29

the three types of thyroid homrones
(are)

Back 29

T3, T4, and rT3
(make up)

Front 30

(this enzyme)
converts T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues

Back 30

5' deiodinase
(performs this function)

Front 31

outer-ring diodination
(generates)

Back 31

T3
(is generated by this process)

Front 32

inner-ring diodination
(generates)

Back 32

rT3
(is generated by this process)

Front 33

(this enzyme is the primary enzyme responsible for the conversion of)
T4 to T3

Back 33

Hepatic type I deiodinase (D1)
(converts)

Front 34

DIT + DIT
(makes)

Back 34

T4
(is a dimer of)

Front 35

DIT + MIT
(makes)

Back 35

T3
(is a dimer of)

Front 36

y chromosome
(contributes to)

Back 36

spermatogenesis, skeletal growth, and tooth development
(are all partially controlled by the)

Front 37

the gonads of an embryo cannot be distinguished
(while in the)

Back 37

indifferent phase
(indicates that)

Front 38

the supporting cells, stromal cells, and primordial germ cells
(of the male are)

Back 38

sertoli cells, leydig cells, and spermatogonia
(are the)

Front 39

the supporting cells, stromal cells, and primordial germ cells
(of the female are)

Back 39

granulosa cells, theca cells, and oocytes
(are the)

Front 40

gonads differentiate
(at this timepoint in developement)

Back 40

7 weeks
(of development is when)

Front 41

the wolffian duct
(is also known as)

Back 41

the mesonephric duct
(is also known as)

Front 42

the mullerian duct
(is also known as)

Back 42

the paramesonephric duct
(is also known as)

Front 43

the ducts (mullerian and wulffian)
(give rise to)

Back 43

the internal genitalia
(are derived from)

Front 44

the external genitalia
(are derived from)

Back 44

the genital tubercle, fold, and swelling
(give rise to)

Front 45

sertoli cells
(generate)

Back 45

AMH
(is generated by)

Front 46

testosterone
(is generated by this male gonad cell population)

Back 46

leydig cells
(generate this hormone)

Front 47

(this enzyme)
converts testosterone to dihydrotestosteron

Back 47

5 alpha-reductase
(functions to)

Front 48

(name the 6)
genes important for genetic regulation of sexual development

Back 48

SRY, AMH, SF1, SOX9, DAX1, WT1
(are the 6)

Front 49

Pseudohermaphroditism
(is defined as)

Back 49

a condition in which a person has external genitalia of one sex and internal sex organs of the other sex
(defines)

Front 50

propecia
(is also known as and functions to)

Back 50

finasteride, serves to inhibit 5-alpha reductase
(is also known as)

Front 51

sex reversal
(is when)

Back 51

SRY is mutated, then the ch sex will be male, but the gonads will turn into ovaries
(is called)

Front 52

the outer cortex
(of the ovary contains these)

Back 52

follicles
(are contained in this area of the ovary)

Front 53

the medulla
(of the ovary contains these cells)

Back 53

stromal cells and steroid-producing cells
(are contained in this area of the ovary)

Front 54

the site of blood vessel entry and mesovarium connection
(of the ovary is called)

Back 54

the Hilum
(of the ovary is)

Front 55

ovary follicles
(contain and are surrounded by)

Back 55

an oocyte and granulosa / theca cells
(are contained in and surround the)

Front 56

the steroids secreted by the ovary
(include)

Back 56

progesterone, estradiol, estrone, testosterone, androstenedione
(are all)

Front 57

the peptide hormones secreted by the ovary
(include)

Back 57

Relaxin, Inhibins, Activins, POMCs (ACTH, alpha-MSH), beta-endophin, Vasopressin, oxytocin

Front 58

FSH from the pituitary
(primarily affects this cell population of the gonads)

Back 58

granulosa cells
(are primarily stimulated by)

Front 59

LH from the pituitary
(primarily affects this cell population of the gonads)

Back 59

theca cells
(are primarily stimulated by)

Front 60

estrogens and progesterone
(travel bound to these three)

Back 60

albumins / SHBG and corticosteroid-binding protein (transcortin)
(serve to transport)

Front 61

ERbeta knockouts
(demonstrate that)

Back 61

it is essential for normal ovulation efficiency but is not essential for female or male sexual differentiation, fertility, or lactation
(shown by what mouse model)

Front 62

ERbeta, ERalpha double knockouts
(show that)

Back 62

both are required for the maintenance of germ and somatic cells in the postnatal ovary
(is shown by what mouse model)

Front 63

inhibitory smads along the activin pathway
(include)

Back 63

smads 6 and 7
(are)

Front 64

alpha-inhibin knockout mice
(have a phenotype of)

Back 64

3-fold higher FSH levels, gonadal tumors
(are seen in)

Front 65

activin beta-b knockout mice
(have a phenotype of)

Back 65

eyelid defects, perinatal death of offspring
(are phenotypes seen in)

Front 66

activin-βA or activin-βA+ activin-βB knockouts
(have a phenotype of)

Back 66

missing wiskers, missing incisors, palate defects, die within 24 hours of birth
(are phenotypes seen in)

Front 67

primary oocyte
(is characterized by)

Back 67

meiosis I arrest
(is first seen in this stage)

Front 68

primary oocytes
(are generated at this time point)

Back 68

11-12 weeks of gestation
(this stage of oogenesis his occurring)

Front 69

primordial follicles
(are composed of)

Back 69

an oocyte and one layer of granulosa cells
(characterizes this stage of oogenesis)

Front 70

primary follicles
(are composed of)

Back 70

an oocyte, one layer of granulosa cells, and the zona pellucida
(characterize this stage of oogenesis)

Front 71

antrum
(is defined as)

Back 71

a fluid filled compartment of the tertiary follicle
(is called)

Front 72

independent blood supply
(is gained at this point in oogenesis)

Back 72

secondary follicles
(gain this feature)

Front 73

number of primary follicles at birth

Back 73

2 million

Front 74

number of primary follicles at 28 weeks of gestation

Back 74

7 million

Front 75

number of follicles at puberty

Back 75

300-400K

Front 76

(this event)
occurs just after ovum release

Back 76

first meiotic division of ovum completes
(when)

Front 77

menstruation
(duration)

Back 77

lasts 4-5 days
(stage of menstrual cycle)

Front 78

follicular phase
(duration)

Back 78

lasts about 14 days
(stage of menstrual cycle)

Front 79

ovulation
(duration)

Back 79

lasts about 36 hours
(stage of menstrual cycle)

Front 80

luteal phase
(duration)

Back 80

lasts about 14 days
(stage of menstrual cycle)

Front 81

pre-ovulation LH surge
(induces expression of these two genes)

Back 81

progesterone receptor, cox-2
(are induced by)

Front 82

progesterone and cox-2
(are expressed in these cells)

Back 82

granulosa cells
(express these two genes upon LH spike stimulation)

Front 83

progesterone stimulation on the progesterone receptor of granulosa cells
(activates)

Back 83

enzymes that destroy the folliular wall
(are activated by)

Front 84

LH stimulation on the granulosa cells
(activates)

Back 84

Cox-2 transcription of prostaglandins that signal for oocyte release from other cells in the follicle
(is activated by)

Front 85

corpus luteum
(primarily produces)

Back 85

progesterone
(is produced in large amounts by the)

Front 86

Ovary
(is to the follicular phase as the uterus is to the)

Back 86

proliferative phase
(is to the uterus as the follicular phase is to the)

Front 87

Uterus
(is to the secretory phase as ovary is to the)

Back 87

luteal phase
(is to the ovary as secretory phase is to the)

Front 88

progesterone
(affects the uterus endometrium by inhibiting)

Back 88

proliferation
(is deactivated in the endometrium via)

Front 89

E2
(affects the uterus endometrium by inducing)

Back 89

proliferation
(is activated in the endometrium via)

Front 90

Follicular phase
(is to estrogen as luteal phase is to)

Back 90

progesterone
(is to luteal phase as estrogen is to)

Front 91

the fimbriae
(serves to)

Back 91

catch the ovum as it is released by the ovary / follicle
(describes the job description of)

Front 92

fallopian tube
(is also called)

Back 92

the ampulla
(is also called)

Front 93

ovum becomes morulla
(upon)

Back 93

entering the uterus
(determines that the)

Front 94

hCG
(generated by)

Back 94

trophoblasts
(generate this hormone)

Front 95

placentation
(is marked by)

Back 95

trophoblasts invading the myometrium
(is the beginning of)

Front 96

cytotrophoblasts
(are responsible for)

Back 96

connecting the maternal blood to the floating villi of the placenta
(is the responsibility of)

Front 97

syncitial
(are responsible for)

Back 97

the exchange of the nutrients between the fetal and maternal blood supplies and production of hormones including hCG
(are responsibilites of)

Front 98

enlargement to the endometrium to form an implantation chamber
(is the process called)

Back 98

deciduization
(is the process of)

Front 99

hCG
(has a structure of)

Back 99

heterodimer, one subunit being alphaGSU
(describes this pregnancy hormone)

Front 100

Cohort Effects

Back 100

Differences between subjects of cross-sectional research that have to do with experience rather than with age. Threaten the conclusion that observed differences between subjects are related to age.

Front 101

placental lactogens
(have these four effects)

Back 101

PLs can play an important role in mammary gland development.
Counteracts maternal insulin to increase glucose and amino acid availability for the fetus.
Alters maternal metabolism to ensure adequate nutrients.
It also directs fetal growth.
(describes the four effects of)

Front 102

stimulates corpus luteum to generate estrogen and progesterone for first two months of pregnancy

Back 102

hCG
(initially serves to)

Front 103

progesterone
(is primarily generated by)

Back 103

the placenta
(is the primary producer of this hormone)

Front 104

mostly to the mother
(goes this hormone)

Back 104

progesterone
(from the placenta gets distributed)

Front 105

progesterone
(has these four functions in pregnancy)

Back 105

Inhibits uterine smooth muscle contractility, leading to myometrial quiescence;
develop mammary glands;
Inhibits prostaglandin formation, suppressing parturition;
Inhibits T-lymphocyte cell-mediated immune responses involved in graft rejection
(describes the role of this hormone during pregnancy)

Front 106

estrogen
(has these five functions in pregnancy)

Back 106

regulate or fine-tune the events leading to parturition;
stimulate phospholipid synthesis and turnover;
stimulate prostaglandin synthesis;
increase uterine blood flow;
stimulate fetal organ development and maturation.
(describes the functions of this hormone during pregnancy)

Front 107

parturition
(is controlled by these four hormones)

Back 107

relaxin, prostaglandins, surfactant, oxytocin
(are all involved in)

Front 108

relaxin
(has these functions)

Back 108

Relaxes uterine muscle
Relaxes pubic bone ligament
Ripens cervix in some species
(describes the effects of this parturition hormone)

Front 109

relaxin
(receptors, location)

Back 109

LGR7 and LGR8, found throughout the body
(are receptors for)

Front 110

surfacant (SP-A)
(has these two functions)

Back 110

stimulates fetal AF macrophages migration to the uterus.
activates fetal AF macrophages to produce IL-1 and express NF-B
(are the functions of this parturition hormone)

Front 111

prostaglandins
(have these two functions in parturition)

Back 111

cause cervical ripening, softening, dilatation,
induce uterine contractions resulting in labor.
(describes the function of this parturition hormone)

Front 112

lactating women
(have these Est, Prl, and oxy levels)

Back 112

low EST, high PRL, and low / high OXY
(describes the hormone levels of)

Front 113

Depo-Provera
(is administered how)

Back 113

injection every 3 months
(is how this form of contraceptive is administered)

Front 114

NorPlant
(is administered how)

Back 114

six capsules implanted under the skin
(is how this form of contraceptive is administered)

Front 115

use of contraception
(decreases two cancers and increases two)

Back 115

slightly increases breast and cervical cancer and decreases endometrial and ovarian cancer

Front 116

seminal vesicles
(generate what percent of semen and add what to it)

Back 116

60%, prostaglandins and fructose
(is generated and added to semen by the)

Front 117

prostate
(generates what percent of semen and adds what to it)

Back 117

20%, zinc and spermine
(is generated and added to semen by the)

Front 118

takes 2-6 hours
(a processing involving sperm, where located)

Back 118

capacitation, in the female
(takes how long)

Front 119

capacitation
(induces these traits in sperm)

Back 119

increased mobility, activation of the acrosome reaction
(is generated by this process)

Front 120

testosterone
(metabolism pathway for excretion)

Back 120

liver -> epiandrosterone -> etiocholanolone -> androsterone -> urine
(describes metabolic pathway of)

Front 121

these two hormones are paralogs

Back 121

GH and PRL

Front 122

PRL
(is expressed in these four tissues)

Back 122

pit, placenta, ovary, immune system
(are the four locations of expression of this hormone)

Front 123

(this molecule)
inhibits lactotroph release of PRL

Back 123

dopamine
(serves what function when signaled from hypothalamus to pituitary)

Front 124

PRL
(plays a part in these three processes)

Back 124

reproduction, immune, hematopoiesis
(are all partially controlled by this hormone

Front 125

Neomycin
(detoxifies)

Back 125

G418
(is detoxified by)

Front 126

TK
(toxifies)

Back 126

FIAU
(is toxified by)

Front 127

Nb2 cells
(are a useful assay because)

Back 127

they proliferate upon PRL signaling
(describes what kind of cells / assay)

Front 128

(fertility of)
female PRL - / - mice

Back 128

infertile
(are these kind of knockout mice)

Front 129

(fertility of)
male PRL - / - mice

Back 129

fertile
(are these kind of knockout mice)

Front 130

snell mice
(don't produce)

Back 130

GH, PRL, TSH
(are not produced by this mouse model)

Front 131

PRL
(is essential for)

Back 131

female reproduction, post-pubertal differentiation of the mammary gland
(requires this hormone)

Front 132

hematopoietic system
(development does not require)

Back 132

PRL
(is not required for development of the)